Solanaceae: Solanales

Habit: Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines

Hairs: Often stellate, prickles or spines

Leaves: Simple, alternate, exstipulate (sometimes deeply lobed), may be adenate to stem

Inflorescence: Determinate, cymose or solitary

Flowers (overall): Showy, bisexual

Floral Symmetry: Radial

Calyx: 5 connate sepals, often persistant

Corolla: 5 connate petals, rotate to tubular, plicate (folded), lobe end turned inward or reflexed

Androecium: 5 epipetalous stamens, alternate, connivient anthers (touching)

Gynoecium: 2 connate carpels, tilted, superior ovary, terminal (gynobasic) style

Placentation: axile

Fruit: Berry or capsule

Pollination regime: Bees, wasps & flies (pollen sp. only). Moths, butterflies (nectar sp.)

Interesting Species: Tomato, eggplant, tobacco, jimsonweed, petunia

Gestalt: "5-5-5-2" Hairs, plicate corolla, berry, rotate flower, connivient anthers

Solanaceae: Solanales

Potato, connivent anthers, plicate corolla

Buffalo-bur

Poisonousberries

Atropa belladonna, alkaloids used to treat heart problems

Physalis virginiana, ground cherry

Physalis alkekengi, Ornamental calyx

Nicotina sp.

Brugmansia sp.treeplicate corolla

Nightshade

Alt leaves,Plicate corolla,

Boraginaceae:Solanales

Habit: Herbs, shrubs, trees, woody vines(lianas)

Hairs: Rough bristly hairs

Leaves: Alternate, simple, exstipulate

Inflorescence: Helicoid (Scorpoid) cyme, determinate

Flowers (overall): Bisexual, funellform or tubular

Floral Symmetry: Actinomorphic

Calyx: 5 connate sepals

Corolla: 5 connate petals

Androecium: 5 epipetalous stamens, alternate the lobesAndroecium: 5 epipetalous stamens, alternate the lobes

Gynoecium: 2 connate carpels, deeply 4-lobed, gynobasic Gynoecium: 2 connate carpels, deeply 4-lobed, gynobasic style (or terminal), superior ovary, nectar disc around ovary style (or terminal), superior ovary, nectar disc around ovary basebase

Placentation: axilePlacentation: axile

Fruit: 4-parted nutletFruit: 4-parted nutlet

Pollination regime: bees wasps, butterflies, flies, (also moths, Pollination regime: bees wasps, butterflies, flies, (also moths, beetles, bats and birds)beetles, bats and birds)

Interesting Species:Heliotrope, borage, hounds tongue, forget-Interesting Species:Heliotrope, borage, hounds tongue, forget-me-not, bluebells, amsinkia, popcorn flowerme-not, bluebells, amsinkia, popcorn flower

Gestalt: round stems, 4-part nutlet, gynobasic style, bristly, Gestalt: round stems, 4-part nutlet, gynobasic style, bristly, helicoid cyme, often toxic ( alkaloids, nitrates), "5-5-5-2"helicoid cyme, often toxic ( alkaloids, nitrates), "5-5-5-2"

Boraginaceae:Solanales

Bristles,Helicoid cyme5 patternAlt. stamens

4-part ovary,Gynobasic stylebristles

Forget me nots

Popcorn flower

Boraginaceae("Hydrophyllaceae") :Solanales

Habit: Herbs and shrubs

Hairs: hairy or spiny

Leaves: Alternate (basal), simple but sometimes compound

Inflorescence: Helicoid (Scorpoid) cyme, determinate

Flowers (overall): Bisexual, rotate

Floral Symmetry: Actinomorphic

Calyx: 5 connate sepals

Corolla: 5 connate petals, often with appendages within

Boraginaceae("Hydrophyllaceae") :Solanales

Androecium: 5 epipetalous stamens, alternate lobes

Gynoecium: 2 connate carpels, ovary superior, styles often 2-lobed, not gynobasic numerous ovules on 2 parietal placentas

