sol ba program 1st year tamil a study material in pdf

7/21/2019 SOL BA Program 1st Year Tamil A Study Material In PDF

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B. A. (Programme) Ist year TAMIL - A

SKILLS OF LANGUAGE USE

STUDY MATERIAL -1

nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;

ghlk; : 1 fl;Liu - Xu; mwpKfk;ghlk; : 2 fl;Liuapd; mikg;G

ghlk; : 3 fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - I

ghlk; : 4 fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - II

ghlk; : 5 fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - III

ghlk; : 6 fbjk; vOJjy;

ghlk; : 7 tzpff; fbjk;

ghlk; : 8 nkhopg; gapw;rp - I

ghlk; : 9 nkhopg; gapw;rp - IIghlk; : 10 fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;

Editor

Dr. S. Manickavasagam

SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNING

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI5, Cavalry Line, DELHI-110 007

All rights reserved



2

Ngud;G kpf;f khztr; nry;tq;fNs! Ngud;G kpf;f khztr; nry;tq;fNs! Ngud;G kpf;f khztr; nry;tq;fNs! Ngud;G kpf;f khztr; nry;tq;fNs! Ngud;G kpf;f khztr; nry;tq;fNs!

,sq;fiy Kjyhkhz;by; mbnaLj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; cq;fisj; jkpo;j; Jiw tUf

tUf ntd tho;j;jp tuNtw;fpwJ.

jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf; fofk; ,sq;fiy Kjyhkhz;L khztu;fSf;Ff; fPo;f; fhZk;

ghlj; jpl;lj;ijg; gupe;Jiu nra;Js;sJ.

Paper -1

Section A : - Skills of Language use - 40 Marks

- Essay or Letter writing - 15 Marks

- Comprehension - 15 Marks

- Idioms & Proverbs - 5 Marks

- Technical Terms - 5 Marks

Section B: - History of Tamil Culture - 35 Marks.

jkpOk; gpw gz;ghLk; - nj. ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;.

Nkw;fz;l ghlj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb khztu;fs; 75 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Nf kjpg;gplg;gLtu;.

gioa ghlj; jpl;lj;jpy; 100 kjp;g;ngz;fSf;Fupa tpdhf;fs; Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;gl;L mjw;Nfw;g

kjpg;gplg;gl;ldu;. jw;NghJ 75 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fupa tpdhf;fNs Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;gLk;. khztu;fs;

,ij kdjpy; ed;F epWj;jp ve;j tpdhitAk; tpl;Ltplhky; tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw; gFjp ghlE}y; xd;whfTk; (Study material -1) ,uz;lhk; gFjp ghlE}y;

,uz;lhfTk; (Study material -2) jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fs; ,t;tpU E}y;fisAk;fUj;J}d;wpg; gapd;W Nju;tpy; ey;y kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw tho;j;Jfpd;Nwd;.

lhf;lu; R. khzpf;fthrfk;lhf;lu; R. khzpf;fthrfk;lhf;lu; R. khzpf;fthrfk;lhf;lu; R. khzpf;fthrfk;lhf;lu; R. khzpf;fthrfk;,izg; Nguhrpupau;

jkpo;j; Jiw.



3

ghlk;ghlk;ghlk;ghlk;ghlk; - 1- 1- 1- 1- 1

fl;Liu Xu; mwpKfk;fl;Liu Xu; mwpKfk;fl;Liu Xu; mwpKfk;fl;Liu Xu; mwpKfk;fl;Liu Xu; mwpKfk;

fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;w gFjp jkpo;g; ghlj; jpl;lj;Js; xd;whFk;. ,g; gFjp khztu;fspd;

vOj;jhw;wiy tsu;f;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhNlNa ,g; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ghlkhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ehk; fw;fpd;w fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; ekf;F kl;Lk; gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ra Njitf;fhf

my;yNt. ehk; fz;l cz;ikfis> fhztpUk;Gk; cyfj;ij> rpe;jidf;Fupa nra;jpfis>

ehk; ngw;w ,yf;fpa / mwptpay; ,d;gq;fis ek;ikr; #o;e;j rKjhaj;jpw;F

toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;jhd; ehk; fy;tp fw;fpd;Nwhk;. mt;thW ek; fUj;Jfis> czu;Tfis

ntspapLk; fUtpfs; ,uz;L. xd;W Ngr;R. ,d;ndhd;W vOj;J. ek; rpe;jidfisg; gjpT

nra;J itf;fpd;w ek; vz;zq;fspd; Ftpay;fisg; gjpT nra;J itf;Fk; epiyapy;jhd;

,e;j vOJjy; mikfpd;wJ. ,g; ghlj;Js; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ

filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba Kiwfs;> Nju;T Nehf;fpy; mwpa Ntz;ba nra;jpfisg; gw;wpf;

fhz;Nghk;.

Nju;T Nehf;fpy;:-Nju;T Nehf;fpy;:-Nju;T Nehf;fpy;:-Nju;T Nehf;fpy;:-Nju;T Nehf;fpy;:-

ehk; vijg; gbj;jhYk; Nju;T Nehf;fpNyNa fhz;fpd;Nwhk; my;yth? ,g; gFjpiaAk;

me; Nehf;fpy; fhz;Nghk;. Nju;tpy; ,g; gFjpf;Fupa kjpg;ngz;fs; gjpide;J MFk;. ,k;

kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fupa Nfs;tp xd;whFk;. Rkhu; 40 epkplq;fSf;Fs; tpil vOjf;$ba epiyapy;

mf; Nfs;tp mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjhtJ 2 my;yJ 3 jiyg;Gfisf; nfhLj;J mtw;Ws;

xd;iwg; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuAk;gb mf; Nfs;tp mike;jpUf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,yf;fpak;>

fiy> mwptpay;> murpay;> r%ftpay; Nghd;w gy JiwfSs; xd;iwNah ,uz;ilNahgw;wpajhf mj; jiyg;Gfs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,yf;fpaj; Jiwiag; gw;wpa jiyg;Gk; r%f

murpay; Jiwfisg; gw;wpa jiyg;Gk; mwptpay; Jiwiag; gw;wpa jiyg;Gk; vd mit

KiwNa mikf;fg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpy; xd;wpidj; Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhz;L khztu;fs;

mijg; gw;wpa fl;Liuia vOj Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthd;wpYk; rpy khjpupf; fl;Liufs;

fPNo ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

,yf;fpaj; Jiw:-,yf;fpaj; Jiw:-,yf;fpaj; Jiw:-,yf;fpaj; Jiw:-,yf;fpaj; Jiw:-

,yf;fpaj; Jiw rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs; nghJthditahfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;j

Ma;T Nehf;fpy; mike;j Nfs;tpfshfTk; rhjhuzkhd vspikahd jiyg;ghfTk;

rpe;jidf;Fupa rpf;fy; epiwe;j jiyg;ghfTk; mikayhk;. rpy Nfs;tpfs; VjhtJ Xu;

,yf;fpaf; ftpij tupahfNt mike;jpUf;Fk;. mijNa jiyg;ghff; nfhz;L fl;Liu

vOJk;gb Nfl;fg;gLk;.

r py khjpupf; fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:- py khjpupf; fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:- py khjpupf; fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:- py khjpupf; fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:- py khjpupf; fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:-

1. ehd; tpUk;Gk; ehty;.

2. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo; ehty; tsu;r;rp.

3. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk;.



4

4. ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu; (ftpij tupfNs jiyg;ghf cs;sd.)

5. cs;Stnjy;yhk; cau;Ts;sy; ”

6. rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh ”

7. GjpaNjhu; cyfk; nra;Nthk; ”

,g;gb ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapd; Nfs;tpfs; gytif Nehf;fpNyAk; Nghf;fpNyAk; Nfl;fg;gLk;.

murpay;> r%f> fiyj; Jiw:-murpay;> r%f> fiyj; Jiw:-murpay;> r%f> fiyj; Jiw:-murpay;> r%f> fiyj; Jiw:-murpay;> r%f> fiyj; Jiw:-

mLj;j jiyg;G murpay;> r%ftpay;> fiyapay; Nghd;w Jiwfisg; gw;wpa jiyg;ghf

mikAk;. ,j; jiyg;Gk; Neubj; jiyg;ghfNth cl;nghUSk; rpf;fYk; Ma;Tk; nfhz;;l

jiyg;ghfNth mike;jpUf;Fk;. mtw;iwj; njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jiyg;Gk;

mjd; nghUSk; Rl;Lfpd;w fUj;ij cl;nfhz;Nl fl;Liuia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpy

khjpupf; fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:-

1. r%f rPu;jpUj;jKk; fy;tpAk;

2. murpay; newpKiwfSk; gj;jpupiffSk;

3. kf;fshl;rpapd; nfhLikfs;

4. ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; jPz;lhikAk; kJ tpyf;Fk;

5. kf;fs; ey;tho;tpy; gj;jpupiffspd; gq;F

6. cyff; Foe;ijfs; Mz;Lk; Foe;ij ,yf;fpaKk;.

7. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhu cau;tpy; ngz;fspd; gq;F.

Nghd;w tifapy; gy;NtW cl;Jiwfisr; Nru;e;j jiyg;Gfspy; xd;whf mJ mikAk;.

rKjhag; gpd;dzpNa ,t;tifj; jiyg;Gf;F Vw;wjhFk; vdyhk;.

mwptpay; Jiw:-mwptpay; Jiw:-mwptpay; Jiw:-mwptpay; Jiw:-mwptpay; Jiw:-

mLj;j jiyg;G ngUk;ghYk; mwptpay;> nkhopapy; Nghd;w Jiwfisg; gw;wpa

jiyg;ghf tpsq;Fk;. rKjhaj;jpy; mwptpaYk; nkhopapaYk; ngWfpd;w ,lj;ij xl;b

,j;jiyg;G mikAk;.

rpy jiyg;Gfs;:rpy jiyg;Gfs;:rpy jiyg;Gfs;:rpy jiyg;Gfs;:rpy jiyg;Gfs;:

1. mwptpay; cyfpy; jkpoupd; gq;F2. thdntspapy; kdpjd; fz;l ntw;wpfs;

3. jha;nkhopf; fy;tpNa mwptpaiy tho;tpf;Fk;

4. mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; fy;tp KiwAk;

5. ,yf;fpaKk; mwptpaYk; ,ize;J nry;fpd;wd.

6. mwptpaYk; gy;fiyf; fofg; gl;lq;fSk;

7. mwptpaYk; fiyapaYk;.



5

Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; xd;whf me;j %d;whtJ jiyg;G mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,k; %d;W

jiyg;Gfspy; khztu;f;Fg; gpbj;j jiyg;ghfTk; vOj Kbe;j nra;jpfs; epiwe;j jiyg;ghfTk;

rpwg;ghfr; nra;a Kbe;j jiyg;ghfTk; xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJtNj rpwe;jjhf

mikAk;.

.

fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?

ehk; ntspapl tpUk;Gk; my;yJ ntspapl Ntz;ba fUj;ijj; njhFj;J> tpsf;fp>

njspthf;fp mikf;fpd;w mikg;igNa fl;Liu vdyhk;. kyu;fisf; nfhz;L khiy fl;LtJ

Nghy gy;NtW nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L mofhd njhlu;fshf;fp> njhlu;fisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu

fl;lg;gLtjhy; ,J fl;Liu vdg;gLk;. tz;z tz;z kyu;fisAk; ,ilapilNa gRe;

jiofisAk;> ntt;NtW tifapy;> ntt;NtW tbtpy; njhLj;J ntt;NtW tifg;gl;l

kyu;fisf; fl;Ltijg; Nghy> gy;NtW tifg;gl;l nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L ntt;NtW tifg;gl;l

njhlu;fis cUthf;fpf; fl;Liuia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; khiyapy; cs;s vy;yh

kyu;fSk; xNu khiyia cUthf;Ftjpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ Nghy fl;Liuapd; vy;yhr;nrhw;fSk; fl;Liu tw;GWj;Jk;> fl;Liuapd; jiyg;ig tpsf;FtjpNyNa ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f>

ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fjhFk;. mg;NghJjhd; fl;Liuapd; mikg;G Kiwapy;

Fog;gNkh> jtNwh NeuhJ.

tz;z tz;z kyu;fisAk;> jiofisAk; nfhz;L khiy fl;Lk;NghJ mjid

NkYk; mOFgLj;j tz;z tz;z cNyhf ehu;fisAk; ed; kzj;ijAk; Nru;g;gJ Nghy

ek; fl;LiuAk; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> ctik> cUtfk;> kuG> gonkhop> nghd;nkhop Nghd;w

njhlu;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; mJ ntspapLk; fUj;J gbg;Nghiug;

gpzpj;J> mtu;jk; neQ;rpy; gRkuj;jhzpahfg; gjpAk;.

fl;Liu tiutJ vg;gb? fl;Liu tiutJ vg;gb? fl;Liu tiutJ vg;gb? fl;Liu tiutJ vg;gb? fl;Liu tiutJ vg;gb? fl;Liu vd;gJ nfhLf;fg; ;gl;l jiyg;gpd; nghUisj; njspthf;fp tpsf;FtjhfTk;>

mj;jiyg;igg;gw;wpa nra;jpfspd; NfhitahfTk; (njhFg;ghfTk;) mika Ntz;Lk;. mr;

nra;jpapd; NfhitAk;> tpsf;fKk; rpwe;j Xtpaf; fiyQd; tiue;j Xtpak; Nghy vq;nfq;F

ve;nje;j cUt mikg;Gk;> tz;zKk; nfhz;L rpwf;FNkh mJNghyTk;> mzpfyd; nra;Ak;

ty;Ydu; kpfr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;j mofpa mzp NghyTk; (,Uf;fNtz;ba nghUis ,Uf;f

Ntz;ba ,lj;J itj;J nrk;ikahfr; nra;J Kbj;j mofpa mzp NghyTk;) mika

Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> ,j;jF rpwe;j mikg;NghL fl;Liu tiutJ vg;gb vd;gijj; njupe;J

nfhs;s Ntz;LtJ ek; flikad;Nwh?

jiyg;G:-jiyg;G:-jiyg;G:-jiyg;G:-jiyg;G:-

fl;Liu vOjj; njhlq;FKd; ehk; vOjg; NghFk; jiyg;ig xU Kiwf;Fg; gy

Kiw gbj;Jg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jiyg;gpd; nghUs; vd;d? mJ Fwpg;gpLk; nghUs;

VNjDk; cz;lh? my;yJ Nehbg; nghUs; VNjDk; cz;lh vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.



6

fl;Liuapd; jiyg;Gf;F cupa nra;jpfis jiyg;gpy; tpsf;f epidj;j> tpsf;f

Ntz;ba nra;jpfis tpl;Lg; Gwk; Nghfhj epiyapy; fl;Liu mika Ntz;Lk;. xU

jiyg;gpw;Fupa nra;jpfisf; $wpf;nfhz;L tUifapy; mij tpLj;J ,ilNa NtnwhU

nra;jpiag; gw;wpf; $WtJk;> mijNa tpupj;Jf; Fog;gk; tpistpg;gJk; $lhJ. mg;gb

kw;nwhU nra;jpapy; Eioe;J tpl;lhy; njhlq;fpa nra;jpia kwe;J njhlu;r;rpia tpl;LtpLNthky;yth?

jiyg;igg; Gupe;J nfhz;L mjw;Fupa nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jf; nfhz;lgpd; mtw;iw

tifg;gLj;jp vOj Kida Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;Diu:-Kd;Diu:-Kd;Diu:-Kd;Diu:-Kd;Diu:-

ve;jtiff; fl;Liuahf ,Ue;jhYk; ehk; vOjg;NghFk; fl;Liu vijg; gw;wpaJ

vd;gij KjypNyNa Fog;gkpd;wp mNj Neuj;jpy; RitahfTk; njspthfTk; vOjptpl

Ntz;Lk;. ehk; ntspapl tpUk;Gk; nra;jpia mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mwpKfk; ehk;

vOJfpd;w fl;Liuapd; Kjy; gj;jpahfNt mika Ntz;Lk;. mjw;nfdj; jdpNa Kd;Diu

vd;W vOjpj; jiyg;gpl Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy. fl;Liuapd; Kjy; gj;jpNa Kd;Diuahfg;

nghUs;gLk;. mg;gbj;jhd; Kjy; gj;jpapy; ehk; jiyg;igg; gw;wpAk; mf;fl;Liuapy; $wg;NghFk;

nra;jpfisg; gw;wpAk; xU rpW mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;DiuapNyNa Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; nfhLj;Jj; njhlq;Ffpd;w KiwiaAk; rpyu;

ifahSfpd;wdu;. (nghUj;jkhd - rk;ge;jg;gl;l) Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;l jiyg;igAk;

mjpy; mlq;fpa nra;jpfisAk; mwpKfk; nra;fpd;w ,k; Kiwapy; xU ftu;r;rp ,Ug;gjhf

,d;iwa thrfu;fs; czu;fpd;whu;fs;. mJNghyNt Kd;DiuapNyNa kuG> ctik>

gonkhop> njhlu;fisAk; nghUj;jkhff; ifahz;L jiyg;igAk; nghUisAk; mwpKfk;

nra;Ak; tof;fKk; rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rpwe;jjhf mikfpwNjh ,y;iyNah Kd;Diuvd;gJ njspthfTk; njhlu;e;J fl;Liuiag; gbf;fj; J}z;Lk; mikg;ghfTk; tpsq;f

Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. xU fl;Liuapd; Kd;DiuapNyNa mjd; cl;nra;jpapd; tsk;>

Nkk;ghL> rpwg;G Kjypait XusT Gyg;gLk; vdyhk;.

nghUs;:-nghUs;:-nghUs;:-nghUs;:-nghUs;:-

Kd;Diuapy; mwpKfk; nra;j nghUisg; gbg;gbahf tpupj;J tpsf;fpf;nfhz;L

njuptpf;f epidj;j> njuptpf;f Ntz;ba vy;yhr; nra;jpfisAk;> jhq;fpa epiyapy; ,g;gFjp

mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gFjpjhd; fl;Liuapd; fUj;ijAk;> njspthd tpupthd nghUisAk;

jhq;fpa KOikahd gFjpahFk;. ,g; gFjpapy; ehk; jiyg;ig nahl;bf; $w Ntz;ba

nra;jpfis Kiwg;gLj;jp> mofhfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; njuptp;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

gj;jpg; gpupT:-gj;jpg; gpupT:-gj;jpg; gpupT:-gj;jpg; gpupT:-gj;jpg; gpupT:-

fl;Liu vd;gJ xU nghUisg; gw;wpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; gw;gy fUj;Jfs; mlq;fpa

xd;whfNt cs;sJ. vOj Ntz;ba fUj;Jfisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lgpd; mtw;iwj;

jdpj;jdpf; $whfg; gpupj;Jf;nfhz;L xt;nthU $iwAk; jdpj;jdpg; gj;jpahf tptupg;gNj



7

fl;Liuia moF nra;tjhFk;. ,t;thW fUj;Jfspd; $Wk;> mijg;gw;wpa nra;jpaikg;Gk;

gj;jp vdg;gLk;.

