SOL Review World History I

Quick Review !

Humans emerged from what continent?

Africa

1

Humans emerged from Africa how many years ago?

100,000-400,000 years ago

What did Early human’s survival depend upon?

Availability of wild plants and animals

What does Neolithic stand for?

New Stone Age

Scientist who study past cultures by located and analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts are call?

Archaeologists

Scientist can use tests to date and analyze fossils and artifacts. What is this called?

Carbon Dating

What did Neolithic Era societies do?

Developed agriculture, domesticated animals, used advanced tools, made pottery, developed weaving skills

What was the Neolithic Agriculture Revolution?

People stopped hunting and gathering and started planting food

What is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic Age and Completed during the Bronze

Age?

Stonehenge

What does Paleolithic Era stand for?

Old Stone Age

What are characteristics of hunter-gather societies?

nomadic, invented tools and simple weapons, learned how to make fire, lived in clans, developed oral language, created Cave-art

What did early civilizations start around/near?

Rivers

What do rivers give to civilizations?

Water and rich fertile soil for crops

What are river valleys also called?

Cradles of Civilization

What type of religion did most early civilizations practice

Polytheism

The belief in many gods is called

polytheism

What River is the Egyptian Civilization centered around?

Nile River

What River is the Mesopotamian Civilization centered around?

Tigris and Euphrates River

What is the land between two Rivers called?

Mesopotamia / Fertile Crescent

What River is the Chinese Civilization centered around?

Huang - He River / Yellow River

People who specialize in a certain craft are called?

Artisans

Which was the first group of people to practice Monotheism?

Hebrews

What is Monotheism?

Belief in One God

Who is the founder of Judaism?

Abraham

Who led the Hebrew people out of slavery in Egypt?

Moses

What city is important to the Jews?

Jerusalem

Where are the written records and beliefs of the Hebrews ?

Torah

What is the moral and religious conduct for the Jews?

10 Commandments

Who wrote in Hieroglyphics?

Egyptians

Who wrote in cuneiform?

Sumerians

Who wrote in Sanskrit?

Indo-Aryans

Who created the alphabet?

Phoenicians

Which group was tolerant of those they conquered, build roads, and had Zoroastrianism and an imperial bureaucracy?

Persians

What two Mountains ranges made the invasion of India difficult?

Himalayas and the Hindu Kush

How did Indo-Aryans enter into India?

• Through the Khyber Pass

What two Rivers were important in India?

Indus River and the Ganges River

What rigid class system did the Indo-Aryans set up?

Caste System

What Empire in India contributed mathematics, new textiles, and literature? They ruled during the Golden Age of India.

Gupta Empire

What is the cycle of rebirth?

Reincarnation

Future reincarnation based on present behavior is called?

Karma

In Hinduism the duty in one’s life is called?

Dharma

What are the sacred writings of Hinduism?

Vedas and the Upanishads

Which religion had many forms of one major deity?

Hinduism

How do you get to Nirvana in Hinduism?

Follow your Dharma, have good Karma, move up in the Caste System, and ultimately understand the Nirvina

Who is the founder of Buddhism?

Siddhartha Gautama

How do you achieve Nirvana in Buddhism?

• Follow the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Path

Who sends out missionaries to spread Buddhism to China and other parts of Asia?

Asoka

What from Hinduism is not associated with Buddhism?

The Caste System

Why was the Great Wall of China built?

To keep out invaders from the North. Isolate China

Who built the Great Wall of China?

Qin Shi Huangdi

A line of rulers all in the same family is called what?

Dynasty

Chinese rulers believed they received the right to rule is called?

Mandate of Heaven

What trade route connected China to the Mediterranean Sea?

The Silk Road

What products did China contribute to the world?

paper, porcelain, and silk

What system of obtaining jobs did the Chinese create?

The Civil Service System

What is a Civil Service System?

Taking tests to get a job. People working for the government and having to qualify.

Belief that humans are good, respect for elders, code of politeness, emphasis on education, and ancestor worship are

from what Chinese philosophy?