Placentation: parietal

Fruit: capsule

Interesting Species: Baby blue eyes, phacelia

Gestalt: helicoid cyme, round stem, split style, hairy, entire ovary, many ovules on parietal placenta (look for this in lab), "5-5-5-2"

Split style

Atypical

Apocynaceae:Gentianales

Habit: Trees, shrubs, vines, herbs with milky sap

Leaves: Simple, entire, opposite or whorled, exstipulate

Inflorescence: Racemose, cymose or solitary, often determinate

Flowers (overall): Bisexual

Floral Symmetry: Actinomorphic

Calyx: 5 connate sepals, glandular inside

Corolla: 5 connate petals, spiral or contorted in bud

Androecium: 5 epipetalous stamens

Apocynaceae:Gentianales

Gynoecium: 2 connate carpels (apically united), ovary superior or half-inferior

Placentation: Marginal

Fruit: follicle, capsule, drupe or berry, seed with tuft of hair

Pollination regime: great diversity, specialized mechanisms, 3-zone style (deposition, sticky middle, reception) [get nectar from base of stylar head and deposit pollen, get sticky, pick up pollen on the way out]

Other comments: Contain poisons, poison arrows

Interesting Species: Vinca, Oleander, Dogbane

Gestalt: Milky sap, opposite leaves, contorted bud, "5-5-5-2", glandular calyx. 3-part style

Apocynaceae("Asclepiadaceae") :Gentianales

Corolla: reflexed petals

Androecium: 5 stamens = 5 x 2 united pollinia, corona(nectar accumulates here), adenate to gynoecium

Gynoecium: elaborate 3-part structure

Fruit: pair of follicles

Pollination regime: get nectar from corolla, foot get lodged on pollinia, fly away, dislodged on next flower.

Asclepias sullivantiiUmbelsSapOpposite leaves

Asclepias spSepals,Petals,corona

Stapelia, smells like rotting flesh

Plantaginaceae ("Old Plantaginaceae"):Lamiales

Habit:Herbs

Leaves: Basal rosette, prominant parallel veins

Inflorescence: Scapose, stout or wirey scapes, spike

Flowers (overall): bisexual

Floral Symmetry: Actinomorphic

Calyx: 4 connate sepals, herbaceous

Corolla: 4 connate petals, scarious

Plantaginaceae ("Old Plantaginaceae"):Lamiales

Androecium: 4 epipetalous stamens

Gynoecium: 2 connate carpels, superior

Placentation: axile, basal

Gestalt: Basal rosette, wirey scape, 4-merous flowers, spike

Habit: Herbs , rarely trees

Leaves: Simple exstipulate

Inflorescence: variable

Flowers (overall): Bisexual

Floral Symmetry: Zygomorphic

Calyx: 5 connate sepals

Corolla: 5 connate petals, 2 lipped, 2 upper + 3 lower

Plantaginaceae ("Old Scrophulariaceae"):Lamiales

Androecium: 2 or 4 stamens, didynamous (2long, 2 short) + staminode

Gynoecium: 2 connate carpels, ovary superior, style terminal

Placentation: axile

Fruit: capsule (berry)

Pollination regime: bees flies birds (nectar) nectar guides often present

Notes: hemiparisites moved to Orobanchaceae (Aureolaria, Castilleja, Pedicularis, Agalinis, Buchnera). Verbascum and Scrophularia retained in Scrophulariaaceae

Gestalt: 2-lipped, staminode, didynamous

Plantaginaceae ("Old Scrophulariaceae"):Lamiales

Penstemon pallidus2 lippedlanding platform

Penstemon didynamous

snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus

Calceolaria sp

Blue-eyed Mary, Collinsia vernaStrongly 2-lipped

FoxgloveDigitalis purpureaHeart medicine

Butter-and-eggs, Linaria vulgaris, long nectar spur

Pedicularis Canadensiscapsules open on upper side hemiparisite