,g;gbg; gpupf;fhky; $Wfpd;w nra;jpfis xNu Kiwapy; njhFj;Jj; jUtJ

gbg;gtiu kUsr; nra;tJld; vOJgtiuAk; njsptpy;yhj njhlu;r;rpAld; ,izj;J>fl;Liu tsj;ijNa nfLj;JtpLk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.

gj;jpiaj; njspthfj; njuptpf;Fk; nghUl;L mtw;iw mikf;Fk;Kd; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

,ilntspnfhz;l mikg;GlDk;> Kjy; tupiar; rw;W cs;slf;fpAk; njhlq;fpj; njhlu

Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mikg;ig midtUk; mwpNthk; md;Nwh?

gj;jpiag; gpupj;Jg; gpupj;J vOJk;NghJ mg; gj;jpfs; midj;Jk; xNu fl;Liuapd;

fPo; tUfpd;wd vd;gijAk; xNu nghUisg; NgRfpd;w $Wfisf; nfhz;lit vd;gijAk;

epidtpy; nfhz;L xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; njhlu;gpUf;FkhW mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghy; nra;jpiaj;

jhq;fpAs;s gj;jpapd; njhlf;fk; mg;gj;jp vijg;gw;wpaJ vd;gij KjypNyNa mwpKfk;

nra;Ak; Kiwapy; njhlq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb mwpKfkhf;Fk; Kjy; tup nrk;ikahdjhfTk;

ftu;r;rpfukhdjhfTk; gbg;gtiu <u;f;Fk; Mw;wYs;sjhfTk; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. gj;jpapd;

Kjy; tup mg;gj;jpapy; mike;j nghUl; $iw mwpKfk; nra;tJ NghyNt mjd; filrp

tupAk; mf; $iw Kbj;J itf;fpd;w epiyapy; mika Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;.

gj;jpapd; msT gw;wpa vy;iy vJTk; ,y;iy. ftpijiag; Nghy ,j;jid tupfSf;Fs;

mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh> ,g;gbg;gl;l tbtpy;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh ahUk; vy;iy

tFf;f KbahJ. vj;jid tupfs; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,lk; ngwyhk;. Mdhy; xNu nghUl;

$iwg; gw;wpajhfj;jhd; mika Ntz;Lk;. gj; ;jpf;F msTjhd; ,y;iyNa vd;gjw;fhf xU

gf;fk; KOtjw;Fk; xNu gj;jpahf mikj;J vOJtJk; rpwe;jjhfhJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

cl; jiyg;Gfs;:-cl; jiyg;Gfs;:-cl; jiyg;Gfs;:-cl; jiyg;Gfs;:-cl; jiyg;Gfs;:-

mt;thW gj;jp mikj;J vOJk;NghJ ,d;Dk; njspT fhl;l Ntz;bAk; gj;jpapy;

cs;s nra;jpia NkNyNa fhl;Lfpd;w mikg;gpYk; rpW rpW jiyg;Gfs; je;J vOJtijAk;

,d;iwa thrfu;fs; ngupJk; tuNtw;fpd;wdu;. ,g;gbj; jiyg;Gfisj; jUk;NghJ mit

gj;jpNahL nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; - gj;jpapy; cs;s nra;jpfspd; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhfTk; mikf;f

Ntz;Lk;. jiyg;Gfis XupU nrhw;fshy; rpwpa tbtpy; mikg;gJjhd; rpwe;jjhFk;. ,y;iyNay;

mr;rpW jiyg;Ng xU tupNghy; ,Ue;J gbg;gtupd; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;l kWj;J tpLk;

epiyf;F MshfptpLk;.

Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:-Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:-Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:-Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:-Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:-

gj;jp gpupj;J vOJk;NghJ mg;gj;jpapy; cs;s nra;jpfis NkYk; tpsf;FtdthfTk;

mr;nra;jpfis muz; nra;fpd;w epiyapYk; ,k; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; mikAk;. mg;gb Nkw;Nfhs;fis

vLj;jhSk;NghJ mtw;iwj; jdpNa njuptpg;gjw;F mt; tupfspd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; KbtpYk;

Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;j NtzLk;. ciu eil thrfq;fis mg;gbNa juyhk;.

mNjNghy ftpij tupfisj; jUk;NghJk; ftpij tupfshfNt rpwpJk; khw;wk; ,y;yhJ



8

jUjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;Nfhs; FwpfSf;fpilNa vOJk; Nkw;Nfhs;fspy; gpw nra;jpfs; vijAk;

jtwpAk; ,izj;Jtplf; $lhJ. mt;thW ,izj;J tpl;lhy; mJ Nkw;NfhSf;Fupa

jd;ikia ,oe;J tpLtNjhL fl;Liuapd; cz;ik epiyiaAk; jho;j;jp tpLk; ;. ,ilNa

Mq;fpyj;jpypUe;Njh gpw nkhopfspdpd;Nwh Nkw;Nfhs;fisj; jUk;NghJ mtw;iw milg;Gf;

FwpfSf;fpilNa jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nrhw;nwhlu;fs;:-nrhw;nwhlu;fs;:-nrhw;nwhlu;fs;:-nrhw;nwhlu;fs;:-nrhw;nwhlu;fs;:-

Nkw;Nfhs;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ NghyNt fl;Liuapd; nghUs; tsKk;> njspTk;>

,dpikAk; fUjp gpw njhlu;fisAk; gad; gLj;jyhk;. $Wfpd;w fUj;JfSf;F tpsf;fk;

jUtJ NghyTk;> muz; nra;tJ NghyTk; ctikj; njhlu; (Gyp Nghyg; gha;e;jhd;)>

cUtfj; njhlu; (kf;fs; nts;sk;)> kuGj; njhlu; (kdk; Nghd Nghf;F> thioab thioaha;)>

gonkhop (xU ghidr; Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;)> gpw nrhw;nwhlu;fs; (my;Yk; gfYk;>

cw;whu; cwtpdu;> rl;l jpl;lk;> Kl;b Nkhjp)> Nghd;w njhlu;fisAk; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy;

mikj;J moF nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mj;njhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJk; mtw;iw Nkw;Nfhs;

FwpfSf;fpilNa gad;gLj;JtJjhd; rpwe;jjhFk;.

mbf;NfhbLjy;:-mbf;NfhbLjy;:-mbf;NfhbLjy;:-mbf;NfhbLjy;:-mbf;NfhbLjy;:-

nghUs;fis tpsf;Fk;NghJ rpy nrhw;fis mOj;jkhff; $w epidg;Nghk;. my;yJ

mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp mjid ntspf;fhl;l epidg;Nghk;. (rpwg;Gg; ngau;r; nrhw;fs;>

fiyr; nrhw;fs;> rpW jiyg;Gfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Nghd;w) mg;gbg;gl;l nrhw;fis ehk;

njspthf mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ fl;Liuapy; ehk; ntspf;fhl;l epidj;jijr;

rpwf;fr; nra;Ak; topahfTk; ftu;r;rpahfTk; mikAk; vdyhk;.

epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:-epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:-epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:-epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:-epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:-

nghUisAk; mij tpsf;Fk; $iwAk; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;w njhlu;fis ehk;

ntspapLk;NghJ gy;NtW czu;TfSf;F Mshfpd; ;Nwhk;. nghUSf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; Vw;g

mt;Tzu;Tfs; mikfpd;wd. Kbj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;ij Kbj;Jk; njhlu;e;J

nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;ijj; njhlu;e;Jk; nrhy;y Ntz;bAs;sJ. mg;gbg;gl;l ,lq;fspy;

Njitahd Kw;Wg;Gs;sp (.)> Kf;fhw;Gs;sp (:)> miug;Gs;sp ( ; )> fhw;Gs;sp (>) Mfpatw;iwg;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. thf;fpaq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;Gk; czu;Tfisg; gpujpgypg;gjhfTk;

rpy FwpaPLfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. tpag;G> kfpo;r;rp Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; (!) vd;w FwpaPl;ilg;

gad;gLj;jpAk;> tpdhf;fspd; Kbtpy; (?) vd;Dk; tpdhf;Fwpiag; gad;gLj;jpAk; thf;fpaq;fis

mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;fs; czu;j;j tpUk;Gk; nra;jpia Kd;$l;bNa czu;j;jptpLk;

epiyikia mit cz;lhf;Fk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.

Jiwr; nrhw;fs;> fiyr; nrhw;fs;:-Jiwr; nrhw;fs;> fiyr; nrhw;fs;:-Jiwr; nrhw;fs;> fiyr; nrhw;fs;:-Jiwr; nrhw;fs;> fiyr; nrhw;fs;:-Jiwr; nrhw;fs;> fiyr; nrhw;fs;:-

xU nghUs; gw;wpa fl;Liuia vOJk;NghJ mg;nghUs;gw;wpa Jiwr; nrhw;fisAk;

gpw nkhopg; ngau;r; nrhw;fisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLk;. mg;gbg;gl;l

rkaq;fspy; mr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; nrhw;fisNa gad;gLj;JtJjhd; mwpTilikiaf;



9

fhl;Lk;. njspT fUjpNah my;yJ xg;Gik fhl;lNtz;bNah mtw;wpw;Fupa gpwnkhopr;

nrhw;fis milg;Gf; Fwpfspy; juyhk;. gpwnkhop Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; $Wk;NghJ$l milg;Gf;

Fwp ( ) fisg; gad;gLj;JtJjhd; rpwe;j KiwahFk;. tlnkhop xypfisf; fhl;Lk; [> ̀ >

~> ]> = Nghd;w vOj;Jfisj; Njitapy;yhky; gad;gLj;JtJ fl;Liuapd; nkhop

mikg;igf; nfLj;JtpLk;. gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspd; ngau;r; nrhw;fspy; kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.(N~f;];gpau; - ,ij nrfg;gpupau; vd;W vOJtJ nghUj;jkhf ,y;iy. vdNt ,g;gbg;gl;l

,lq;fspy; mt; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jtwpy;iy vdyhk;.) vdNt

gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fyf;fhj fl;LiuNa rpwg;GWk; vdyhk;.

ey;y jkpo;:-ey;y jkpo;:-ey;y jkpo;:-ey;y jkpo;:-ey;y jkpo;:-

fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ cau;e;j nrhw;fisAk; njhlu;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp fl;Liuapd;

juj;ijf; $l;lNtz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gij tpl njspTk; vspikAk; nfhz;l nrhw;fisAk;

njhlu;fisAk; gad;gLj;j epidg; ;gNj rpwe;jjhFk;. Gupahj my;yJ Gupa itf;f Ntz;ba

jpup nrhy;> jpirr; nrhy; Nghd;w nrhw;fisf; $Lkhdtiu ePf;fp tpLjy; ey;yJ.

mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplj;jhd; Ntz;Lk; vd;w Njit ,Ug;gpd; milg;Gf; FwpfSf;fpilNa

Fwpg;gplyhk;. jukhd ,yf;fpa eak; nrwpe;j fl;Liuahf vOj Kidtij tpl jtwpy;yhj

vspa> ,dpa> rpwpa nrhw;nwhlu;fisf; nfhz;l fl;Liuahf mikg;gNj ey;yjhFk;.

nrhw;nwhlu;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ mit czu;j;j Ntz;ba njspTfis kdj;Nj

nfhz;L xUik> gd;ik> kaf;fq;fs; ,y;yhjthW njspthf mikf;fNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

nrhw;fspYk;> njhlu;fspYk; mikfpd;w vOj;Jg; gpio> re;jpg; gpio Nghd;w ,yf;fzg;

gpiofis ePf;fp vOj Kay;tNj rpwe;jjhFk;. njhlu;fis ePz;l tbtpy; mikf;Fk;NghJ

mjd; njhlu;r;rp vOtha;f;Fk; nrag;gLnghUSf;Fk; gadpiyf;Fk; nghUe;j Kbahky;

miktjw;F tha;g;Gfs; cz;L. vdNt> mg; gpiofs; cz;lhfhjthW jLf;fr; rpWrpW

nrhw;nwhlu;fisNa gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLfpwjd;Nwh?

,g; gy;NtW mikg;GfisAk; kdj;Nj nfhz;L fl;Liuia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mg;NghJjhd; mJ rpwe;j fl;LiuahfTk;> gaDs;s fl;LiuahfTk; mikAk;. njspe;j>

jtwpy;yhj> nra;jpfs; epiwe;j mofhd fl;Liufs; rpwe;j ,yf;fpakhfg; Nghw;wg;gLk;

vd;gjpy; Iaky;iy.

KbTiu:-KbTiu:-KbTiu:-KbTiu:-KbTiu:-

fl;Liuapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l jiyg;ig> nghUis mwpKfk; nra;J

itj;jJ NghyNt fl;Liuapy; njuptpf;f Ntz;ba nra;jpfisj; njuptpj;j gpd; mg;nghUis

Kiwahf Kbj;J itf;fTk; Ntz;Lkd;Nwh? mt;thW Kbj; ;J itf;fpd;w gFjpia

KbTiu vd;gu;. KbTiu vd;W jdpNa jiyg;gpl;L vOj Ntz;ba Njit ,y;iy. fl;Liuapd;

filrpg; gj;jpNa mf; fl;Liuapd; KbTiuahf mikAk;. mt;thW mikAk;gb mf; filrpg;

gj;jpiag; nghUs; KbTg; gj;jpahf mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg; gj;jpapy; NkNy fz;l nghUs;fspd;

RUf;fj;ijAk; fl;Liug; nghUspd; gad;ghl;ilAk; jUfpd;w tof;fKk; rpyuplk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thW jUtJ rpwe;jjhfNt mikAnkd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.

Kd;Diuia Nkw;NfhSld; nrhw;nwhlu;fSld; njhlq;fpaJ NghyNt KbTiuapYk;



10

Nkw;Nfhs;fs; rpwg;Gr; nrhw;nwhlu;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,izj;J ehk; Nkw;$wpa nra;jpfis

mOj;je; jpUj;jkhf typAWj;jpf; $WtJk; fl;Liuf;F moifj; jUk; vdyhk;.

Kd;Diu Kjy; KbTiu tiu vOjp Kbj;j fl;Liu ,g;NghJ KO tbtk; ngw;W

tpl;lJ. vd;whYk; mij mg;gbNa tpl;L tpl;L tUtJ rpwe;jjhfhJ. vdNt> ehk; epidj;jfUj;Jfis> epidj;j KiwNahL njuptpj;jpUf;fpNwhkh vd;W xU Kiw gbj;Jg; ghu;j;JtpLtJ

rpwe;jjhFk;. tpLgl;l fUj;Jfis ,izj;Jtpl ,J xU ey;y tha;g;ghf mikAk;.

my;yJ ek;ikAk; mwpahkNyh> mwpe;Njh Vw;gl;l gpiofis (vOj;J> nrhy;> thf;fpak;>

re;jpg; gpiofis) jpUj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; xU rpwe;j tha;g;ghf ,J mikAkd;Nwh? vOJk;NghJ

,Ue;j NtfKk; czu;Tk; Kbe;J xU njspT te;j epiyapy; ,g;NghJ gpiofisj;

jpUj;jp nrg;gdpl xU tha;g;ghf ,J gad;gLk;. vOjp Kbj;j gpd;G gbj;Jg; ghu;g;gjhy;

ekf;Fk; KOj; jpUg;jp Vw;gLk;.

Nkw;fhl;ba fl;Liu mikg;igg; Gupe;J nfhz;L khztu;fs; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l

nghJj; jiyg;Gfis> nghUl;fisr; rpwe;j eilapy; vOjp vOjpg; ghu;j;Jg; goFtJjhd;

kpfr;rpwe;j mikg;Gj; njspit cz;lhf;Fk;. vLj;j vLg;gpy; gapw;rpapy;yhky; NeNu Nju;tpy;

nrd;W nghJf; fl;Liuia vOJtJ mwpTilikahfhJ. epiwe;j kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWk;

topAkhfhJ. fl;Liugw;wpf; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhtpw;Fj; Nju;Tj; jhspy; %d;W gf;fq;fSf;Ff;

Fiwahky; tpilapWf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fjhFk;.

khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:-khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:-khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:-khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:-khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:-

1. fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?

2. fl;Liu vOJtJ vg;gb?

3. fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;j Ntz;ba fUj;Jfs; ahit?

4. fl;Liuapd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; ahit?

5. fl;Liuiar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; mikg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; ahit? 6. fPo;f; fhZk; jiyg;Gfspy; fl;Liu vOjpg; goFf.

m. ,yf;fpak; fhyj;jpd; fz;zhb.

M. nghJTilikAk; kf;fshl;rpAk;

,. ngz; rpRf; nfhiy.



11

ghlk; 2ghlk; 2ghlk; 2ghlk; 2ghlk; 2

fl;Liuapd; mikg;Gfl;Liuapd; mikg;Gfl;Liuapd; mikg;Gfl;Liuapd; mikg;Gfl;Liuapd; mikg;G

fl;Liuf; $Wfs;:-fl;Liuf; $Wfs;:-fl;Liuf; $Wfs;:-fl;Liuf; $Wfs;:-fl;Liuf; $Wfs;:-

fl;Liu vOJk; nghOJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bad ,uz;L. xd;W> fl;Liuapd; tbtikg;G

gw;wpaJ. kw;nwhd;W> fl;Liuapd; fUj;J gw;wpaJ. fl;Liuapd; tbtikg;G gw;wpg; NgRq;fhy;

fl;Liu vt;thW ,;Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;L;iuapd; Kf;fpa

cWg;Gfshtd:-

1. Kd;Diu Introduction

2. nghUs; Subject

3. KbTiu Conclusion

,k; %d;wpid xl;b mikAk; fl;LiuNa rpwe;j fl;LiuahFk;. ,f; fl;Liuapd;

Kf;fpaf; $Wfshfg; gy;NtW vOj;jhsu;fs; $wpatw;iw ,q;F epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

mtw;Ws; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahfg; gpd; tUtdtw;iwf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mitahtd:

1. xUikg;ghL Unity

2. tiutpyf;fzKk; nghUl; rpwg;Gk ; Definition

3. xOq;F Order

4. gj;jpaikg;G Paragraph construction

5. nkhopeilr; rpwg;G Language & its style6. njspT Legibility

7. nghUj;j tPjk ; Proportion

8. msT kpfhik Not exceeding the limit

9. KbT Conclusion

nkhop mikg;G:-nkhop mikg;G:-nkhop mikg;G:-nkhop mikg;G:-nkhop mikg;G:-

fl;Liuapd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfshf NkNy nrhy; ;yg;gl;Ls;stw;iwj; jdpj;jdpNa tpsf;fpr;

nrhy;tJ vd;gJ Ntz;lhj xd;whFk;. fl;Liuapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;W mjpy;gad;gLj;jg;ngWk; nkhopjhd;. ,e;j nkhopiaj; jpwk;glf; ifahs Ntz;Lnkdpy;

fl;Liuahrpupad; nkhopj;jpwdpy; kpff; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vOj;Jg; gpio> ,yf;fzg;

gpio ,d;wp vOJtJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ. mt;thW vOJq;fhy; gj;J tiff; Fw;wq;fspd;

Fw;wq;fs; ePf;fpvOjNtz;Lk;.

1. Fd;wf; $wy ; Incomplete statement

2. kpifglf; $wy ; Redundancy



12

3. $wpaJ $wy ; Tautology

4. khWnfhsf; $wy; Inconsistency in statement

5. t*cr; nrhy; Gzu;j;jy ; Using wrong words

6. kaq;f itj;jy ; Obscurity in the composition7. ntw;nwdj; njhLj;jy ; Unwanted Expansion

8. kw;nwhd;W tpupj;jy ; Deviating the text & going astray

9. nrd;W Nja;e;jpWjy ; Gradual fading

10. epd;W gadpd;ik No use of giving abrupt ending.

Kjyhd gj;J tiff; Fw;wq;fspd;wpAk; fl;Liu vOj Ntz;Lk;.

moFfisf; $l;b:-moFfisf; $l;b:-moFfisf; $l;b:-moFfisf; $l;b:-moFfisf; $l;b:-

xU E}y; vOJq;fhy; jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;badthfj; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fspy;$wg;gl;Ls;s ,g; gj;J tiff; Fw;wq;fspd;wpf; fl;Liu xUtd; vOjpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.

mNj Neuj;jpy; ehk; vOjtpUf;Fk; fl;Liuapy;>

1. RUq;fr; nrhy;yy; Brevity

2. tpsq;f itj;jy; ; Clarity of expression

3. etpd;Nwhu;f;fpdpik Enjoyability

4. ed;nkhop Gzu;j;jy ; Best words in best order

5. XirAilik Having rhythm

6. MoKilj;jhjy; Having depth

7. Kiwapd; itg;G Proportion

8. cyfkiyahik Not contradicting the universal truth

9. tpOkpaJ gaj;jy; Serving a purpose

10. tpsq;Fjhuzj;jhFjy; With proper illustration.