Confucianism

Who created the Chinese philosophy of Confucianism?

Confucius

Humility, simple life and inner peace, and harmony with nature are characteristics of what Chinese philosophy?

Taoism/ Daoism

Who created Daoism?

Laozi

What is the symbol in China that represents the opposite forces in Confucianism and Taoism?

Yin and Yang

Which religion spread to China, Korea, and Japan?

Buddhism

Which philosophy was known for strictness and harsh punishments?

Legalism

Classical Greece was centered on which water body?

Aegean Sea

What peninsula is Greece on?

Balkan Peninsula

What are the two most important city states in Greece?

Sparta and Athens

Who did Athens and Sparta team up to defeat?

Persians

What city did the Greeks try to defeat during the Trojan war?

Troy

Where is Troy located?

Asia Minor/ Anatolia

What physical feature helped create separate city states in Greece?

Mountains

Why did the Greeks have to create colonies to grow food?

Greece had rocky infertile soil and Greece was overpopulated

What religion did the ancient Greeks have?

Polytheism based on Mythology

Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite are gods and goddesses from which civilization?

Greece

What is the Greek word for city-state?

Polis

Who were citizens in Athens?

Adult males who were free and born in Athens

Who did not have rights in Athens?

Women, foreigners, and slaves

What are the stages of Government in Athens?

Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, democracy

What two tyrants worked for reform in Athens?

Draco and Solon

Draconian laws are named after whom?

Draco

All citizens could participate in Athenian government. What type of government is this?

Direct Democracy

What type of government did Sparta have?

Oligarchy

A government ruled by the few is?

Oligarchy

Which city-state was known for is militaristic and aggressive society?

Sparta

What was the importance of the Persian Wars?

Sparta and Athens team up to defeat the Persians

Who was the Persian Wars between?

Sparta + Athens vs. Persians

Name two important battles during the Persian Wars?

Marathon and Salamis

Who won the Persian Wars?

The Greeks

During the Peloponnesian War, what were the Greeks fighting over?

competition for control of the Greek world

What league did the Athenians create?

Dalian League

What league did the Spartans create?

• Peloponnesian League

Who was fighting during the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta vs. Athens

Who won the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta

Who was the great leader of Athens?

Pericles

How did Pericles die?

From the plague in Athens

How did the Spartans win the Peloponnesian war?

Cut off the food supply line to the city of Athens

What did Pericles do after the war?

Rebuilt the city

What did Pericles spend Dalian League money to create?

The Parthenon

Where is the Parthenon?

On the Acropolis in Athens

What is the Parthenon?

Temple to Athena

In Greek culture what are Aeschylus and Sophocles known for?

Drama

In Greek culture what is Homer known for?

Poetry

In Greek culture what are Herodotus and Thucydides known for?

History

In Greek culture what are Archimedes and Hippocrates known for?

Science

In Greek culture what are Euclid and Pythagoras known for?

Mathematics

In Greek culture what are Socrates, Plato Aristotle known for?

Philosophy

What are the three types of Greek columns?

Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian

Who conquered much of Greece after being capture and held hostage for many years in Greece?

Philip II of Macedon

Who is Philip II of Macedon's son?

Alexander the Great

What is Hellenistic Culture?

Combination of Greek , Persian and Egyptian Culture

Where is Rome located?

Italian Peninsula

What was Roman Mythology based on?

Greek religion

What three things did Roman Mythology help to explain?

Natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events

Juno, Jupiter, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus are gods from which civilization?

Roman

What were the three social classes in Ancient Rome?

Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves

What was the name given to the powerful nobles in Rome?

Patricians

What was the name given to the majority of the population in Rome?

Plebeians

Who could be a citizen in Rome?

Patricians, Plebeians, and selected foreigners

Name the three branches of government in the Roman Republic.

Assembly, Senate, Magistrates

Roman Law was codified and placed in the Forum for all to see. The codified Roman laws were called the...

Twelve Tables

Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade in the Mediterranean Basin. What are the wars called between Rome and

Carthage?