Kjyhd gj;J tif moFk; nghUe;jpapUf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.

mikg;G:-mikg;G:-mikg;G:-mikg;G:-mikg;G:-

gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fspd;wpg; gj;J tif moNfhL xU fl;Liu ,Ue;jhYk; mjd;

gj;jpaikg;Ggw;wp kpfTk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. Nghjpa gj;jpaikg;gpd;wp xNu njhlu;r;rpahf

vOjg; ngWk; fl;Liufs; gbg;gtu;fSf;Fr; rypg;Gzu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jptpLk;. fl;Liuapd;

jiyg;gpw;Nfw;g> nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;Jf;F Vw;g gj;jpaikg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

xU fUj;Jf;F xU gj;jp vd;Dk; Kiwapy; fl;Liu mikg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ij

vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mjidj; njspT gLj;Jk; tifapy; Nghjpa vLj;Jf; fhl;LfSld;

,Uf;fpd;w epiyapy; gj;jpaikg;gpid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gj;jpapy; gy fUj;Jfs;

,lk; ngWtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.



13

,ijg; Nghd;W KbTiuapYk; kpf Kf;fpakhff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. xU

KbTiuahdJ fl;Liuapd; njhFg;GiuahFk;. xNu Neuj;jpy; fl;Liuahsdpd; fUj;jpid

ntspapLtjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jhd; nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; fUj;Jf;F Vw;g Nkw;NfhSk;

nfhLf;fyhk;. NkYk; jd; fUj;jpw;F Vw;g tof;fpypUf;Fk; gonkhopapidAk; Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;.

,e;j tifapy; vOjg;gLk; KbTiuahdJ fl;Liuf;F Xu; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gNjhL vOJgtdpd;cs;sj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;jp tpLk;. vdNt fl;Liuahsdpd; jdpj;Jtk; fl;Liuapd; KbTiuahff;

$Wk; fUj;jpd; Nfhu;itapy; - nrk;ikapy; (Personal touch) mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. ,jid

czu;e;J vOjg;gLk; fl;LiuNa rpwe;j fl;Liuahf mikAk;. mJNt ,yf;fpaKk; MFk;.

gapw;rp:-gapw;rp:-gapw;rp:-gapw;rp:-gapw;rp:-

fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ xU jPtpug; gapw;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; miktjhFk;.

,g;gapw;rpapid khztu;fSf;F mspf;Fk; tifapy; Kd; $wg;gl;litfisf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. ,jidg; gbj;j vtUk; clNd fl;Liu vOjptplyhk; vd epidg;gJ jtW.

fl;Liu vLJtjw;F Kd; fl;Liuapd; nghUs; gw;wpr; rpe;jid nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;

mjw;fhd nra;jpfisr; Nrfupj;jy;> Nrfupj;jitfis tifg;gLj;jy;> gpd; mtw;iwf; Nfhu;itgl

vOJjy; vd;w mstpy; khztu;fs; gapw;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; khztu;fs;

gy;NtW nghUs; gw;wp khjpupf; fl;Liufs; vOjpg; gof Ntz;Lk;.

;

mbf; Fwpg;Gfs;:-mbf; Fwpg;Gfs;:-mbf; Fwpg;Gfs;:-mbf; Fwpg;Gfs;:-mbf; Fwpg;Gfs;:-

nghJthff; fl;Liu vOJk;nghOJ gpwUila fUj;Jfis vLj;Jf;fhl;l

Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt> mf;fUj;Jfis Nkw;Nfhs; FwpfSld; “-----------------” vOj Ntz;Lk;.

mk; Nkw;Nfhs; tpsf;fj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;L (Foot note) fhz;gpg;gJ ey;yJ. tuyhw;Wf;

fl;Liu> jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu vOJk; NghJ kpfTk; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nra;jpapJ.

mbf;NfhL tbtikg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;StJ kpf Kf;fpak;. E}yhrpupaupd; ngau;> E}ypd;ngau;> gjpg;G tptuk;> gjpg;ghsu; ngau;> gjpf;fg;ngw;w ,lk;> Mz;L vd tud;Kiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

my;yJ E}ypd; ngau;> E}yhrpupau; gjpg;G tptuk; vd newpg;gLj;jyhk;. ,t;tpuz;L

KiwfSs; VNjDk; xd;wpidf; fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; eyk;. fPo;f;

nfhLf;fg;gl;l tifapy; Nkw;Nfhs; gw;wpa tptuj;ijf; nfhLf;fyhk;.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. gpr;r%u;j;jp : kdepoy;

vOj;Jg; gpuRuk;

19 V> gps;isahu; Nfhtpy; njU

jpUty;ypf; Nfzp> nrd;id

Kjw; gjpg;G : 1977

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

gpwUila fUj;jhf ,Ug;gij Nkw;Nfhs; milahsj;Jld; vOJtJjhd; kpfTk;

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. fl;Liuapd; xt; ; ; ;nthU gf;fj;jpd; ,WjpapYs;s Nkw;Nfhs; tptuk;

nfhLg;gNjhL fl;Liu vOJtjw;Fj; Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fspd; gl;bay; xd;wpidf; fl;Liuapd;

,Wjpapy; (Bibliography)nfhLf;f Ntz;LtJ mtrpak;. Muha;r;rpf; fl;LiufspYk; jpwdha;Tf;

fl;LiufspYk; ,J kpfTk; fz;bg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba xd;W. ,k;Kiwapy;jhd;

vy;yhf; fl;LiufisAk; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fl;lhak; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; fl;Liu



14

vd;wTld; xU Kd;Diu> fl;Liuapd; nghUs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;> KbTiu vd;Dk; epiyapy;

ehk; fl;Liu vOjg; gofpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd gj;jpaikg;G vy;yhk; ehk; vOjg;NghFk;

nghUspid xl;b miktjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifapy; khztu;fs; gy nghUs;

Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu vOjg; gofpd; Nju;tpy; nfhLf;fg;ngWk; jiyg;Gfis xl;bAk; rpwe;j

Kiwapy; fl;Liu vOJtu; vd;W cWjpahff; fUjyhk;. rpwe;j fl;Liu E}y;fs;rpytw;iwahtJ khztu; gbg;gJ ey;yJ.

Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;;:Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;;:Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;;:Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;;:Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;;:1. Qh. NjtNeak; : cau;juf; fl;Liu ,yf;fzk;

,uz;lhk; ghfk;

jpUney;Ntypj; njd;dpe;jpa irtrpj;jhe;j

E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk; ypkpnll;

nrd;id> Kjw; gjpg;G 1951

2. m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; : ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh?

fy;tp epiyak; 19> Kj;J Kjypj; njU> Ntg;Ngup>

nrd;id 100 007

3. tP. nry;tehafk; : jkpo; ciueil tuyhW

,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofk;>

Nguhjid> ,yq;if.



15

ghlk; - 3ghlk; - 3ghlk; - 3ghlk; - 3ghlk; - 3

fl;Liuapd; tiffs; -fl;Liuapd; tiffs; -fl;Liuapd; tiffs; -fl;Liuapd; tiffs; -fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - I

nrd;w ghlq;fspy; fl;Liuiag; gw;wpa nghJthd nra;jpfis XusT fz;Nlhk;.

Nju;T Nehf;fj;jpy; ; nrd;w ghlj;ijg; nghJ mwpKfkhfTk; Njitahd mbg;gilj;

njhFg;Gr; nra;jpfshfTk; rpytw;iwf; fz;Nlhk;. Nju;Tj; jhisg; nghWj; ;jtiuAs;s rpy

nra;jpfshfNt mit mikAnkd;why; kpifahfhJ. fl;Liuiag; gw;wpj; njupa Ntz;ba>

njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba nra;jpfs; ,d;Dk; vt;tsNth cs;sd. mtw;wpy; xU rpytw;iw

,g;ghlj;jpy; fhz;Nghk;. jkpo; nkhopapd; tuyhw;W mikg;gpy; ,g;gFjp ngw;Ws;s ,lk;

Fwpj;Jk;> fl;Liuf;F kpf neUq;fpa ciueil mikg;G gw;wpAk;> fl;Liuapy; rpy Njhw;wq;fs;

Fwpj;Jk; XusT fhz;Nghk;. nghJf; fl;Liu vOj KidAk; khztu;fs; mjd; Njhw;wk;>

tsu;r;rp> tho;T> tsk; Mfpa nra;jpfisAk; XusthtJ njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;lhkh?

fl;Liuapd; nrhy;yhl;rp:-fl;Liuapd; nrhy;yhl;rp:-fl;Liuapd; nrhy;yhl;rp:-fl;Liuapd; nrhy;yhl;rp:-fl;Liuapd; nrhy;yhl;rp:-

“Essay|| vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd jkpo;r; nrhy; fl;LiuahFk;.

fl;Liu vd;gJ cWjpnkhop> cz;ikf; $w;W> gilj;J nkhopf; fpstp> Nfhg;Giu vdg; gy

nghUspy; toq;fg;gl;lhYk;> NkNy nrhd;d “Essay|| vd;Dk; nghUspy; toq;fj; jiyg;gl;lJ

kpfTk; rkPg fhyj;Njjhd;. xU nghUisg; gw;wpg; gy fUj;Jfis ,irj;Jk; Nfhitgl

tiuAk; nrhw;nwhlu; my;yJ rpW Rtb fl;LiuahFk;. Nfhg;Giu vd;Dk; nghUspy; fl;Liu

vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gof;fj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jtu; kiwkiyabfs; vdghu; Qh. NjtNeag;

ghthzu;. ,/J cz;iikNa. fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ Nkdhl;bd; tUifia xl;bNa

vOe;j xd;whFk;.

Nkdhl;Lj; njhlu;ghyh? Nkdhl;Lj; njhlu;ghyh? Nkdhl;Lj; njhlu;ghyh? Nkdhl;Lj; njhlu;ghyh? Nkdhl;Lj; njhlu;ghyh?

Nkdhl;bYk; ,jd; Njhw;wk; rkPg fhyj;jNj. khz;Nlapd; (Michel De Montaine 1533-

1592) vd;Dk; gpuQ;R E}yhrpupau; xU nghUs;gw;wp my;yJ r%fk; gw;wpa jkJ fUj;jpid

my;yJ kjpg;gPl;bid ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; vOjg;gl;l ciueil tbtNk ,d;Ws;s

fl;Liuapd; Njhw;WthahFk;. ,jw;F mtu; nfhLj;j “Essis|| vd;Dk; ngaNu ,d;W Mq;fpyj;jpy;

“Essay|| vd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. VjhtnjhU nghUspy; vOjg;gl;lnjhU rpW ciueil

tbtNk fl;Liu ( A short composition on any particular subject) vdg; nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ

Mf;];Nghu;L Mq;fpy mfuhjp. cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wtij Kiwapd;wpf; fl;Liug;gJ fl;Liu

vd;W Mq;fpyg; NguwpQu; [hd;]d; $Wfpd;whu;. Mdhy; mf;fUj;ij ehk; ,f;fhyj;jpy;

Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fpy;iy. xU nghUisf; Fwpj;J tiuaWj;J E}nyOJjy; Kiwapy;,y;yhky;> rpwpa mstpy; nghUl; nrwpTld; tpsf;fkhf ahUk; gbf;ff; $ba eilapy;

mike;jpUg;gNj fl;LiuahFk; vd;gu; m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;.

INuhg;gpau; tpijj;j tpj;J:-INuhg;gpau; tpijj;j tpj;J:-INuhg;gpau; tpijj;j tpj;J:-INuhg;gpau; tpijj;j tpj;J:-INuhg;gpau; tpijj;j tpj;J:-

fl;Liu gw;wpg; gygl ehk; NgrpdhYk; fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ ,d;Dk; ahUf;Fk;

xd;Wk; Gupglhj xd;whfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fl;Liu vd;wTld; VNjh kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy;



16

vijahtJ vOjpg; gf;fj;ij epug;g Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,d;W gyuJ Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

fl;Liuia ehk; ,d;Dk; xU ,yf;fpa tifahf> tbtkhff; fUjtpy;iy. Mq;fpyf;

fy;tpapd; fhuzkhfg; nghJthf ,e;jpahntq;fpYk; xd;whfj; Njhd;wpaJ fl;Liu.

,ilf;fhyj;Nj Njhd;wpa ciuahrpupau;fspd; ciueilapypUe;J khWgl;l> gz;bjj;jpypUe;J

tpyfpa xd;whf VNjDk; xU nghUs;gw;wpg; gyUk; gbf;ff; $ba tifapy; jhk;epidj;jtw;iwf; fl;Liuahf vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;ltu;fs; INuhg;gpau;fNs.

tPukhKdptu;> rPfd;ghy;F Iau; Kjypatu;fshy; njhlf;fp itf;fg; ngw;w jkpo;

ciueil ,af;fkhdJ MWKf ehtyu; fhyj;Nj rkaf; fz;ldTiufisAk; fl;LiufisAk;

vOJtjpy; Kbe;jJ. rkag; Nghl;b fhuzkhfg; nghJ kf;fSila cs;sj;ijf; ftuj;jf;f

tifapy; vOj;jhsu;fs; jq;fSila fUj;Jfis ntspaplj; njhlq;fpa fhyk; ehtyu;

fhykhFk;. mf;fhyj;jpNy nghJ kf;fSf;Fupa eilapy; fl;LiufSk; gpwTk; gpuRupf;fg;gl;l

gj;jpupiffs; gy Njhd;wyhapd vd;ghu; tp. nry;tehafk;.

gj;jpupiffs;:-gj;jpupiffs;:-gj;jpupiffs;:-gj;jpupiffs;:-gj;jpupiffs;:-

jkpo;g; gj;jpupiffspd; Njhw;wj;ij xl;bNa jkpo;f; fl;Liu ,yf;fpaKk; tsu;tjhapw;W.

Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fhuzkhfj; jkpopNy Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tiffSs; ehty;> rpWfij

tsu;r;rpf;F ,izahff; fl;Liu ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpiar; rpwg;ghfr; nrhy;y KbahJ. mJ

jkpopNy tsutpy;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;. Ntjehafk; gps;is> uh[ikau; Kjyhdtu;fNs

fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfshfj; jpfo;e;jhu;fs;. ,tu;fisj; njhlu;e;J jp.

nry;tf;Nfrtuha Kjypahu;> lhf;lu; c. Nt. rhkpehj Iau;> e. K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;>

gz;bjkzp K. fjpNurd; nrl;bahu;> fh. Rg;gpukzpa gps;is> Nguhrpupau; v];. itahGupg;gps;is

Kjyhdtu;fs; fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F tsk; Nru;j;jtu;fs;. ,tu;fSila fl;Liufs;

gyTk; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs; vd;wstpNyNa cs;sd. jpU. tp. fy;ahzRe;judhUk;

fl; ;Liufs; vOjpAs;shu;. ,tUila gy fl;Liufs; E}y; tbtpy; ntspte;Js;sd.

ciueil:-ciueil:-ciueil:-ciueil:-ciueil:-

,q;F xU nra;jpia epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;f; fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; gw;wpg;

NgRk;nghOJ jkpo; ciueiliag; gw;wpAk; xd;wpuz;L thu;j;ijfs; nrhy;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhd

xd;whFk;. jkpo; ciueil tuyhw;iwg; ghu;j;jhy; mjpy; %d;W tpjkhd ciueilg;

Nghf;Ffs; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ciuahrpupau;fshy; Njhw;Wtpj;j eil xd;W. ,J

ngUk;ghYk; gz;bjj;jpd; ghw;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ 1916 ,y; kiwkiyabfshy; njhlq;fg;ngw;w

jdpj; jkpo; ,af;fj;jhy; cUthd jkpo; eil xd;W> ,J xU tifahd nkhop ntwp

nfhz;lJ. %d;whtJ kWkyu;r;rp eil vd miof;fg;ngWk; fUj;Njhl;l eilahFk;.

,e;eilapd; rpwg;G ,jd; ntspaPl;Lg; ghq;if xl;baJ. xU kdpjdpd; rpe;jidapd;

ntspg;ghL nkhop vd;Dk; njhlu;Gr; rhjdj;ij xl;baJ. nkhopeil vd;gJ xUtd;

fUj;jpidr; nrhy;y mtd; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;. ,JNt mtid> mtdJ

rpe;jidia ,dq;fz;L nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. mj;NjhL mtdJ MSikiaAk;

Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jdhy;jhd; ‘style is the index of the man’ vd;gu;. ,j;jifa capNuhl;lKs;s

eilapidj; jkpopy; njhlq;fp itj;jtu; ahnud;W jpl;ltl;lkhfr; nrhy;y KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;

t. Nt. R. Iau;> ghujpahu;> lhf;lu;. c. Nt. rhkpehj Iau;> GJikg; gpj;jd;> F. g.

uh[Nfhghyd; KjypNahiur; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ



17

fl;lhak; fy;fpiaAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lg;Ngr Ntz;Lk;. mNj Nghy jkpo;j; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j

itahGupg; gps;isiaAk; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

fl;Liu tiffs;:-fl;Liu tiffs;:-fl;Liu tiffs;:-fl;Liu tiffs;:-fl;Liu tiffs;:-

NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;stu;fshy;> jkpopy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; ,d;W

ngupjhf tsu;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. ,d;Wk; jkpou;fs; xU fhyj;jpy;

‘tpahrk;’ vd miof;fg;ngw;w fl;Liuapid ,yf;fpakhfNt fUjtpy;iy. rpWfij> ehty;

Kjyhd gilg;gpyf;fpaq;fs; vOJtjw;F VNjDk; tho;tpay; epfo;r;rpfs; Njitahf ,Ug;gd

Nghd;Nw fl;Liufs; vOJtjw;Fk; tho;f;if gw;wpa mDgtk; Njit. ,t;tDgtk; gw;wpa

rpe;jidj; njspT Ntz;Lk;. rpe;jidAk; Mo;e;j mDgt mwpTk; tha;f;fg;ngw;w xUtd;

vOJk; fl;LiuahdJ gyiuAk; rpe;jpf;f itg;gNjhL ,J Nghd;W fl;Liu vOjTk;

J}z;Lk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; vOjg;gLk; fl;LiuahdJ> mitfspd; nghUSf;F Vw;g

mf;fl;Liufspy; Ngrg;gLk; fUj;;JfSf;F Vw;g gy tiffshfg; gpupg;gu;. mitahtd:

(1) tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu Narrative essay

(2) tUzidf; fl;Liu Discriptive essay

(3) tpsf;fpaw; fl;Liu Expository essay

(4) rpe;jidf; fl;Liu Reflective essay

(5) fw;gidf; fl;Liu Imaginative essay

(6) jUf;ff; fl;Liu Argumentative essay

(7) mq;fjf; fl;Liu Satirical essay

(8) Gfo;r;rpf; fl;Liu Commendatory essay

(9) Nehl;lf; fl;Liu Critical essay

vd tifg;gLj;Jtu; Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu; fl;LiuAk; mjd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; gyUk;

gythwhf vLj;Jiug;gu;. ,Ug;gpDk; nghJthff; fl;Liu vd;wTld; ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s

Ntz;baJ mjd; tiffisg; gw;wpajd;W; mjd; tbtikg;Gg; gw;wpaJjhd;. Vnddpy;

,Jtiu fl;Liuapd; tiffshfg; gyUk; gytw;iwr; nrhy;ypAs;sdu;. NkNy jug;gl;l

fl;Liu tiffSld; NkYk; rpy tiffs; $l;lg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. vdNt> ,jw;nfd xU

jpl;ltl;lkhd msT $w Kbahj epiyapNyNa cs;sJ vdyhk;.

gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu:-gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu:-gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu:-gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu:-gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu:-

gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu vd;W jdp tifahdnjhU fl;Liu xd;W thu> khjg;gj;jpupiffspYk;> QhapW kyu;fspYk; ,lk; ngwj; njhlq;fpapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,ijg;gw;wp

m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; $Wtij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. thu> khj ntspaPLfspYk;

QhapW kyu;fspYk; ntspaplg;gLtijNa gj;jpupiff; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. , /J xUjdpapdk;. ehl;by; kf;fs; ftdj;ijf; ftuf;$ba nghUisg; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,it Fiwe;j fy;tp cs;stu;fSk; gbj;jwpe; ;Jnfhs;sj; jf;f eilapy; tpsf;fkhf>

$Lkhdhy; eifr;Rit nghUe;j mika Ntz;Lk;. Gs;sp tptuq;fs; jf;f rhd;WfSld;

nfhLf;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.



18

,f; fl;LiufSf;F ePz;l Kd;Diu ,y;yhjthW nghUisj; njhlq;fp ed; ;Kiwapy;

Kbg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ePz;l Kd;Diuiag; gbf;f kf;fSf;F Neuk; fpilahJ.

gbf;f nghWikAk; ,y;iy. ,d;W Neuk; Ntfkha; XLfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifAk; Ntfkhfg;

Nghfpd;wJ. vdNt gj;jpupiff; fl;Liufs; ePz;buhky; Ritahdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,f;

$w;W vy;yh tifahd fl;LiufSf;Fk; nghJthdJ. ,dp xU rpy fl;Liuapd;tiffisg; gw;wp XusT njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

1. rpe;;jidf; fl;Liu:-1. rpe;;jidf; fl;Liu:-1. rpe;;jidf; fl;Liu:-1. rpe;;jidf; fl;Liu:-1. rpe;;jidf; fl;Liu:-

“Reflective essay” vdg;gLk; rpe;jidf; fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ jkpopy; ,y;yhj

xd;whFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j tiff; fl;Liufis vOjpAk; cs;sdu;. xU rk;gtNkh fhl;rpNah

kd epoy; thu;g;gpy; mfg; Gw mDgtj;ij> xU mbg;gilj; jj;Jt juprdj;ij> NgUz;ikia

ntspg;gLj;Jtij> czu;j;Jtij ehk; czu KbAk;. ,j;jifa jj;Jt juprdj;ij my;yJ

NgUz;ikiag; gw;wp vOjg;gLtNj rpe;jidf; fl;Liu. kzpf;nfhb fhyj;jpy; kzpf;nfhbapy;

vOjpa vOj;jhsu;fs; gyu; ,j;jifa rpe;jidf; fl;Liufis vOjpAs;sdu;. ,tu;fSs;

Kjd;ikahdtu; eh. gpr;r%u;j;jp Mthu;. “gp~_” vd;Dk; ngaupy; kdepoy; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

,tu; vOjpa fl;Liufisr; rpe;jidf; fl;Liufs; vdyhk;. gpr;r%u;j;jp vOjpa fl;LiufSf;Fk;

kw;wtu;fs; vOjpa fl;LiufSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; ,Ue;jJ. tpj;jpahrk; cUtj;jpy; kl;Lkpy;iy.

njhdp> Nehf;F> ntspaPL vd;w ,e;j jd;ikfspYk; tpj;jpahrk; ,Ue;jJ. fl;Liu vd;fpw

“v];N]” “];fpupg;l;” ; vd;Dk; Mq;fpyg; gpupTfspd; Fzq;fs; ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk;

,e;j %d;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l xU GJikg; ghq;F ,tw;wpy; fhzKbfpwJ. kd Xl;lq;fisAk;

,aw;if tu;zidiaAk; jj;Jtg; Nghf;ifAk; fijak;rj;ijAk; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUf;Fk;

,it jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xU Gjpa “n~du;” ; vd;fpNwhNk me;j cUtg; gpupitj;

je;jpUf;fpd;wd. th. uh. tpd; “eilr; rpj;jpuk;”, “MSf;F Ms;” KjypadTk; R.

nry;yg;ghtpd; “fhw;W cs;s NghNj” vd;Dk; fl;Liuj; jiyg;gpy; ntspahd E}ypy;

cs;s fl;LiufisAk; ,q;Nf Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.

2. tUzidf; fl;Liu:-2. tUzidf; fl;Liu:-2. tUzidf; fl;Liu:-2. tUzidf; fl;Liu:-2. tUzidf; fl;Liu:-

xU nghUisf; Fwpj;Njh my;yJ Xu; ,lj;ijf; Fwpj;Njh tUzpj;J vOJtJ

tUzidf; fl;LiuahFk;. ,ijg; Nghd;Nw xU epfo;r;rpiaNah gy epfo;r;rpfisNah

fijg; Nghf;fpy; tUzpj;J vOjg;gLk; fijf; fl;LiufSf;Fk; tUzidf; fl;LiufSf;Fk;

ngupJk; NtWghL ,y;iy.

3. mq;fjf; fl;Liu my;yJ eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu:-3. mq;fjf; fl;Liu my;yJ eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu:-3. mq;fjf; fl;Liu my;yJ eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu:-3. mq;fjf; fl;Liu my;yJ eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu:-3. mq;fjf; fl;Liu my;yJ eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu:-

Kg;gJfspy;jhd; jkpopy; eifr;Ritf; fl;Liufs; mjpfkhfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; ntsptuj;

njhlq;fpd. fy;fp vd;w Gid ngaupy; vOjpa uh. fpU~;z%u;j;jp ,e;j Nghf;ifj;

jpwk;glf; ifahz;lhu;. ehNlhb> Njtd;> tre;jdd; KjypNahu; gy eifr; Ritf; fl;Liufs;

vOjpAs;shu;fs;.

4. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:-4. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:-4. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:-4. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:-4. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:-



19

xU fhy fl;lj;ij> xU r%fj;jpd; tuyhw;wpay; Nghf;fpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

vOjg;gLk; fl;Liu tuyhw;Wf; fl;LiuahFk;. Nguhrpupau; v];. itahGupg; gps;isapd;

gy fl;Liufs; tuyhw;Wf; fl;LiufshFk; ;. xU tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjw;F ,tuJ fl;Liufisg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSld; vOjg;gLk;

,tu;jk; fl;Liufs; rpwg;G tha;e;jd vd;why; kpifahfhJ.5. jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu:-5. jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu:-5. jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu:-5. jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu:-5. jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liu:-

xU fiyQid my;yJ gilg;gpidj; jpwdha;e;J vOjg;gLk; fl;Liu jpwdha;Tf;

fl;LiuahFk;. f. eh. Rg;ukz;ak;> rp. R. nry;yg;gh> ntq;fl;rhkpehjd; kw;Wk; gy vOj;jhsu;fspd;

fl;Liufisj; jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufs; vdyhk;.

6. Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu:-6. Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu:-6. Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu:-6. Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu:-6. Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu:-

xU nghUspid Muha;e;J $WtJ Muha;r;rpf; fl;LiuahFk;. nj. ngh.

kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;> kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp KjypNahu; vOjpAs;s Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufis,q;Ff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

,it Nghd;W ,d;Dk; gy;NtW tifahd fl;Liu tbtq;fisj; jkpopy; fhzhyhk;.

,it fl;Liu ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jpadth vd;gijf; fhzNtz;Lk;. ,g;gbg; ghu;f;Fk;

nghOJjhd; fl;Liu vOJjy; gw;wpj; njspthdnjhU fUj;J Gyg;gLk;.

fl;Liu tiffs; - njhlu;r;rpfl;Liu tiffs; - njhlu;r;rpfl;Liu tiffs; - njhlu;r;rpfl;Liu tiffs; - njhlu;r;rpfl;Liu tiffs; - njhlu;r;rp

fUj;Jfisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp vOJjNy fl;LiuahFk;. Kjypy; gj;jpfis

tiuaiwg;gLj;jp rpe;jid Nahl;lj;jpw;Fj; ju;f;fuPjpahf xU epahak; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.gj;jpfSf;Ff; fUj;jpd; mbg;gilaha; xU njhlu;r;rp ,Ug;gJ rpwg;Gilj;J. nrhw;fs;

Kiwg;gb miktJ Nghy; nrhw;fshfpa njhlu; nkhopfSk; njhlu; nkhopfshfpa gj;jpfSk;

mitait mstpy; fUj;Jfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nry;Yjy; eyk;. njhlu;e;J epfOk; rpe;jid

Nahl;lj;ijj; jilnra;tJ Nghy;> fUj;JfSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghL ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. vLj;Jf;

nfhz;l fUj;jpw;Nfw;g eil mike;jhy;jhd; moFw mikAk;. jiyg; ;gpw;Nfw;gTk; eil

mika Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. fl;Liu> fiyapd; tbtk; MFk;. MfNt m/J Mw;nwhOf;F

Nghd;w eilapy; vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Kjy; nrhw;nwhlNu gbf;fpd;wtu;fis <u;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW <u;f;fhtpl;lhy;

ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; fl;Liuiag; gbf;f tpUk;g khl;lhu;fs;. fUj;jpYk; vOj;jpYk; xw;Wik

,Ue;jhy;jhd; mJ Kjpu;e;j rpe;jidf;F Xu; vLj;Jf; fhl;L. fl;Liuapy; Xu; mbg;gilahdfUj;J Kuz;glhj epiyapy; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ePz;l fl;Liufs; mau;r;rpiaj;

jUk;. nrhw; rpf;fdk;> fl;Liuf;F Xu; mbg;gilahd moF. ,yf;fpa moFld; cau;e;j

fUj;Jfisj; njspthfr; nrhy;tJjhd; fl;Liu. vspikahd Kiwapy;> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l

jiyg;ig Neubahfr; nrhy;YtJjhd; rpwg;ghFk;.

nrhy;yhl;rpapy; kaf;fj;ijj; jUk; nrhw;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mokhd

fUj;Jfisf; fbdkhd nrhw;fis tpLj;J> vspikahd nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L nrhy;Ytjw;F



20

xU ey;y gapw;rp Njit. ek; kdjpy; xU fUj;ijg; gw;wpa rpe;jid ey;y Kiwapy;

njspthf ,Ue;jhy;jhd;> mij ek;khy; ahtu;f;Fk; GupAk; tz;zk; nrhy;y KbAk;. ,jaj;jpy;

xsp cz;lhapd; thf;fpYk; xsp cz;L. lhf;lu;. ,uhjhfpUl;bzd;> ,uh[h[p Nghd;Nwhu;

jj;Jtq;fisg;gw;wpa fl;Liufis vOJk;NghJ $l kpf vspikahd Kiwapy;jhd;

vOJthu;fs;. cgepljq;fspd; rhuj;ijg; gpope;J jUk;NghJ ,uhkfpU~;z guk`k;ru;> xUFoe;ijf;Ff;$lg; GupAk; tifapy; kpf vspikahd Kiwapy; nrhy;ypr; nry;thu;. ,j;jifa

rhd;Nwhu;fspd; fl;Liufis kddk; nra;jhy;jhd; ekf;Fk; mtu;fisg;Nghy; vOj tUk;.

eil> vOJfpd;wtu;fis milahsk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. MfNt eilapy; xU jdpj;jd;ik

Ntz;Lk;. vOJfpd;wtu;fSila jdp cUtk;> eilapy; ntspg;gLjy;jhd; fl;Liuf;F

mzpahFk;. ,y;yhtpby; fl;Liu jdpj;jd;ikia ,oe;J Nrhu;Tila nrhw;fshfp> twz;l

ghiytdk; Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;.

fl;Liufs; gy tifg;gLk; mitahtd:-fl;Liufs; gy tifg;gLk; mitahtd:-fl;Liufs; gy tifg;gLk; mitahtd:-fl;Liufs; gy tifg;gLk; mitahtd:-fl;Liufs; gy tifg;gLk; mitahtd:-

(1) epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liu

(2) tUzidf; fl;Liu

(3) jd;tar; rpe;jidapy; Mo;e;j fl;Liu

(4) fw;gidf; fl;Liu

(5) tpsf;ff; fl;Liu

,it jk;jk; mstpy; vy;iyia tFj;Jf; nfhz;l fl;Liufsd;W. epfo;r;rpfisj;

njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liufspy; tUzidfSk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; vy;yhtw;wpYk; jd;

takhd rpe;jid ,Uj;jy; ey;yjhFk;.

epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;fyhk;:epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;fyhk;:epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;fyhk;:epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;fyhk;:epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;fyhk;:

1. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisf; $Wtd.

2. ngupNahu; tuyhw;wpid tpsf;Ftd.

3. epfo;r;rpfs; (mjhtJ> xU njUf;fhl;rp> jpUtpoh> Nghd;wtw;iwf;

$Wtd.

4. tpgj;Jf;fisg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltd.

5. gazk; gw;wpr; Ritglf; $Wjy;.

6. xU rpW epfo;r;rpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rpWfijfs;.

tUzidf; fl;Liufs; fPo; tUkhW:tUzidf; fl;Liufs; fPo; tUkhW:tUzidf; fl;Liufs; fPo; tUkhW:tUzidf; fl;Liufs; fPo; tUkhW:tUzidf; fl;Liufs; fPo; tUkhW:

1. tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpad.

2. efuq;fs;> rupj;jpug; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ,lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;

fz;$lhf vjpNu epd;W epWj;jpf; fhl;Ltd.

3. njhopw; $lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W ghu;itapLjy; Kjypad.



21

jd;tar; rpe;jidapyho;e;j fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:jd;tar; rpe;jidapyho;e;j fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:jd;tar; rpe;jidapyho;e;j fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:jd;tar; rpe;jidapyho;e;j fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:jd;tar; rpe;jidapyho;e;j fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:

1. VNjDk; xU epfo;r;rp my;yJ fUj;ijg; gw;wpNa rpe;jpj;jy;.

(nr];lu;ld; vOjpAs;s rhf;gPi]g; gw;wp fl;Liu ,jw;Fr;

rhd;W.)

2. ek; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> gz;Gfs;> kuGfs; Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wp

cuf;fr; rpe;jpj;jy;.

3. murpay;> r%fg; nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfs;.

4. jj;Jt tprhuiz

5. rkaf; fl;Liufs;

fw;gidf; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:fw;gidf; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:fw;gidf; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:fw;gidf; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:fw;gidf; fl;Liufs; gpd;tUkhW:

1. VNjDk; xU #o;epiyapy; jhd; ,Ue;jhy; vd;ndd;d nra;jpUf;f KbAk; vd;gJ gw;wp. (ehd; gpujkuhdhy;.....................)

2. m /wpizg; nghUs;fspd; Rarupij. (Ngdhtpd; fij ......... xU

&gha; Nehl;bd; fij Nghd;wd)

tpsf;ff; fl;Liufs; ngUk;ghYk; tpQ;Qhdk; gw;wpad. ,yf;fpaf; fl;LiufisAk;

,g; gpuptpy; mlf;fyhk;. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;G> fk;gUila khe;ju;fs; Nghd;w tpku;rdf;

fl;LiufisAk; ,g;gpuptpy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

xU fl;Liuf;F>

1. vLg;G

2. njhFg;G

3. Kbg;G

Mfpa %d;Wk; kpfTk; Njit. jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;j gpwF vd;ndd;d vOjg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd;W rpy Fwpg;Gfis tiue;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw tifg;gLj;jp vOJjy;jhd;

Kiw. vLg;G rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jhy;jhd; gbf;fpd;wtu;fs; njhlu;e;J gbg;ghu;fs;. MfNt

,ijg;gw;wp Mokhfr; rpe;jpj;j gpwFjhd; vOjj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; rpe;jpj;J

tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Nlhkhdhy; ekf;Fk; Fog;gkpd;wpAk;> jq;F jilapd;wpAk; xNu rPuhff;

fl;Liuia vOj KbAk; vdyhk;.

xU fl;Liuapd; njhFg;G> njhlu;e;J mjDld; njhlu;G cilajha;> vLg;Gf;F

,izahd rpe;jidNahl;lj;Jld; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fl;Liuahf mikAk;.

njhFg;gpy; gj;jpfisr; rupahd Kiwapy; ghFgLj;jg; gl;bUe;jhy;jhd;> fl;Liufs;

gbf;fpd;wtu;fisf; ftUk; rf;jp ciladthf ,Uf;Fk;. gj;jpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; xU

Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;ij typAWj;Jjy; rpwg;G. xNu gj;jpapy; ntt;NtW tifahd rpe;jidfs;

,Uj;jy; fl;Liuf;F mofhfhJ. gj;jpfSf;F tiuaiw ,y;iy. ju;f;f uPjpahd thjq;fs;>



22

njhFg;gpy; gspr;rpl Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liuapy; czu;r;rptakhd epahaq;fSf;F ,lkpy;iy.

mwpTg; G+u;tkhd rpe;jidjhd; fl;Liuapd; mb Ntu;. MfNt> gilg;gpyf;fpaj;Jf;F cupa

czu;r;rpkakhd vz;zq;fs; fl;Liuapy; ,Uj;jiyj; jtpu;j;jy; Njit. fw;gidf; fl;Liufspy;

,j;jd;ik ,Uj;jy; jtwhfhJ.

Kbg;G> fl;Liuahsupd; jdpj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. nrhy;yte;j fUj;ij

Muha;e;J jd; rpe;jidia Kj;jha;g;ghf vLj;Jf; $WtJjhd; Kbg;G. vLg;gpYk; njhFg; ; ; ;gpYk;

$wpa fUj;Jfis kPz;Lk; tw;GWj;jp mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jd; nfhs;ifia epiyehl;Lk;

fUtpahfj;jhd; mtu; Kbg;igg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW tw;GWj; ;jpf; $WtJ> ‘$wpaJ

$wy;’ vd;w Fw;wj;jpd; tag;glhJ. vLg;G vj;Jizr; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wNjh mjw;Nfw;g

Kbg;Gk; mikjy;jhd; fl;Liuf;F typik Nru;f;Fk;. fl;Liuapd; jpuz;l fUj;Jfisj;

njhFj;J mijg; gbf;fpd;wtu;fspd; kdjpy; epiy ngWk;gbahfr; nra;tJjhd; rpwg;G.

ehd;F jiyg;Gfisf; nfhLj;J mtw;wpy; xd;Wgw;wpf; fl;Liu vOj Ntz;Lnkd;w

Nfs;tpiag; gbj;jTld; ,ae;jpu uPjpahf xU jiyg;gpidj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOjj; njhlq;FtJ

jtW. ehd;F jiyg;GfisAk; rpwpJ Neuk; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ve;jj; jiyg;G Fwpj;Jf;

Nfhitahfr; rpe;jpf;f Kbfpd;wNjh> me;jj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;J mijg;gw;wpf; Fwpg;ngLj;Jf;

nfhz;L njhlq;FtNj Kiw. xU rpwe;j E}ypdpd;Wk; fl;Liuf;Fj; njhlu;ghd Nkw;NfhSld;

vOjj; njhlq;fyhk;. epiwa Nkw;Nfhs;fs; fhl;LtJjhd; ey;y fl;Liuf;F milask;

vd;W kUsTk; $lhJ. Mq;fhq;Nf Kj;Jf;fspilNa gtsk; nga;jhw; Nghy; cau;e;j

E}y;fspdpd;Wk; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; vLj;J Msyhk;. rhd;whf ey;y eil vd;gJgw;wp xU

fl;Liu vOj Ntz;Lnkd;why; FwspypUe;J Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; fl;Liuiaj; njhlq;fyhk;.

“nrhy;Yf nrhy;iyg; gpwpNjhu; nrhy; nty;Yk; jd;ikapd;ikawpe;J|| vd;gjw;Nfw;g

xt;nthU nrhy;Yk; fl;Liuapd; capu; ehb vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;.

fUj;Jr; nrwpe;j xU fl;Liuapy; Nkhid myq;fhuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy.