The Punic Wars

What was the name of the famous general from Carthage that attacked the Italian Peninsula with Elephants?

Hannibal

What was the outcome of the Punic Wars?

Rome was victorious. Carthage was utterly destroyed.

What were the causes for the decline of the Roman Republic?

Migration of farmers to cities, unemployment, Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar, devaluation of Roman currency

Who was in the first Triumvirate?

Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

After Julius Caesar took control of Rome as Dictator for Life he died shortly after, how?

assassinated by members of the Senate

Who was the first emperor of Rome?

Augustus Caesar

Who did Augustus Caesar have a civil war against in order to seize power over Rome?

Marc Anthony

What was the 200 years of peace and prosperity for Rome called?

Pax Romana

What was the social impact of the Pax Romana?

returned stability to social classes and increased emphasis on family

What was the economic impact of the Pax Romana?

Established uniform system of money, expanded trade, guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads, and promoted prosperity and stability

What was the political impact of the Pax Romana?

created civil service and developed a uniform rule of law

Christianity has its roots in what religion?

Judaism

Who was the originator and leader of Christianity?

Jesus of Nazareth

What type of religion is Christianity?

monotheistic

How was Christianity spread?

The Apostles, including Paul, spread Christianity throughout Rome.

Which emperor legalized Christianity in Rome?

Constantine

Where was the capital of Rome relocated to?

Constantinople

Why was Rome's capital relocated to Constantinople?

Protection of the eastern frontier, removed from Germanic tribe invasions, crossroads of trade, Easily fortified and defendable site on a peninsula with a natural harbor.

After the fall of Western Rome, what was the Eastern Empire called?

Byzantine Empire

What knowledge was saved and preserved by the Byzantine Empire?

Greco-Roman culture

What was Emperor Justinian responsible for?

Codification of Roman Law (Justinian's Code), Recon quest of former Roman lands, and Expansion of trade

What is the name of the large domed church built by Justinian?

Hagia Sophia

What caused the division of the Christian Church?

Disagreement over the authority of the Pope.

Where was the Eastern Orthodox Church centered?

Constantinople

Where was the Roman Catholic Church centered?

Rome

What language did the Eastern Orthodox Church use?

Greek

What language did the Roman Catholic Church use?

Latin

How did the Byzantine Culture influence Eastern Europe and Russia?

Trade routes to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea, adoption of Eastern Orthodox Christianity by Eastern Europe and Russia, Cyrillic Alphabet, Church art and architecture.

Who was the founder of Islam?

Muhammad

Where did Islam begin?

Arabian Peninsula, Mecca

What religion stretched from Southern Asia, through Northern Africa to Southern Spain?

Islam

Islam is what type of religion?

monotheistic

What is the name of the holy book for Islam?

Koran

What are the fundamental principles of Islam called?

the Five Pillars of Islam

What two religions did Islam accept, calling them people of the book?

Hebrews (Jews) and Christians

What is the language of Islam that was also used as a language of trade?

Arabic

What are the two main groups in Islam?

Sunni and Shi'a

The Muslims that invaded Spain were stopped from advancing further into Europe by losing what battle?

Battle of Tours

What were the scientific contributions of the Islamic culture?

Arabian numbers (adapted from India), Algebra, Medicine, and expansion of Geographic knowledge

What shaped the ideals of daily life in Medieval Europe?

Christian Beliefs, Classic Roman Heritage, Germanic Customs

What became the unifying force in Europe after the fall of Rome?

Roman Catholic Church

Monasteries preserved what culture?

Greco Roman Culture

Who was appoint Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800 C.E.?

Charlemagne

Grant of land given to a vassal from a lord?

Fief

Person granted land from a lord in return for services.

Vassal

Peasants who were bound to the land where they worked for a lord.

Serfs

Political system of local government based on granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.

Feudalism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around a self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared

land.

Manor System

What Germanic tribe emerged in Europe as a dominate force?

The Franks

Under Charlemagne what culture went through a revival?

Roman Culture

What Germanic tribes settled in England?