,d;Dk; $wg;Nghdhy; ,j;jifa mzpfs;> gbf;fpd;wtu;fs; ftdj;ij mbg;gilf; fUj;jpdpd;Wk;

<u;j;Jj; jLkhwr;nra;J miyf;fopf;ff; $baJ. fUj;Jf;Fj; jil tpistpf;fhky;

fUj;Njhl;lj;Jf;F cWJizahf epw;ff; $ba epiyapy; mikfpd;w Nkhid mUikahfr;

rpy fl;Liuahsu;fSf;F tha;g;gJz;L.

vJ Fwpj;J vOjg;gLfpd;w fl;LiuahapDk;> mjpy; eifr;Rit ,ioe;NjhLtJ

Fw;wkhfhJ. fl;Liuiaj; njhlu;e;J gbg;gjw;F ,J cjTk;. Mdhy; eifr;Rit etPdkhfTk;

jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;j KilajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-

1. fl;Liu vOJKd; kdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUj;Jfs;

ahit?

2. vLg;G> njhFg;G> Kbg;G Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp xU Fwpg;G

tiuf.

3. VNjDk; tpQ;Qhdj; jiyg;Gg; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf.



23

rpy khjpupf; fl;;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:-rpy khjpupf; fl;;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:-rpy khjpupf; fl;;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:-rpy khjpupf; fl;;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:-rpy khjpupf; fl;;Liuj; jiyg;Gfs;:-

1. Njrpa xUikg;ghL

2. jha;nkhopf; fy;tp

3. fpufq;fspy; kdpjd;

4. jpiug;glq;fspy; jzpf;if

5. tpLjiyAk; nfLjiyAk;

6. ,d;iwa khztu; flik

7. fy;tpj; Jiwapy; khw;wq;fs;

8. jkpoff; fiyfs;

9. tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpapd; Mf;ff; NfLfs;

10. mwptpaYk; fiyapaYk;

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;GfisAk; khztu; vOjpg; gapw;rp ngwyhk;.fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;GfisAk; khztu; vOjpg; gapw;rp ngwyhk;.fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;GfisAk; khztu; vOjpg; gapw;rp ngwyhk;.fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;GfisAk; khztu; vOjpg; gapw;rp ngwyhk;.fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;GfisAk; khztu; vOjpg; gapw;rp ngwyhk;.

1. ,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; cupik

2. jkpopd; kWkyu;r;rpAk; khztu; flikAk;

3. NghUk; ehl;bd; mikjpAk;

4. Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;

5. vd; tho;f;ifapd; jiyrpwe;j Fwpf;Nfhs;

6. jha;nkhopAk; njhopw;fy;tpAk;

7. tpisAk; gapu; KisapNy njupAk;

8. Mbg; gl;lk; Njb tpij

9. ,e;jpaf; fiyj; Jiwapy; me;epau;fs;

10. gl;l Nkw;gbg;GfspYk; nkhopf; fy;tp Njitah?

11. ,yf;fpa cyfk; ,d;gkhdJ

12. tskhd ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fspd; Vo;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

13. ghLgLgtu;f;Nf ,e;jg; ghuplk; nrhe;jikah

14. nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; mjpy; jpwikjhd; ekJ nry;tk;

15. ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu;

16. gj;jpupiffSk; nra;jpfSk;

17. Ntiyapd;ikAk; mjid ePf;Fk; KiwfSk;

18. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; xOf;fq;fSk;

19. ,e;jpa murpay; newpfSk; gj;jpupiffSk;

20. gpw nkhopahsupil jkpo; cwT

21. ,d;iwa fy;tpapd; juk;

22. murpaypy; khztupd; gq;F

23. ,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fspd; gq;F

24. mz;ikapy; nrd;w Rw;Wyh.



24

25. Njrpaf; fz;fhl;rpapd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;

26. rkak; tsu kjg; gpur;rhuk; Njitah?

27. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy; [hjpg; gFg;Gfspd; Ml;lk;

28. rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; kjg; gpur;rhuKk;

29. ehfupf tsu;r;rpAk; mwptpay; tsu;r;rpAk;.

30. jpiug;glj; jzpf;if Nghy ehty; ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; jzpf;if

Njitah?



25

ghlk; : 4ghlk; : 4ghlk; : 4ghlk; : 4ghlk; : 4

fl;Liuapd; tiffs; fl;Liuapd; tiffs; fl;Liuapd; tiffs; fl;Liuapd; tiffs; fl;Liuapd; tiffs; II

fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW:-fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW:-fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW:-fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW:-fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW:-

fl;Liu vOJjy; vd;gJ Nkiy ehl;Lg; ghjpg; ;;ghy; Vw;gl;l GjpanjhU ,yf;fpaj;

JiwahFk;. nra;As; tbtj;jpypUe;j kpfr; rpwe;j ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz E}y;fSf;F tpsf;fk;

vOJtjw;Fj;jhd; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ciueiliaf; ifahz;lhu;fs;. ciueilapy;

Gidfij vOjj; njhlq;fpa gpwF r%f tho;tpy; kf;fis <LgLj;Jfpd;w gytpjkhd

fUj;Jfs; gw;wpAk; fl;Liu tbtpy; vOj Ntz;Lnkd;w Mu;tk; kf;fspilNa cz;lhapw;W.

Nky; ehl;by;:-Nky; ehl;by;:-Nky; ehl;by;:-Nky; ehl;by;:-Nky; ehl;by;:-

Nky; ehl;by; ,jw;F ePz;lnjhU kuG cz;L. “Essay” vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;F

‘Kaw;rp’ vd;W nghUs;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; mbridf; fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij vd;ghu;fs;.

md;whl thoptpy; fhZk; epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpAk; fiyj;Jiw gw;wpa Ma;thfTk; fl;Liu

vOJk; kuG Mq;fpyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; fl;Liu vOJtjpy; mbrd;> ];By;>

Nfhy;l;];kpj;> rhu;y]; yhk;g;> [hd;]d;> b. v];. vypal; MfpNahu; rpwe;jtu;fs; Mtu;.

jkpo;r; rpw;gpfs;:-jkpo;r; rpw;gpfs;:-jkpo;r; rpw;gpfs;:-jkpo;r; rpw;gpfs;:-jkpo;r; rpw;gpfs;:-

jkpopy; ,e; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;jhd; Kiwahff; fl;Liu vOJk; kuG

njhlq;fpaJ. kiwkiyabfs;> nry;t Nfrtuha Kjypahu;> jpU tp. fy;ahzRe;judhu; c.

Nt. Rthkpehj Iau;> tpGyhde;j mbfs;> kfpo;ed; MfpNahu; fl;Liu ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg;

ghij tFj;Jj; je;J nrd;wpUf;fpd;wu;fs;.

gj;jpupiffspy; fl;Liu vOJk; kugpw;F tpj;jpl;ltu; fy;fp. ,jw;F Kd;Ng murpay;

nra;jpfs; gw;wpAk; r%fj; ;jpw;Fj; Njitahd fUj;Jfs; Fwpj;Jk; ghujpahu; epiwa fl;Liufs;

vOjpAs;shu;. mtu; kpfg; ngupa ftpQu; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; mtUila fl;Liu vOJk;

Mw;wy; ruptu czug;gltpy;iy.

tpQ;Qhdk;:tpQ;Qhdk;:tpQ;Qhdk;:tpQ;Qhdk;:tpQ;Qhdk;:

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by;> Nky;ehl;Lr; rpe;jid ek;ik kpfTk; ghjpj;jpUf;fpwJ.jj;Jtq;fisg; gw;wp ek;khy; vspikahfr; nrhy;y KbtJ Nghy; tpQ;Qhdf; fUj;Jfis

ek;khy; tpthjpf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; tpQ;Qhdk; ekf;F xU Gjpa Jiw.

,lg;gpuf;iQahf tpupe;J fple;j cyfk; fhyf;fzf;fpy; nry;Yk;gbahd msTf;Ff; FWfp

tpl;lJ. rpe;jidg; Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhd ,t;tpQ;Qhd cz;ikfisg; gw;wp vOJtjw;Fs;s

kuG Nky; ehl;by; njhlu;e;J ,Ue;Jte;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; ek; ehl;by; ,tw;iwg; Gjpajhf

cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba #o;epiyf; Fl;gl;bUf;fpNwhk;. MfNt tpQ;Qhdf; fl;Liufs;

vOJfpd;wtu;fshf ek; nkhopapy; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sdu;. ,tu;fspy; Kd;Ndhbfshf



26

,Ug;gtu;fs; ng. e. mg;Grhkp> <. jp. uhNrr;tup mk;ikahu;> Mu;. Nf. tp];tehjd;> fiyf;fjpu;

jhNkhjuk; KjypNahu; tpQ;Qhdf; fl;LiufSf;Nf vd;W njhlq;fg;gl;l ‘fiyf;fjpu;’

vd;w gj;jpupifapy; vOjp te;Js;sdu;. ,g;gj;jpupif njhlue;J ey;y gzp Mw;wp tUfpd;wJ.

nghUshjhuk;:nghUshjhuk;:nghUshjhuk;:nghUshjhuk;:nghUshjhuk;:

nghUshjhuf; fl;Liufs; vOJtJk; jkpOf;F xU Gjpa Jiw> Kjd; Kjypy;

gj;jpupiffspy;jhd; nghUshjhuf; fl;Liufs; tuj;njhlq;fpd. epjp> tuT nryTf; fzf;F

gw;wpa tptuq;fis Mq;fpyk; gbf;fhjtu;fs;$lg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk;gbahd msTf;Fj;

njspthd jkpopy; fy;fp mf;fhyj;jpy; fl;Liu vOjpAs;shu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; fzf;fd; (V. vd;.

rptuhkd;) vd;gtu; kpf vspa eilapy; vOJfpwhu;.

murpay;:murpay;:murpay;:murpay;:murpay;:

murpay; fl;Liu vOJtjpy; ty;ytu;fs; fhyQ;nrd;w ,uh[h[p> mwpQu; mz;zhJiu>rj;jpa %u;j;jp> jpU. tp. f. KjypNahu; Mtu;. jpU. tp. f. tpd; jkpo; eilapy; Kiwahfj;

jkpo; gapd;w Nju;r;rpiaAk;> fhyj;Jf; Nfw;w vspikiaAk; Kjpu;e;j rpe;jidf;F mwpFwpahd

njspitAk; fhzyhk;. jpU. tp. f. gpwUila thjq;fspy; Fw;wq;Fiw fhZk;NghJ$l> kpf

ehfupfkhf mijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;. RLnrhy; nfhz;L jhf;fkhl;lhu;. ,g;gz;ig me;jf;

fhyj;jpa rpe;jidahsu;fspd; murpay; fl;Liufs; midj;jpYk; fhzyhk;.

rpe;jid:rpe;jid:rpe;jid:rpe;jid:rpe;jid:

jd;tar; rpe;jidapy; <Lgl;L> mjd; mbg;gilapy; r%fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd

fUj;Jfis tpthjpf;Fk; fl;Liufs; jkpopy; kpff; FiwT. jp. I. uq;fehjd; vd;gtu;

,j;jifa fl;Liufs; gy vOjpAs;shu;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,j;Jiwapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;> [p.Nf. nr];lu;d;. Nky; ehl;Lg; gj;jpupiffspy; ,k;khjpupahd fl;Liufs; epiwa vOjg;gLfpd;wd.

gbf;fpd;wtu;fisj; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa <u;f;Fk; ,j; jdpkdpjr; rpe;jid Nahl;lk;> fl;Liu

KOtJk; epoyhLfpd;w Fwpf;Nfhspd; fhuzkhf r%fj;Jld; gpizg;Gz;L> tho;f;if kjpg;Gfis

tw;GWj;Jk; xU fUtpahf mike;J tpLfpwJ.

eifr;Rit:eifr;Rit:eifr;Rit:eifr;Rit:eifr;Rit:

eifr; Ritf; fl;LiufSk; jkpopy; kpfTk; mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. eifr; Ritapd;

%yk; r%fj;jpYs;s Fw;wq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ Nky;ehl;L kuG. Nfhy;l;];kpj; ,j;jifa

fl;Liufs; epiwa vOjpAs;shu;. ,f; fhyj;jpy; Mu;r; Gq;thy;l; vd;gtu; murpaiy

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L eifr;Ritf; fl;Liufs; vOjp tUfpd;whu;. jkpopy; kfpo;ed; (R. g.

re;Njh~k;) vd;gtu; vOjpAs;s eifr;Ritf; fl;Liufs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fit. nrhy;yhuha;r;rp

(Linguistics) gw;wp ,tUila fl;LiufspYk; eifr;Rit kpspuf; fhzyhk;.

1. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghUsbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-1. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghUsbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-1. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghUsbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-1. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghUsbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-1. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghUsbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-

1. tuwhw; Wf; fl;Liu Historical essay



27

2. ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu Literary essay

3. murpay; fl;Liu Political essay

4. mwptpay; fl;Liu Scientific essay

5. mUspay; fl;Liu Religious essay6. nghUspay; fl;Liu Economical essay

7. gazf; fl;Liu Essay on Travels

2. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-2. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-2. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-2. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-2. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tifikg;ghLfs;:-

1. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu Title expository essay

2. fijapay;Gf; fl;Liu Narrative essay

3. fw;gidf; fl;Liu Imaginative essay

4. tUzidf; fl;Liu Descriptive essay

5. eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu Humorous essay

6. jUf;ff; fl;Liu Argumentative essay

7. rpe;jidf; fl;Liu Reflective essay

tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu:

,d;iwa nra;jp> ehisa tuyhW. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu cz;ikia Mjhukhff;

nfhz;lJ. ,J xU jdp kdpj tuyhwhf ,Uf;fyhk;. xU ehl;bd; tuyhwhf - rKjhaj;jpd;

xU fhyf;fl;l tuyhwhf ,Uf;fyhk;; xU ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhwhf ,Uf;fyhk;. njspthd -

cz;ikahd tp~a QhdNk midj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil mk;rkhFk;. fPo;f; fhZk; jiyg;Gfspy;

mike;j rpy fl;Liufis ,t;tiff; fl;Liuf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs; vdyhk;.

1. vd; tho;f;if tuyhW - c. Nt. rh.

2. Nrhou; fhyr; r%f epiy

3. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gpuhkzu; my;yhjhu; ,af;fk;

4. tq;f Njr tpLjiy tuyhW.

,j; jiyg;Gfspy; mike;j fl;Liufs; jdp kdpj r%f tuyhw;iwg; nghUshff; nfhz;L

vOjg;gl;litahFk;.

,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu:-,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu:-,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu:-,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu:-,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu:-

Xu; ,yf;fpaj;ijg;gw;wp my;yJ mjpYs;s VjhtnjhU mk;rj;ijg;gw;wp tpthjpj;J

tptupj;J - Ma;e;J vOtJjhd; ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu. ,J ntWk; Rit my;yJ urid

mstpyhdJ. jd;idg; ghjpj;j my;yJ ftu;e;j mk;rq;fspy; jpisj;J me;j kfpo;r;rpiag;

gpwUf;Fk; mspf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; vOjg;gLk; fl;Liufs; ,it.

1. ,yf;fpa ,d;gk;



28

2. fk;gd; ftp ,d;gk;

3. FWe;njhiff; fhl;rpfs;

Mfpa jiyg;Gfis ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshff; fhl;lyhk;.

,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu vd;gJ ,jidf; fle;J nry;fpwJ. mJ xU

,yf;fpaj;ijNah xU tif ,yf;fpaj;ijNah xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;l ,yf;fpaj;ijNah

vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mwpthu;e;j Kiwapy; mZfp> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gpur;ridapd; cz;ikj;

jd;ikiaj; jf;f Mjhuq;fSld; ntspg;gLj;JtJ. cz;ikiaj; NjLtNj ,jw;F mbg;gil.

czu;r;rptag;gl;l urid my;y. ,g;gbg;gl;l fl;Liufs; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs; vdg;gLk;.

1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhjy;

2. ve;jr; rpyk;G?

3. neLey;thil mfkh Gwkh?

Kjypa fl;Liufis ,t;tiff; fl;Liuf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfshff; $wyhk;.

fUj;jpay; (Ideology),mofpay; (Aesthetic) vd;w ,uz;bd; Gzu;r;rpapy; [ddkhtJjhd;

gilg;G ,yf;fpak;. xU gilg;gpyf;fpak; ,e;j ,uz;bYk; ve;j msTf;F ntw; ;wpaile;jpUf;fpwJ

vd;gijg; nghWj;Jj;jhd; mjd; cau;Tk; jho;Tk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa kjpg;gPl;Lf;

fl;Liufisj;jhd; ,yf;fpa tpku;rdf; fl;Liufs; (Literary critical essay )vd;fpNwhk;.

ifyhrgjpapd; ehtypyf;fpak;

rptj;jk;gpapd; jkpo;r; rpWfijfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

uFehjdpd; ,yf;fpa tpku;rdk;

jkpotdpd; GJf;ftpij ehd;F fl;Liufs;

rp.R. nry;yg;ghtpd; jkpopyf;fpa tpku;rdk;

rhkpehjdpd; ghiyAk; thioAk;

Mfpa fl;Liufis ,yf;fpa tpku;rdf; fl;LiufSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhff; $wyhk;.

murpay; fl;Liu:-murpay; fl;Liu:-murpay; fl;Liu:-murpay; fl;Liu:-murpay; fl;Liu:-

murpay; jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwiaAk; nfhs;if Nfhl;ghLfisAk; murpay;

fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghLfisAk; tpku;rpj;J vOjg;gLk; fl;LiufNs murpay; fl;Liufs; vdg;gLk;.

,f; fl;Liuapd; tpku;rdj;jpy; nfhs;iffs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;LNkad;wp jdp kdpju;fspd;

jdpg;gl;l tptfhuq;fs; ,lk; ngwyhfhJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. jpU. tp. f.> fhkuh[;>

uh[h[p> mz;zhJiu MfpNahu; jkpopy; murpay; fl;Liufs; vOjpNahupy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs.;

1. khepy Rahl;rp

2. ,UgJ mk;rj; jpl;lk;

3. mtru epiyg; gpufldk;

4. 42 tJ murpay; rhrd jpUj;jk;



29

Kjypa jiyg;Gfis xl;b vOjg;gl;l fl;Liufis murpay; fl;Liufs; vd;gu;.

mwptpay; fl;Liufs;:-mwptpay; fl;Liufs;:-mwptpay; fl;Liufs;:-mwptpay; fl;Liufs;:-mwptpay; fl;Liufs;:-

mwptpaypd; Gjpa fz;L gpbg;Gfs; - rhjidfs; - mwptpay; rKjha tsu;r;rpapy;

cz;lhf;Fk; ghjpg;Gfs; Mfpad gw;wpAk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fUtpapd; ,aq;FKiw gw;wpAk;

tpsf;Fk; fl;Liufs; mwptpay; fl;Liufs; vdg;gLk;.

1. tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; rhjid

2. ,e;jpahtpd; mZ Fz;L Nrhjid

3. mwptpaYk; Mf;f NtiyfSk;

4. epyTr; nryT

5. gRikg; Gul;rp

6. kdpj rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopy;

El;gf; fiyfspd; gq;F.

Mfpa jiyg;Gfisf; nfhz;l fl;Liufs; ,j;Jiwiar; rhu;e;jd. mwptpay; Jiwapy;

EZf;fkhd mwpTilNahNu ,j;jF fl;Liufs; vOJk; jpwd; ngw;wpUg;gu;. jkpo; kuGf;F

Vw;gj; jkpohf; ;fk; nra;Ak; tz;ikiaAk; ; fl;Liuahsu; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ng. eh.

mg;Grhkp> fiyf;fjpu; jhNkhjud;> Mu; Nf. tp];tehjd; MfpNahu; mwptpay; fl;Liufs;

vOJgtu;fspy; Fwpg;gplj; jf;ftu;fs; vdyhk;.

mUspay; fl;Liu:-mUspay; fl;Liu:-mUspay; fl;Liu:-mUspay; fl;Liu:-mUspay; fl;Liu:-

gpugQ;rk; gw;wpAk; kdpjd; gw;wpAk; xt;nthU rkaKk; xt;nthU tifapy;

tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wd. mUspay; (rkak;) fl;Liuahsd; ,e;j mbg;gil tp~aj;jpy; Mo;e;j

Qhdk; cilatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fr; rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> rpj;jhe;j

E}y;fs; Kjypatw;wpy; njspe;j Gyik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; xt;nthU kjKk;

jdJ mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfis tpl;Lf; nfhLj;J tplhky;> fhyj;Jf;Fj; jf;fthW rpw;rpy

mk;rq;fis tpl;Lf; nfhLj;Jk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Lk; ,aq;fp te;Js;sd. tuyhw;wwpTk; mtDf;F

,Uf;fNtz;LtJ mtrpak; vdyhk;.

rkaf; fl;Liufs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; vd;fpwhu; thyk; mk;ikahu;. mitahtd:

1. Guhzf; fijf; fl;Liufs;

2. ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs;

3. Ntjhe;jf; fl;Liufs;

4. rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs;



30

Guhzf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-Guhzf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-Guhzf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-Guhzf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-Guhzf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-

Guhzq;fspy; tUk; Njtu; mtjhuq;fisAk; muru; - murpay; tuyhWfisAk;

vLj;Jiuj;J mjd; gpd;dzpapy; tw;GWj;jg;gLk; rkaf; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;JtJ Guhzf;

fijf; fl;LiuahFk;.

ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs;:-

xU fij my;yJ rk;gtj;jpd; %yk; xU ePjpia-rka czu;it-,iwtdpd; kfpikia

tw;GWj;JtJ ePjpf; fijf; fl;Liufs; vdg;gLk;. ,NaRehjUk; ,uhkfpU~;z guk`k;rUk;

,t;tpjf; fijfs; %yk; ePjpia - rka czu;it -cz;ikia czu;j;Jtjpy; rpwe;J

tpsq;fpdu;.

Ntjhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-Ntjhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-Ntjhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-Ntjhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-Ntjhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-

Ntjhe;jk; vd;why; kiwfspd; KbT vd;gJ nghUs;. ehd;kiwfSk; ,Utifahfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fu;k fhz;lk; Kw;gFjp> Qhd fhz;lk; gpw;gFjp. ,e;j Qhd fhz;lNk

Ntjhe;jk; MFk;. ,ijj;jhd; cgepljq;fs; tpupthfr; nrhy;fpd;wd. gukhj;kh> [Pthj;kh>

khia Kjypad ,itfspy; tUgitNa. ,e;j Ntjhe;jk; j;itjk;> mj;itjk;>

tprp~;lhj;itjk;> Rj;jhj;itjk; vd;W gpd;du; gy tifahfg; gpupe;jJ. ,tw;iwf; fw;W -

cs;sPlhf;fp vOjg;gLk; fl;LiufNs Ntjhe;jf; fl;LiufshFk;.

rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs;:-

nghJthfr; rpj;jhe;jf; fl;Liufs; jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l rpj;jhe;jj;ij

typAWj;Jtdthf mikAk;. ek; ehl;by; gy rpj;jhe;jq;fs; cs;sd. uhkhE[ rpj;jhe;jk;>irt rpj;jhe;jk;> ty;yg rpj;jhe;jk;> irjd;a rpj;jhe;jk; vd;gdNt mit. rpj;jhe;jf;

fl;Liufs; me;j me;jr; rpj;jhe;jq;fs; epWtpatu;fspd; E}y;fspypUe;Jk; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpy;

,Ue;Jk; rhd;Wfs; fhl;b vOjg;gl;ldtha; mike;jpUf;Fk;.

nghUspay; fl;Liu:nghUspay; fl;Liu:nghUspay; fl;Liu:nghUspay; fl;Liu:nghUspay; fl;Liu:

nghUspay; Jiw rk;ge;jg;gl;l fl;Liufisg; nghUspay; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. tpiy>

tUkhdk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nray;Kiwg; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpa fUj;Jfspd; epiy> gz;lq;fspd;

xUGilj; jd;ikapidAk; epfo;Tj; njhlu;r;rpapidg; gw;wpa Cfk;> Gs;spapay; kw;Wk;

fzpjtpay; Qhdk; Mfpait nghUspay; Jiwf; fl;LiuahsDf;F ,d;wpaikahjitfs;

vdyhk;. mj;Jld; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; khWjy;fSk; nghUspay;

epWtdq;fisg; ngupJk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. Mjyhy; ,j;Jiw QhdKk; mtrpak; Njit. jkpopy;

fzf;fd; fl;Liufs; (jpdkzpapy; ntspte;jit) ,f; fl;Liu tiff;Ff; Fwpg;gplj; jf;f

fl;LiufshFk;.

1. Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk;

2. ifj; njhopYk; tho;f;if tsKk;



31

3. ehza kjpg;Gf; FiwT

4. gz tPf;fk;

Mfpa fl;Liufs; nghUspay; Jiwiar; rhu;e;j fl;LiufshFk;.

gazf; fl;Liufs;:-gazf; fl;Liufs;:-gazf; fl;Liufs;:-gazf; fl;Liufs;:-gazf; fl;Liufs;:-

fl;Liuahsd; jhd; Neupy; fz;lwpe;j ,lj;jpd; / Cupd; / ehl;bd; kf;fSila r%f>

nghUshjhu kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L epiyfis vLj;Jiug;gJ gazf; fl;LiuahFk;. mtd;

Nju;e;njLj;J ciuf;Fk; rk;gtq;fs; me;j ehl;ilg;gw;wpa cz;ikr; rpj;jpuj;ij

ntspg;gLj;JtNjhL ek; ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; mJ Cd;W Nfhyhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Nehf;fkhFk;.

V. Nf. nrl;bahupd;> ‘cyfk; Rw;wpa jkpod;’

ne. J. Re;jutbNtYtpd;> \mq;Fk; ,q;Fk;’

rhiy ,se;jpiuadpd;> ‘vq;fs; gazq;fs;’

kzpadpd;> ‘gazf; fl;Liufs;’

NrhkNyapd;> ‘gazf; fl;Liufs;’

Mfpad jkpopy; ntspte;j gazf; fl;Liu E}y;fSs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fdthk;.

,t;thW fl;Liufs; gy;NtW Mrpupau;fshy; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; gpupj;J

tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUsbg;gilapy; fl;Liuia tifg;gLj;jpf;

fz;l ehk;> tUk; ghlj;jpy; fl;Liu vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tifikiaf;

fhz;Nghk;.

khztu; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-

1. fl;Liufis vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;?

2. fl;Liuapd; tiffis Ma;f.

3. fl;Liu tiffspy; fhzg;gLk; khWghl;Lf;Ff; fhuzk; ahJ?

4. fl;Liuia tifg;gLj;Jk; ghFghL mij NehfFfpd;w

Nfhzj;jpNyNa Vw;gLfpwJ. Ma;f.

5. fl;Liufs; nghUsbg;gilapy; vt;ntt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

6. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?

7. ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liuapd; rpwg;G mk;rk; ahJ?

8. gazf; fl;Liuf;Fk; Guhzf; fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?

9. murpay; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?

10. mwptpay; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? mwptpay; fl;Liuf;Fk; mUspay;

fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?

11. rkaf; fl;Liuapd; cl;gpupTfis tpsf;Ff.



32

12. tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu> ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu> mUspay; fl;Liu> mwptpay;

fl;Liu> murpay; fl;Liu ,tw;Ws; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xt;nthU

khjpupf; fl;Liu vOjpg; goFf.

13. rkPgj;jpy; eP nrd;Wte;j gazj;ijg; gw;wpa Ritahd nra;jpfis xU gazf; fl;Liuahf tpupj;J vOJf.



33


fl;Liuapd; tiffs; -fl;Liuapd; tiffs; -fl;Liuapd; tiffs; -fl;Liuapd; tiffs; -fl;Liuapd; tiffs; - III

nrd;w ghlj;jpy; fl;Liu tifapy; ,Uf;Fk; khWghLfisAk;;> khWghLfspd;

Nfhzq;fisAk;> nghUs; mbg;gilapyhd fl;Liu tiffisAk; fz;Nlhk;. ,q;F

vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd tiffisj; jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu> fijapay;Gf;

fl;Liu> fw;gidf; fl;Liu> tUzidf; fl;Liu> eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu> jUf;ff; fl;Liu>

rpe;jidf; fl;Liu Mfpa fl;Liu tiffisf; fhz;Nghk;.

1. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu:-1. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu:-1. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu:-1. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu:-1. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu:-

nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;G xd;Wf;Ff; fl;Liuahsd; jd;Dila ghu;itapy; tpsf;fkspj;J

cUthf;Fk; fl;Liuiaj;jhd; jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jpupfLfk;

vd;w jiyg;ig vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. ,jw;Fr; rpyu; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W

jpupfLfk; vd tpsf;fk; mspj;J mijg; gw;wpa ,yf;fpaf; fl;Liu xd;W vOjyhk;. NtW

rpyu;> jpupfLfk; vd;gJ Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp vd;w %d;W kUe;Jg; nghUl;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;

vd tpsf;fk; mspj;J mijg; gw;wpa kUj;Jtf; fl;Liu xd;W vOjyhk;. Mdhy; jpU. tp.

f. ,t;tpuz;bdpd;Wk; NtWgl;L %d;whtJ tpsf;fnkhd;W mspj;J fl;Liu vOjpAs;shu;.

mijf; fPNo fhz;f.

jpupfLfk;jpupfLfk;jpupfLfk;jpupfLfk;jpupfLfk;

“%d;W fhuKs;s nghUs;fSf;Fj; jpupfLfk; vd;W ngau;. mit Rf;F> kpsF>jpg;gpyp vd;gd. ,k; %d;W nghUSk; kdpjd; Nehiag; Nghf;fp mtDf;F ,d;gk;

jUtd.

kfhj;kh fhe;jp Njrj;jpd; mbik Nehiag; Nghf;fpj; Njrj;Jf;Fr; Rje;jpu ,d;gj;ij

Cl;lty;y %d;W toq;fp ,Uf;fpwhu;. mit fjuhil> kJ tpyf;F> jPz;lhik

xopj;jy; vdgd. ,k; %d;Wk; jpupfLfk; Nghd;wd.

fhe;jpabfspd; jpupfLfk; Njrj;jpd; gpzpfis mWg;gd vd;gij ,d;DQ; rpyu;

czuhky; ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;J tUe;JfpNwhk;. fhe;jpabfs; gpwe;j ehis tUk; jpq;fl;fpoik

nfhz;lhLk; xt;nthUtUk; mtuJ jpupfLfj;jhy; tUk; eyj;ij kf;fSf;F

mwpTWj;Jthuhf.

fjhuhil ghuj khjhtpd; khdj;ijf; fhg;gJ; tWikia xopg;gJ; kJ tpyf;fp

kdpju;fSf;F nja;t Rghtj;ij cz;lhf;FtJ; xOf;fj;ij tsu;g;gJ; jPz;lhik

xopj;J ghujkhjhtpd; %yg; gpzpia mWg;gJ; rNfhju Neaj;ij tsu;g;gJ.

,q;Fj; jpupfLfk; vd;gjw;Ff; fjuhil> kJtpyf;F> jPz;lhik xopj;jy; vdj; jd;Dila

Nehf;fpy; GJ tpsf;fk; je;J jpU. tp. f. fl;Liu cUthf;fp ,Ug;gijf; fhz;f”.



34

fijapay;Gf; fl;Liu:-fijapay;Gf; fl;Liu:-fijapay;Gf; fl;Liu:-fijapay;Gf; fl;Liu:-fijapay;Gf; fl;Liu:-

xU epfo;r;rpia my;yJ fUj;ij fijapy; - ,ay;gpy; - Nghf;fpy; tpupj;Jiug;gJ

fijapay;Gf; fl;LiuahFk;. rpy Ntisfspy; xU ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijiaNah> Guhzf;

fijiaNah> cz;ikr; rk;gtj;ijNah vLj;Jf; $wp Kbtpy; mij> jhd; ntspapltpUk;Gk; fUj;NjhL ,izj;J Kbg;gjhfTk; mikAk;. nghJthf tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu>

tho;f;if tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu> gazf; fl;Liu> Guhzf; fl;Liu Mfpatw;wpy; ,t;tif

vLj;Jiuj;jy; Kiw NkNyhq;fp epw;ff; fhzyhk;. cjhuzj;jpw;Fg; gazf; fl;Liu xd;wpypUe;J

vLf;fg;gl;l fPo;f; fhZk; gFjpiaf; fhz;f:

“mLj;j ehs; thu;jh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; xU Ritahd epfo;r;rp ele;jJ. ehfGup

MuQ;Rg; gok; ehfGupiatpl ehfGupf;F Ke;jpa thu;jhtpy; kypthff; fpilf;Fk;

vd;W nrhy;yp vy;NyhUk; mjpy; gha;e; ;jhu;fs;. “ Cu; Xl> xf;f XL” vd;W vd; ghl;b

mbf;fb nrhy;ypapUe;jjhy;> ehDk; gok; thq;Fk; glyj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L MW

goq;fs; thq;fpNdd;. $ilf;fhu tpahghup “igrh igrh” vd;W mtrug;gLj;jpdhu;.

vd; Ie;J &gha; Nehl;il mtuplk; ePl;bNdd;. Mdhy; ehd; rpy;yiw thq;Fk;Kd;

NtW rpyu; tpahghupiar; #o;e;jhu;fs;. mjw;Fs; tz;b gpd;Gwkhf te;jjhy; top

khw;Wfpwhu;fs; vd;W vz;zpf; nfhz;Nld;. tlf;Nf nry;Yk; uapy; Nkw;Nf jpUk; ;gp

thu;jhit milfpwJ. kPz;Lk; nrd;w topia xl;bNa fpof;Nf te;J tlf;Nf

ehfGupia Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwJ.

“tz;b Gwg;gl;Ll;LJ rhu;” vd;whu; mUfpy; ,Ue;j jkpou;. “mg;gbah”

vd;Nwd; jpifg;NghL. “tPzh mQ;R &ghia cl;Ll;NlNs” vd;W gupe;jhu; mtu;.

“Ie;J &gha;jhNd> Nghdhg; NghFJ vd;Nwd; ehd;.

“mt;thW nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl rd;dy; topNa ghu;j;Njd;. vd; fz;fspy;gLtJ vd;d? me;j tpahghup> ehNyfhy; &ghia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L nuapy; tz;bAld;

Xb tUfpwhu;. tz;b Ntfkhf XLfpwJ. ‘ghG[p igNr’ vd;Dk; mtu; Fuy; mtiu

Ke;jpf; nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ntspNa if ePl;bg; gzj;ij thq;fpNdd;. vd; fz;fspy;

ngUfpa fz;zPu; cUz;L tope;jJ. mz;ilapy; ,Ue;jtu;fs; fupNah J}rpNah

tpOe;jpUe;jjhy; vd; fz;fs; fyq;fp ,Ug;gjhf epidj;jpUg;ghu;fs;. ehNdh> ‘Neu;ikNa

eP ViofsplkhtJ ,d;Dk; tho;fpwhNa’ vd;W KZKZj;Jf; nfhz;Nl fz;zPiuj;

Jilj;Njd;.

jiyefu;g; gazj;jpd; NghJ ,ilapy; thu;jhtpy; ele;j epfo;r;rpiaf; fl;Liuahsu;

tptupf;fpwhu;. gbg;gtUf;F VNjh rpWfijiag; gbg;gJ Nghd;w czu;it ,f; fl;Liug;

gFjp jUfpwJ. rhtpapd; “th~pq;ldpy; jpUkzk;” kzpadpd;> “,jak; NgRfpwJ||

Mfpatw;iwAk; ,f; fijapay;Gf; fl;Liuf;fhd jFe;j cjhuzq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;.

fw;gidf; fl;Liu:-fw;gidf; fl;Liu:-fw;gidf; fl;Liu:-fw;gidf; fl;Liu:-fw;gidf; fl;Liu:-

,y;yhj xd;iw ,Ug;gjhfg; ghtid nra;J nfhz;L / fw;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLk;

fl;LiuiaNa fw;gidf; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. ehd; gpujkuhdhy;...vd;W jd;idnahU gpujkuhfg;



35

ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLk; fl;LiufSk; Nfl;fhj> Ngrhj> m /wpizg; nghUl;fisf;

Nfl;Fe NghyTk;> fpsf;Fe NghyTk; fw;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLk; fl;LiufSk; ,t;tifAs;

mlq;Fk;. nghJthf kdpjh;fs; NgRtJ tpyq;FfSf;F tpsq;Ftjpy;iy / Nfl;gJ ,y;iy.

,J ,aw;if. Mdhy; tpsq;FtJ NghyTk;> Nfl;gJ NghyTk; fw;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l

fl;Liuapy; ,Ue;J xU gFjpia ,q;F cjhuzj;jpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vq;fs; vUikf;Fg; Ngrj; njhpANkh? vq;fs; vUikf;Fg; Ngrj; njhpANkh? vq;fs; vUikf;Fg; Ngrj; njhpANkh? vq;fs; vUikf;Fg; Ngrj; njhpANkh? vq;fs; vUikf;Fg; Ngrj; njhpANkh?

vq;fs; tPl;by; xU vUik ,Ue;jJ. ,ijg; nghJthf vd; kidtpNa fwe;J tUk;

gof;fk; Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. xU jlit mts; vl;L ehisf;F eurpq;fGuj;Jj; Njh;

ghh;f;fg; Nghdhs;. ............. ehNd jPdp fye;J nfhz;L NghNdd; vUikaplk;. '.............

,jw;F mk;khtpd; ifjhd; gof;fk; cq;fSf;Fg; ghy; juhJ. fz;bg;ghf cijj;J

tpLk;" vd;W J}ud; nrhd;dhd;. mg;NghJ xU je;jpuk; nra;Njd;. vd; kidtpapd;

Glitia clk;G KOtJk; Nghj;jpf; nfhz;L vUikapd; Kd;dh; cl;fhh;e;Njd;.vUik vd; tiyapy; tpOe;jJ. ghy; nfhLj;jJ. ,g;gbNa ehd; Ie;jhW ehl;fs;

mgpet iruj;jphpahf gpz;zhf;F> Nfo;tuF khit kpFjpahfg; Nghl;Lf; fye;J ghy;

fwe;J te;Njd;. vd; kidtp jpUk;Gtjw;F Kd;dhs; ehd; vUikapd; Kd;dhy;

cl;fhh;e;J ghy; fwe;J nfhz;bUe;Njd;. mg;NghJ> J}ud;> 'gRtha; ,Ue;jhy; thrid

ghh;j;J cijj;J tpl;bUf;Fk;. ,J vUik [hjp> gprhR khjphpahd ,jw;Fg; Gj;jp

fpilahJ" vd;whd;. ehd; vd; kidtpapd; Fuiyg; Nghy; vd; Fuypy;> “,jw;Fg;

Gj;jp ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;Nwd;. vUik cijj;Nj tpl;lJ. ,J Nghd;Nw> “Ngdhtpd;

tuyhW”, “goe;Jzpapd; fij”> “kz;ghidapd; jd; tuyhW”> vd;wikAk; fl;LiufSk;

,t;tifAs; mlq;Fk;.

tUzidf; fl;Liu:-tUzidf; fl;Liu:-tUzidf; fl;Liu:-tUzidf; fl;Liu:-tUzidf; fl;Liu:-

Gyd;fshy; czh;tdtw;iw my;yJ Gyd;fspd; thapyhf czUk; Gwf; fhl;rpfisr;

nrhw;fspy; nkhop ngah;j;Jf; fhl;LtNj tUzidf; fl;LiuahFk;. Nehf;FNthDf;Fk;

Nehf;fg;gLk; nghUSf;Fk; cs;s cwT Nehf;fp ,f;fl;Liuia ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpg;gh;.