Angles and Saxons

What tribe traded with Russia and settled in Scandinavia and later northern France?

Vikings

What system became strengthened because of constant barbarian raids?

Feudalism

What trade route went from China to the Mediterranean Basin?

The Silk Road

What Sea trade route went from the Mediterranean Basin around Africa and into the Indian Ocean?

The Maritime Routes to the Indian Ocean

What trade route crossed the Northern Area of Africa?

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

What trade Europe with the City of Constantinople and the Mediterranean Basin?

Northern Europe links with the Black Sea.

What trade route was located in Western Europe?

Western European river and Sea trade

Name the nautical trade route located in the vicinity of East and south China.

South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia Trade Route

What good was traded from West Africa?

Gold

Where could a trader find spices?

The lands around the Indian Ocean

What areas were known for producing textiles?

India, China, Middle East, and Europe

What areas were known porcelain producers?

China and Persia

What civilization created paper?

China

Water Wheels and Windmills were invented by whom?

India

Which civilization invented the compass?

China

What area saw the invention of the lateen sail?

the Indian Ocean

What religion spread from India to China to Korea and finally Japan?

Buddhism

What if the name of a group of islands?

Archipelago

Chinese writing, architecture, and religion influenced what Asian civilization?

Japan

What Japanese religion places importance on natural features, forces of nature, ancestors, and emperor worshipping?

Shintoism

What civilization is located on the Yucatan Peninsula in Central America?

Mayan Civilization

What was the name of the city where the great Mayan observatory was located?

Chichen Itza'

What was Mayan economy based on?

trade and agriculture

What type of religion did the Mayans have?

Polytheistic

What civilization was located in present day central Mexico?

Aztec

What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochitilan

What was the economy of the Aztecs based on?

Agriculture

What type of religion did the Aztec civilization have?

Polytheistic religion , based on warfare

What ancient civilization was located in the Andes mountains of South America?

Incas

What was the name of the great temple city of the Incas?

Machu Picchu

What was the Incan economy based on?

High-altitude agriculture

What type of a religion did the Incans practice?

Polytheistic

What engineering feat did the Incans build in order to connect their civilization?

A road system

What were some of the achievements of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incans?

Calendars, Mathematics, Writing systems

Defeated the Anglo-Saxon army and became king of England.

William the Conqueror

Started Common Law under his rule.

Henry II

Signed the Magna Carta limiting the king's power

King John

Defining England as a country, what war was fought between England and France?

Hundred Years' War

Established the French Throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded control over most of France

Hugh Capet

Defining France as a country, this war was fought between France and England

Hundred Years' War

French girl who leads the armies during the Hundred Years' War; burned at the stake for heresy

Joan of Arc

Their marriage untied the two kingdoms of Spain. Also responsible for driving the Muslims out of Spain

Ferdinand and Isabella

Expanded the Spanish empire in the Western hemisphere

Philip II

Russian leader who threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian Nation

Ivan III (The Great)

Power was centralized in the hands of the leader of Russia, also called a...

Tsar

What religion influenced the unification of Russia

Orthodox Church

Told the Christians that if they died during the Crusades their sins would be forgiven

Pope Urban

What city was captured during the First Crusade?

Jerusalem

What Muslim leader was able to recapture Jerusalem from the Crusaders?

Saladin

During the Crusades the city of Constantinople was sacked and looted by whom?

The Christians Crusaders

What were the effects of the Crusades?

• Weakened the Pope's authority. • Stimulated trade between Europe and

Asia. • Increased religious intolerance between

Muslims, Christians, and Jews • Weakened the Byzantine Empire

This barbarian tribe invaded Russia and China while destroying cities and the countryside

Mongols

Who defeated the Byzantine Empire and took control of Constantinople in 1453?

The Ottoman Turks

How did the Black Death influence European society?

Population decline, Scarcity of Labor, Towns freed from feudal obligations, decline of Church influence, Disruption of trade

During the Middle Ages most people who could read and write were usually

Church Scholars

Church scholars would most likely be found living in these communities...

Monasteries

THE END!!!