1. Gwepiy tUzid (Gwepiy Nehf;F tUzid)

2. mf epiy tUzid (mfepiy Nehf;F tUzid)

Gwepiy Nehf;F:-Gwepiy Nehf;F:-Gwepiy Nehf;F:-Gwepiy Nehf;F:-Gwepiy Nehf;F:-

Gwepiy Nehf;F tUzid vd;gJ nghUspd; Njhw;wj;ijj; jpl;g El;gkhf mwptpf;fpd;wJ.

,jpy; Nehf;FNthdpd; czh;r;rpf; fyg;G ,y;iy. Nehf;FNthd; jd;id xU Gifg;glf;

fUtp Nghyg; ghtpj;Jf; nfhz;L fhl;rpia kdj;Nj gjpT nra;J> mij cs;sthNw



36

jpUk;gp ntspapLfpwhd;. #oNyhL xd;wptplhky; jdpNa tpyfp epw;Fk; ,t;nthJf;f epiyapy;

Nehf;FNthd; Vwj;jho Xh; mwptpay; mwpQd; NghyNt khwptpLthd;.

mfepiy Nehf;F:-mfepiy Nehf;F:-mfepiy Nehf;F:-mfepiy Nehf;F:-mfepiy Nehf;F:-

mfepiy Nehf;F tUzidf; fl;Liu> Nehf;FNthd; nghUis ve;j tifapy;

czh;e;J nfhz;lhNdh mt;tz;zNk rpj;jphpf;fpwJ. Nehf;FNthdpd; czh;Tr; rhak; ,iof;F

,io ,jpy; Vwp ,Uf;Fk;. nghUis cs;sthW ntspapLtJ vd;gijtpl czh;e;jthW

ntspapLtJ vd;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fk;. nghUisj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;

Kaw;rpiatplf; Nfl;Nghdpd; czh;r;rpfisj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; vz;zNk ,jpy;

NkNyhq;fp epw;Fk;. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhff; fPo;tUk; fl;Liug; gFjpiaf; fhz;f.

Kfpy;fs;Kfpy;fs;Kfpy;fs;Kfpy;fs;Kfpy;fs;

'....... ,e;j Kfpy;fs; xU ehs; te;jijg; Nghy; ,d;ndhU ehspy;iy. xU epkplj;jpy;

,Ue;jijg; Nghy; kw;nwhU epkplj;jpy; ,y;iy. me;j Kfpy;fisg; ghh;j;Jg; ghh;j;J

mtw;wpd; khWjy;fis xl;b vd; czh;r;rpfSk; khwp te;jd. xU rkak; mit

gQ;Rg; nghjp Nghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. gUj;jp Vd; gaphpl Ntz;Lk;? fhw;wpy; mbj;Jf;

nfhz;L NghFk; ,e;jg; gQ;irg; gpbj;J itj;J E}y; jphpj;J nea;jhy; cyfj;Jf;Nf

Jzpg; gQ;rk; ,uhJ vd;W Njhd;wpaJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; mit tpyq;Ffspd;

cUtq;fisj; jhq;fp tUfpd;wd. vj;jidNah jlit mit jhTk; ntz; Fjpiufshf

vdf;Ff; fhl;rp je;jpUf;fpd;wd. vd; jhahh; nrhy;yp te;j fijfspy; ,wf;iffSila

ntz; Fjpiufs; ,itahfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W Njhd;wpaJ. ehd; Xh; mur

FkhudhfhkNy ehd; Nkff; Fjpiuapd; NkypUe;J cyifnay;yhk; Rw;wpajhf

epidj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ehd; ve;j Kfpiy ,wf;ifAs;s ntz; Fjpiu nad;W epidj;Jf;

nfhz;NlNdh mJ fz;zpypUe;J kiwe;jNghJ kl;Lk; vd; fw;gidapd; ,wf;if

Kwpe;J tpOe;J tpLk;. mg;NghJ rpwpJ tUe;JNtd;. rpy rkaq;fspy; kdJf;Fs;NsNa

mOjpUf;fpNwd; vd;why; ahUk; ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy;> vd; ,sikf;fhyj;J

ez;gh;fshd Kfpy;fs; vd; kd tUj;jj;ij jhq;fhky; ,Ue;jdNth vd;dNth>

clNd kw;nwhU ngUKfpy; vq;Nfh tpiuthf te;J> fhw;wpy; epd;wjhy; vd;ndjphpy;

xa;ahukhf ele;J NghdJ. mJ ngUKfpyy;y; vd;idg; nghWj;jtiu Iuhtjk;.

mijg; ghh;j;Jj; jpUg;jp mile;Njd;. ,wf;ifAs;s Fjpiu Nghdhy; Nghfl;Lk;. mJvjw;fhf? mJ vq;NfahtJ vd;idf; nfhz;L Ngha;j; js;sptpl;lhy;! vdf;F IuhtjNk

NghJk;. vt;tsT nts;is> vt;tsT nghpa cly;> ghw; flypd; ghiw xd;iwNa

nrJf;fp itj;jijg; Nghy; vt;tsT ePz;l Jjpf;if. KJfpd; Nky; ntz;ikahd

mk;ghhp NtNw; Jjpf;ifapy; nkd;ikahd G+khiyiaj; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L vdf;fhff;

fhj;jpUf;fpwJ. vq;fs; tPl;lUfpy; Iuhtjk; Vwp nkJthfg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;Njd;.

me;j ahidr; rthhpia tUzpf;f vdf;Fr; nrhw;fs; Nghjh. me;jr; rthhp rhKz;b



37

kiyr; rpfuj;jpy; Kbtile;jJ. mq;Nf Iuhtjj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,wq;fpNdd;. clNd

mJ vq;Nfh fz; kiwthfr; nrd;W tpl;lJ. mJ kiwe;j tUj;jj;ijtpl rhKz;b

kiyr; rpfuj;jpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gp tUtJ vg;gb vd;w ftiyNa kpFjp. mg;gbr;

rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;j ,lj;jpNyNa ,Ue;J tpLNtd;."

,q;F 'Kfpy;fs;" Mrphpahpd; kd Moj;jpy; tpjtpj tbtq;fspy; ntspg;gl;L mtiu

Ml;nfhz;l tpjk; njspthf tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kfpy;fs; ,q;Fg; gQ;rhf> ntz;Fjpiuahf>

Iuhtjkhf vy;yhk; khwpkhwp ntspg;gl;l jd;ikiaf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

,t;tiff; fl;LiufisNa tUzidf; fl;Liufs; vd;fpNwhk;.

eifr; Ritf; fl;Liu:eifr; Ritf; fl;Liu:eifr; Ritf; fl;Liu:eifr; Ritf; fl;Liu:eifr; Ritf; fl;Liu:

nrhy;Yfpd;w tp~aj;jpid thrfh;fs; rphpf;fr; rphpf;ff; $WtJjhd; eifr;Ritf;

fl;Liuapd; mbg;gil mk;rk;.

vy;yhf; fl;Liuf;Fk; %yg; nghUis r%fk;jhd; mspf;fpwJ. vOj;jhsDila

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gg; nghUl;fspd; njhpT NtWgLfpwJ. eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuf;F

eifr;Ritf; fz;Nzhl;lk; Njit. rhjhuzkhdth;fSf;F xd;Wkpy;yhjjhfg;gLk; xU

rk;gtk; eifr;Ritf; fz;Nzhl;l vOj;jhsDf;F mghukhd eifr;Ritf; fsQ;rpakhfg;

glyhk;. vd;whYk;> eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuahsh;fs; %d;W mbg;gil tp~aq;fisf; ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;s Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;.

1. ahUila kdj;ijAk; Gz;gLj;jf; $lhJ.

2. ahiuAk; ,opT gLj;jf; $lhJ

3. rphpj;j Kfkhf ,Ug;gth;fisf; fLj;j Kfkhf khw;wf; $lhJ.

,e;j mbg;gilfis kdjpy; nfhz;Nl eifr;Rit czh;itg; GFj;jp eifr;Ritf;

fl;Liufs; tiua Ntz;Lk;. eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuahsh;fSs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fth; fy;fp

Mthh;. 'jpUkapiy thjGhPra;ah;" vd;w ,tUila fl;Liu eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuf;Fr;

rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. thjGhPra;ah; tha; nfhQ;rk; nghpJ. ahuhtJ xUth; mfg;gl;L tpl;lhy;

NghJk; tplkhl;lhh;. Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;. mth; tho;tpy; ele;j xU epfo;r;rpiaf; fy;fp

tpthpf;Fk; jd;ikiaf; fhz;f.

jpUkapiy thjGhPra;ah;jpUkapiy thjGhPra;ah;jpUkapiy thjGhPra;ah;jpUkapiy thjGhPra;ah;jpUkapiy thjGhPra;ah;

'xU jlit thjGhPra;ah; mtUila rpNefpjh; xUtNuhL kapyhg;G+hpy; ,Ue;J

jpUty;ypf;Nfzpia Nehf;fpf; flw;fiu Xukhf 'thf;fpq;" Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

tof;fk; Nghy thjGhPra;ah; rz;lg; gpurz;lkhfg; Ngrpf; nfhz;L te;jhh;. Ngr;R

Ntfj;ijg; Nghy; eilNtfKk; mtUf;F cz;L. Mjypd; mtUld; te;j ez;gh;

vg;NghJk; Nghy; Xub gpd; jq;fpNa te;jhh;. 'I]; `T];f;Fg;" gf;fj;jpy; te;jJk;



38

me;j ez;gh; mq;Nf fy;Nkilapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j NtnwhU ez;giug; ghh;j;jhh;. mtUld;

VNjh NgRtjw;fhf epd;W tpl;lhh;. mth; epd;wJ thjGhPra;aUf;Fj; njhpahJ. vdNt>

mth; iffisg; gykhf Ml;b tof;fk; Nghy Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl Nghdhh;. ,k;khjphp

xU kdpjh; jkf;Fj; jhNk cuj;Jg; gykhfg; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl tUk; Ntbf;ifiag;

'gPr;R NuhL" topahfg; NghNthh; tUNthnuy;yhk; ghh;j;J Mr;rhpag;gl;lhh;fs;. filrpahf

mth; 'NubNah ];Nl~Df;F" mUfpy; te;jJk;> mq;Nf epd;w Fk;gy; mt;tsTk;

jk;ik cw;W Nehf;fpr; rphpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ghh;g;gijj; jw;nrayhff; ftdpj;j NghJjhd;>

VNjh tp~ak; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W jpUk;gpr; Rw;W Kw;Wk; ghh;j;jhh;. gpd;NdhL te;j

ez;giuf; fhNzhk;. mjw;Fg; gpwF ,uz;nlhU jlit thjGhPra;ah; flw;fiuAld;

ele;J nfhz;L tUtijg; ghh;j;jpUf;fpNwd;.”

,ijg; gbf;fpd;w vy;NyhUf;Fk; rphpg;G tUk; vd;W ek;gyhky;yth? fy;fpapd;

mbr;Rtl;ilg; gpd;gw;wp eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu vOjpah;fSs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fth;fs; 'kfpo;ed;">

'ng. Nfh. Re;juuh[d;"> 'gujd;"> 'Njtd;" MfpNahh; Mthh;fs;.

jUf;ff; fl;Liu:jUf;ff; fl;Liu:jUf;ff; fl;Liu:jUf;ff; fl;Liu:jUf;ff; fl;Liu:

xU fUj;ij my;yJ xUth; fUj;ij kWj;J kw;nwhU fUj;ij my;yJ jd;Dila

fUj;ij epiyehl;Lk; jd;ikapy; jUf;ff; fl;Liuapd; tbtk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;

fhl;lhf fPNo cs;s fl;Liuiaf; fhz;f.

,e;jp nkhopg; gapw;rp Vw;Gilj;jhFkh? ,e;jp nkhopg; gapw;rp Vw;Gilj;jhFkh? ,e;jp nkhopg; gapw;rp Vw;Gilj;jhFkh? ,e;jp nkhopg; gapw;rp Vw;Gilj;jhFkh? ,e;jp nkhopg; gapw;rp Vw;Gilj;jhFkh?

',e;jpa Njrj;jpd; gw;gy khepyq;fspy; thOk; khe;jh;fs; gw;gy nkhopfisg; NgRgtuha;

,Uj;jypd;> ,e;ehl;ltnuy;yhk; xU nghJ ed;ikapd; nghUl;L xUq;F $bg; Ngr

Ntz;ba fhyq;fspy; ,e;jpia mtnuy;yhUk; nghJ nkhopahff; ifahSjNy

ed;W vd;W Njrj; njhz;lh; rpyh; $Wfpd;wdh;. ...........,tuJ $w;W nghUe;jhnjd;gijf;

fhl;LNthk;.

“,e;jp nkhopahdJ tlf;Nf gw;gy khepyq;fspy; gw;gy khWjy;fNshL Ngrg;gLfpd;wNj

ay;yhky;> m /njq;Fk; xNu tifahfg; Ngrg;gLtjpy;iy. ,q;qdk; gy;tif

khWjy;fSld; Ngrg;gLk; ,e;jp nkhopia Muha;r;rp nra;j Mrphpah;fs; mjid

'Nky; ehl;L ,e;jp"> 'fPo; ehl;L ,e;jp"> 'gpfhhp" vd;Dk; %d;W ngUk; gphpTfshfTk;>mg;ngUk; gphpTfspd; cs;Ns KiwNa 'gq;fhU"> 'gpu[;gh~h"> 'fNdh~;" 'gj;Njyp">

'cUJ"> 'mtjp"> 'gNfyp"> 'rj;jP];fhp"> 'ikjpyp"> 'Ngh[;Ghp" vd;Dk; gy rpW

gphpTfshfTk; gFj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ,d;Dk; ,e;jp nkhopapd; gphpTfshfg; Ngrg;gLk;

rpW rpW nkhopfs; NkYk; gw;gy cs;sd. ,t;thW ,e;jp nkhopapd; gy gphpTfshf

toq;Fk; gw;gy nkhopfisg; NgRk; gw;gy ehLfspy; cs;shUk; xU khepyj;jth;

nkhopia kw;w khepyj;jth; mwpahuha; caph; tho;e;J tUjypd;> ,e;jp mth; vy;yhUf;Fk;



39

njhpe;j nghJ nkhop vd;Wiug;gJ vq;qdk; nghUe;Jk;? ,q;qdk; gw;gy khepyq;fspy;

gw;gy khWjy;fSld; toq;Fk; gy;NtW ,e;jp nkhopfspy; vjid ,j; njd;dhl;lth;

fw;Wj; Njh;tJ? vjid ,th; fw;whYk; mjDjtp nfhz;L ,th; tlehl;bYs;s

vy;yhNuhLk; NgRjy; ,aYkh? ,ayhNj. Nkw;Fwpj;j ,e;jp nkhopfNsad;wp> rpe;jp>

ye;jp> gQ;rhgp> F[uhj;jp> uh[Gjhdp> xhpah> gq;fhsp> kuhl;b> rpzh> fh~;kPhp>

Nfhfp];jdp> LNkhdp> fLthyp> gi~> fyh~h> fth;ght> Neghyp> jpuhfp Kjyhd

,d;Dk; vj;jidNah gy nkhopfSk; tlf;Nf gw;gy khepyq;fspy; thOk; gw;gy

khe;jh;fshYk; Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

\\,k;kf;fl; ngUq; $l;lj;Jlndy;yhk; ,e;jp nkhopapy; xd;iw kl;Le; njhpe;J

njd;dhl;lth; ciuahb mstshTjy; $LNkh? rpwpJq; $lhNj. tlehl;lthpNyNa

,e;jp nkhopia mwpahky; gy jpwg;gl;l gd; nkhopfis toq;Fk; kf;fs; $l;lk;

gythapUf;f ,j; njd;dhl;lth; kl;Lk; ,e;jp nkhopiaf; fw;W NgRtjhy; ahJ gad;

tpise;jplf; $Lk;? ,t;tpay;Gfis vy;yhk; eLepd;W vz;zpg; ghh;f;f ty;y mwpQh;f;F>,j; njd;dhl;lth;fs; jkf;F vt;tifapYk; gad;glhjJk;> njhpahjJkhd ,e;jp

nkhopfspy; xd;iwg; nghJ nkhopnad tUe;jpf; fw;wyhy; tPz; fhyf; fopTk;> tPz;

ciog;Gk;> tPz; nryTk; cz;lhFNkay;yhky; Ntnwe;j ed;ikAk; gaDk; cz;lhfhJ

vd;gJ ed;F tpsq;Fk;.”

,f;fl;Liu mikg;gpy; ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ nkhopahf ,e;jp mika Ntz;Lk; vd;ghhpd;

fUj;Jf;fhd Mjhuq;fis Kjypy; vLj;Jiuj;J> gpwF mit xt;nthd;Wk; jtW vd;gijj;

jf;f Mjhuq;fSld; kWj;Jiuj;j kiwkiyabfs;> fl;Liuapd; Kbtpy; 'jkpNo ,e;jpahtpd;

nghJ nkhopahFk; jFjpAilaJ" vd;Dk; jd;Dila fUj;ijj; jf;f Mjhuq;fSld;

epWtpAs;shh;. ,j;jF tbt mikg;igj;jhd; jUf;ff; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;.

rpe;jidf; fl;Liu:rpe;jidf; fl;Liu:rpe;jidf; fl;Liu:rpe;jidf; fl;Liu:rpe;jidf; fl;Liu:

xU rk;gtNkh/ fhl;rpNah kdepoy; thh;g;gpy; mfg;Gw mDgtj;ij> Xu; mbg;gilj;

jj;Jt jhprdj;ij> NgUz;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jtij/czh;j;Jtij ehk; czu KbAk;.

,j;jifa jhprdj;ij my;yJ NgUz;ikia gw;wp vOjg;gLtNj rpe;jidf; fl;Liu vdyhk;.

e. gpr;r%h;j;jpapd; 'kdepoy;"> gh.uh.tpd;> 'eilr; rpj;jpuk;"> 'MSf;F Ms;"> rp.R. nry;yg;ghtpd;

'fhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf; nfhs;"> Mfpa fl;Liufs; ,t;tiff;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.

xU tp~aj;ijj; JUtp> Muha;e;J> tpthjpj;J vOJtJ rpe;jidf; fl;Liu. murpay;>

nkhop> r%fk;> rkak;> ePjp> xOf;fk; vdg; gy JiwAk; ,jd;ghw; gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd K. t.

tpd; fl;Liufs; ,t;tifiar; rhh;e;J epw;fpd;wd vdyhk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F fPo;f; fhZk;

gFjpiaf; fhz;Nghk;.



40

“jho;e;j njhopYf;Fk; kpf cah;e;j njhopYf;Fk; ,g;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; rk;gs

Ntw;Wik kpFjp vd;Wk;> E}W &gha;f;F Nky; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;Wk; vOJfpwha;.

,J kl;Lk; vspjpy; elf;Fkh mk;kh! NtiyahSf;Fr; rk;gsk; 25 &gha;;

nghpa mjpfhhpf;Fr; rk;gsk; rpy Mapuk; &gha;. kLTk; kiyAk;jhd;. ,ij

khw;WtJ vspa Ntiyah? rk;gsk; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. gQ;rNk tho;thf ,Uf;fpw

MSf;F gQ;rg;gb 18 &gha;. Mdhy; gQ;rNk njhpahj mjpfhhpf;Fg; gQ;rg;gb

,U E}W &gha;f;F Nky;. ,e;epiyikia khw;w KbAkh? ,jpy; xd;Wk;

Gul;rpNah ,uj;jNkh fj;jpNah ,Ug;gjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. chpikAk; mwKk;

epahaKk; ,jpy; cs;sd. ,ijr; nra;a KbAkh? eP tpUk;GtJ Nghy;

nra;tjhf ,Ue;jhy; vdf;Fj; jilapy;iy. Mdhy; rk;gs kl;lj;jhy; xU

fpsh;r;rp cz;lhFk; vd;gJ jtpu> nghJ kf;fspd; tho;f;if mg;gbNajhd;

,Uf;Fk;. coth;fspd; epiyikAk;> njhopyhsh;fspd; epiyikAk; khwhky;

,Uf;Fk;. ,th;fs;jhd; ehl;by; ngUk;ghd;ik. mYtyfq;fspy; ,Ug;gth;fs;

rpWghd;ik. mjdhy; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fNs jf;f top vd;W ,d;dKk; fUJfpNwd;.

rk;gsj; jpl;lk; xOq;Fgl;lhYk; mth;fis ml;ilfshf cwpQ;Rtjw;F

tpahghhpfs; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;.......... ehd; nrhy;tJ Nghy; $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fs; mike;jhy; ml;il Nghy; cwpQ;Rk; tho;Tf;Nf ,lkpy;iy. fpuhkj;ij

mLj;Js;s rq;fj;jpy; czTg; nghUs; NrUk;; njhopw;rhiyfis mLj;J

cs;s ,lj;jpy; kw;w nghUs;fs; NrUk;. ,e;j ,uz;L rq;fq;fSk; gz;lkhw;W

elj;jp coth;fisAk; njhopyhsh;fisAk; fhg;ghw;wyhk;.

eP nrhy;tJ Nghy; Kjypy; nfhQ;rk; FiwAk; CoYk; ,Ue;Nj jPUk;. mJ

ve;j mikg;gpYk; Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk;. fs;s thzpfk; jiy fhl;Lk;. mij

mlf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w flikia murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ehsiltpy;

tpahghuk; vd;gNj kiwtpYk; xspg;gpYk; ,y;yhjgb nra;J> rq;fq;fis

kf;fs; ek;Gk;gbahfr; nra;ayhk;. FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s Ml;fis vz;zp

mth;fSila Njitfisf; fzf;fpl;Lg; gq;fpl;L toq;FtjpYk; Kjypy;

,lh; ,Uf;Fk;. NtW filfs; ,y;yhky; mope;j gpwF gofg; gof ,e;j

,lu;fs; vy;yhk; jPh;e;J NghFk; my;yth? GjpaJ vd;w kaf;fKk; Ntz;lh>

kw;w ehLfspy; cz;lh vd;W MuhAk; ke;ij czh;r;rpAk; Ntz;lh> coTf;Fk;

njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Ak; gue;j Nehf;fNk Ntz;Lk;.”

tWikia xopg;gJ vg;gb? vd;w tp~ak; K. t. jk; %isiaf; File;J cjph;j;j

rpe;jid kzpfs; ,it vdyhk;.

nghJthfg; nghUs;jhd; / tp~ak;jhd; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiwiaj; jPh;khdpf;fpwJ /

eph;zapf;fpwJ. nghUs; kdj;Js; cUthFk; nghONj mjd; ntspaPl;L KiwAk; cUthfp

tpLfpwJ. mjdhy; tp~aKk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; KiwAk; gphpf;f Kbahjit. ,ij kwe;Jtpl;L>



41

xU Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liuia vOjg; GFe;j xUtd; mij eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuahfj;jhd;

ntspapl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ fijapay;Gf; fl;Liuahfj;jhd; ntspapl Ntz;Lk; vd;W

type;J nraw;gLthNdahdhy; mJNt gpwhpd; eifg;gpw;F ,lkhfptpLk;. mjdhy; jd;Dila

,ay;Gf;Fk; jhd; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUSf;Fk; Gwk;ghd vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiwfis

type;J Nkw;nfhs;sy; $lhJ. tbtj;ijj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; nghWg;ig cs;slf;fj;jplNk tpl;Ltpl

Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fl;Liuia mikf;Fk; nghOJ njspthf ,J ,d;d fl;Liujhd; vd;W

Gyg;gLk;gb mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khzth; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khzth; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khzth; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khzth; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khzth; kdj;Js; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-

1. vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiwapy; fl;Liufis vj;jid tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;?

2. rpe;jidf; fl;Liuf;Fk; eifr;Ritf; fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?

3. tUzidf; fl;Liuapd; mikg;ig tpthpf;f.

4. tUzidf; fl;Liuf;Fk;> fijapay;Gf; fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

5. jiyg;G tpsf;ff; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.

6. fijapay;Gf; fl;Liuf;Fk; fw;gidf; fl;Liuf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik

Ntw;Wikfis tpsf;Ff.

7. eifr;Ritf; fl;Liu vd;why; vd;d?

8. fl;Liu tbtk; nghUis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljh? Kiwia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljh? Ma;f.

9. fl;Liu tiffSk;> nghUs;fSk; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.

10. fPo;fhZk; jiyg;Gfspy; vitNaDk; ,uz;bidf; fl;Liu tbtpy; mikj;Jg;

goFf.

1. ,e;jpa kf;fSk; Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lKk;.

2. cd; tho;tpy; epfo;e;j eifr;Ritahd rk;gtk;.

3. cdf;Fg; gpbj;j Njrj; jiythpd; tuyhW.

4. tpQ;Qhd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; eyd;fSk; NfLfSk;.

Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:-Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:-Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:-Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:-Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:-

1. fy;ahzRe;judhh;. jpU. tp. 1965 'jkpo;r; Nrhiy my;yJ

fl;Liuj; jpul;L" murp Gf; bg;Ngh>nrd;id.

2. ,se;jpiuad;> rhiy. 1975 'vq;fs; gazq;fs;>

jkpo;g; Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id.

3. uhkrhkp Iaq;fhh;. Nfh ;̂ 1971 'vq;fs; vUikf;F Ngrj;

njhpANkh?"

'fd;dlf; fl;Liuj; jpul;L"



42

rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp> GJ jpy;yp.

4. rPjhuhka;ah;. vk;. tp. 'Kfpy;fs;" fd;dl fl;Liuj; jpul;L>

rhfpj;a mfhjkp> GJ jpy;yp

5. fy;fp 1976 'Mde;j Xtpak;-1 "ghyutp

mz;l; Nfh> nrd;id.

6. kiwkiyabfs; 1972 'ciukzpf;Nfhit"

fofk;> nrd;id.

7. tujuhrd;. K. 1963 'md;idf;F"> ghhp epiyak;>

nrd;id.



43

ghlk; : 6ghlk; : 6ghlk; : 6ghlk; : 6ghlk; : 6

fbjk; vOJjy;fbjk; vOJjy;fbjk; vOJjy;fbjk; vOJjy;fbjk; vOJjy;

fbjk; vOJtJ xU fiy. Nehpy; fz;L ek; fUj;Jfisf; $wKbahj epiyapy;

ntspa+hpy; my;yJ cs;@hpy; cs;sth;fSf;F vOJtNj fbjk; vdg;gLk;. fbjk;> Xiy

vd;Wk; jpUKfk; vd;Wk; Klq;fy; vd;Wk; fLjhrp vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;

khjtp NfhtyDf;F vOjpajhf mike;j fbjk; 'Klq;fy;" vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;wJ. mJ

nghUl;nrwpT kpf;fjha; mike;Js;sJ. tho;f;ifapy; ngah; ngw;w gyuJ tuyhw;iw vLj;Jg;

ghh;j;jhy; mth;fs; fbjk; vOJtjpy; ty;yth;fshf ,Ue;Js;sij mwpayhk;. NeU jkJ

kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F vOjpa fbjq;fSk;> mwpQh; mz;zh jk;gpf;F vOjpa fbjq;fSk;;

kiwkiyabfs; vOjpa fbjq;fSk;> K. t. tpd; fbjq;fSk;> urpfkzpapd; fbjq;fSk;>ghujpapd; fbjq;fSk;> fiyQh; fUzhepjp cld;gpwg;Gf;F vOJk; fbjq;fSk; ,yf;fpaq;fshff;

nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

xUtUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJk;NghJ mtuplk; NgRtJNghy vOj Ntz;Lk;. ahUf;Ff;

fbjk; vOJfpNwhNkh mtiu ek; fz;Kd;dhy; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;. mtu; kdk; kfpOk;gbahd

nra;jpfis> epfo;r;rpfis epidT $u;e;J ,ay;ghd eilapy; NgRtJ Nghd;W vOj

Ntz;Lk;.

fbjj;jpd; mikg;G:-fbjj;jpd; mikg;G:-fbjj;jpd; mikg;G:-fbjj;jpd; mikg;G:-fbjj;jpd; mikg;G:-

fbjq;fspy; fbjk; vOjpa ,lk;> vOjpa ehs;> tpsp> fbjr; nra;jp> vOjpath;

ifnahg;gk;> Kfthp> ngWeh; Kfthp Mfpad ,lk; ngWk;. ,tw;Ws; 'tpsp" vd;gJ md;GilaPh;>

kjpg;gpw;FhpaPh;> md;Gs;s Iah> kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah> md;Gs;s mk;kh> kjpg;gpw;Fhpa mk;ikaPh;>

Ngud;G rhd;wPh;> Ngud;GilaPh; Kjypa njhlh;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ahUf;Ff; fbjk;

vOJfpd;NwhNkh mjd; mbg;gilapy; 'tpsp" vd;Dk; gFjp mikAk;. ,t;NtO $WfSk;

fbjj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk;. rpyNghJ #oYk; Njitf;Fk; Vw;gr; rpy khw;wq;fs; Vw;glyhk;.



44

fbjj;jpd; mikg;Gfbjj;jpd; mikg;Gfbjj;jpd; mikg;Gfbjj;jpd; mikg;Gfbjj;jpd; mikg;G

fbjk; vOjpa ,lk; (1) fd;dpahFkhp> ehs; (2) 8-9-2007.

Ngud;Grhd;wPh;! - tpsp (3)

eyk;> eyNk ehl;lk;........................................................................................fbjr ;

nra;jp (4) .......................................................................................................................................

jq;fs; tUifia nghpJk; vjph;ghu;f;fpNwd;. gpw gpd;.

,g;gbf;F>

ifnahg;gk; (5) jq;fs; md;Gs;s>

tp[ad;.

jkpo;f;Fby;>

fhkuh[h; njU> Kfthp (6)

fd;dpahFkhp-629603

ngWeh; Kfthp:jpU. khzpf;fthrfk; mth;fs;>

112> FwpQ;rpj;njU> ngWeh; Kfthp (7)

nghs;shr;rp-642 601.

fbjj;jpd; gad;fs;:-fbjj;jpd; gad;fs;:-fbjj;jpd; gad;fs;:-fbjj;jpd; gad;fs;:-fbjj;jpd; gad;fs;:-

1. xUtUf;nfhUth; NeUf;F Neh; ghh;f;fhkYk; NgrhkYk; xU jftiyf; $w

cjTfpd;wJ.

2. fbjj;jpd; %yk; ghh;j;jJ> NgrpaJ Nghd;w kdj;jpUg;jp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

3. xU jftiy epue;jukhd tbtpy; ju cjTfpd;wJ.

4. xUthpd; fUj;ijj; jpl;ltl;lkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sr; rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ.

5. fbjk; mDg;gpajw;fhd mj;jhl;rp efy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s tha;g;Gs;sJ. fbjj;jpd;fbjj;jpd;fbjj;jpd;fbjj;jpd;fbjj;jpd;

tiffs;:-tiffs;:-tiffs;:-tiffs;:-tiffs;:-

jdp kdpjh;fspd; njhlh;Gfis> cwTfis tYg;gLj;jTk; mYtyfq;fspd;

nray;ghl;il elj;jpr; nry;yTk; thzpfj;ij tsg;gLj;jTk; fbjq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. ,jd;

{

{}

}}

}



45

mbg;gilapy; fbjq;fis cwTf; fbjq;fs;> mYty; fbjq;fs;> tzpff; fbjq;fs; vd

%d;W tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. ,k; %d;W tifapYk; gy cl; gphpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mitahtd:

cwTf; fbjq;fs;:-cwTf; fbjq;fs;:-cwTf; fbjq;fs;:-cwTf; fbjq;fs;:-cwTf; fbjq;fs;:-

(i) FLk;gf; fbjk;

(ii) el;Gf; fbjk;

mYty; fbjq;fs;:-mYty; fbjq;fs;:-mYty; fbjq;fs;:-mYty; fbjq;fs;:-mYty; fbjq;fs;:-

(i) Nkw;Fwpg;G

(ii) Fwpg;Gkly;

(iii) mYtyf Miz(iv) Neh;Kf kly;

(v) mYty; fbjk;

(vi) mYtyfr; nray;Kiw

(vii) murhiz

(viii) epidT+l;L

(ix) jpUk;g epidT+l;L

(x) mwptpg;G

(xi) mwptpf;if

(xii) murwptpg;G

tzpff; fbjq;fs;:-tzpff; fbjq;fs;:-tzpff; fbjq;fs;:-tzpff; fbjq;fs;:-tzpff; fbjq;fs;:-

(i) jfty; fbjk;

(ii) tpw;gidf; fbjk;

(iii) gpur;rpidf; fbjk;

(iv) ey;nyz;zf; fbjk;

cwTf; fbjq;fs;cwTf; fbjq;fs;cwTf; fbjq;fs;cwTf; fbjq;fs;cwTf; fbjq;fs;:-

cwTf; fbjq;fspy; FLk;gj;jpdh;f;F vOJk; fbjq;fSk; ez;gh;fSf;F vOJk; fbjq;fSk;

mlq;Fk;. ,t;tiff; fbjq;fs; czh;Tg; ghpkhwy;fshf mikfpd;wd. md;Gk;> ghpTk;> ntspg;gLtjw;F

,t;tiff; fbjq;fs; thapyhf mikfpd;wd. ew;nra;jpfSf;F kfpo;r;rp / ghuhl;L njhptpg;gJk;>

Jf;fr; nra;jpfSf;F tUj;jk; njhptpg;gJk; cwTf; fbjq;fspNyNa mikAk;.



46

rhd;W:-rhd;W:-rhd;W:-rhd;W:-rhd;W:-

je;ij kfDf;F vOJk; fbjk;je;ij kfDf;F vOJk; fbjk;je;ij kfDf;F vOJk; fbjk;je;ij kfDf;F vOJk; fbjk;je;ij kfDf;F vOJk; fbjk;

jkpofk;>

10> Ky;iyj; njU>

fk;gd; efh;>

nrd;id-600 001.

8.8.2007

md;G kfd; vopy; nry;tDf;F>

cd; je;ijapd; ey;tho;j;Jfs;. cd;id tpLjpapy; re;jpj;Jj; jpUk;gp ,U thuq;fs;Mfptpl;ld. ,g;NghJjhd; fbjk; vOJfpd;Nwd;. kJiuapypUe;J ehd; jpUk;Gk; topapy;

mDgtpj;j frg;G+l;Lk; epfo;r;rpfs; vd;idg; ngUk; tUj;jj;jpy; Mo;j;jptpl;ld. mjpypUe;J

kPz;l gpwNf ehd; ,g;NghJ cdf;Ff; fbjk; vOJfpd;Nwd;.

nrd;idf;F ehd; jpUk;gp tUk; topapy; VNjh Ch;tyj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; g]; Rkhh;

ehd;F kzp Neuk; epWj;jg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. Ch;tyj;jpy; VNjh Fog;gk;; td;Kiwr; nray;fs;

ele;jjd; tpisthfg; NgUe;Jfs; nehWf;fg;gl;ld. mjdhy; vd; jiyapy; gyj;j fhak;

Vw;gl;lJ. Ch;jpfSf;Ff; NfL tpistpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; nghUshjhu ,og;Gfs; ,yl;rf;fzf;fpy;

MFk;. mijtpl kfg;Ngw;Wf;fhfr; nry;Yk; kfspu;> capUf;Fg; NghuhLk; Nehahspfs;>

czTg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; md;whl tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis thq;fpr; nry;Nthh;

milAk; ,d;dy;fs; Vuhsk;. ehl;Lf;Fk; ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; NfL tpistpf;Fk; ,JNghd;w

,op nray;fisr; nra;a vt;thW kdk; Jzpfpd;whh;fs;? ek;Kila kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy;

ve;j xU nray; my;yJ fUj;jpd;kPJk; Njhd;Wk; vjph;g;ig ntspg;gLj;j chpikAz;L;

mjw;F ey;y topKiwfs; vj;jidNah cs;sNt. mtw;iwnay;yhk; tpLj;J td;Kiwapy;

<LgLjYk; J}z;btpLjYk; kf;fshl;rp vd;Dk; cah;e;j jj;Jtj;jpw;Nf ,Of;if

Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;.

,tw;iw cdf;F Xh; mwpTiuahfNt vOJfpd;Nwd;. ,jdhy; vd; cs;sr; RikAk;

FiwAk;. cd; eyj;jpw;Fk; gpw nra;jpfSf;Fk; cd; md;Gf; fbjk; fhz tpiofpd;Nwd;.

ngWeh; Kfthp: ,g;gbf;F> j p U .

vopy; nry;td;> cd; md;Gj; je;ij> t. c.

rp. tpLjp> jpUehTf;fuR. k J i u

fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

kJiu-625 021.



47

ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;

kUjk;>

,stofd; njU>

ehfh; Nfhtpy;>

8.8.2007.

,dpa ez;g>

tzf;fk;. eyk;> eyNk ehl;lk;. gp. ,. kpd;dpay; Jiwapy; jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;

fofj;jpNyNa Kjy; khztdhf Njh;r;rp ngw;w nra;jp mwpe;J kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rp mile;Njd;.

vd; md;G epiwe;j ghuhl;Lfisj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. cd;id ez;gdhf mile;jikia

vz;zpg; ngUikg;gLfpNwd;. gbg;gpy; eP fhl;ba Mh;tKk; tplh Kaw;rpAk; fLk; ciog;Gk;

cdf;F ,g;ngUQ; rpwg;gpidj; je;jpUf;fpd;wd. cd; vjph;fhyj; jpl;lk; vd;d? eP fz;bg;ghfNkw;gbg;gpy; Nrh;e;J gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vd; vz;zk;. cd; ngw;NwhUld; fye;J Ngrp

ey;y KbT nra;tha; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. cd; ngw;Nwhh;f;F vd; tzf;fk; njhptpf;fTk;.

cd; md;Gf; fbjj;ij MtNyhL vjph;ghh;f;fpNwd;.

.

cd; md;Gf;Fhpa>

,sQ;nropad;.,sQ;nropad;.,sQ;nropad;.,sQ;nropad;.,sQ;nropad;.

ngWeh; Kfthp:

nry;td; khzpf;fthrfd;>

'FwpQ;rp ,y;yk;">

fgpyh; njU>

fd;dpahFkhp.



48

ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;

18 - mjq;Nfhl;lhrhd; njU>

FyNrfuk

8.8.2007

md;Gs;s njhy;fhg;gpad;>

cd; je;ij fhykhfptpl;lhh; vd;W mwpe;Njd;. eP vj;jifa Nrhfj;jpy; ,Ug;gha;

vd;W vdf;Fg; GhpfpwJ. ehd; vd;d nrhy;ypAk; cdJ tUj;jj;ij khw;w KbahJ. fhyk;

kl;LNk cd; ftiyia khw;wty;yJ. vdpDk; cd; je;ij KOikahf tho;e;jhh;. mtuJ

flikfis vy;yhk; Kbj;J tpl;lhh; vd;W vz;zpj;jhd; eP kdk; Njw;w Ntz;Lk;; Njwpj;jhd;

Mf Ntz;Lk;.

ehd; VjhtJ cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lkh? mg;gbnad;why; jaq;fhJ clNd $W. cd;

gjpiy vjph;ghh;f;fpNwd;.

kpf;f md;Gld;>

fgpydfgpydfgpydfgpydfgpyd ;. ngWeh; Kfthp:

njhy;fhg;gpad;>

75> FwpQ;rpj; njU>

kJiu-625 017.



49

mYty; fbjq;fs;mYty; fbjq;fs;mYty; fbjq;fs;mYty; fbjq;fs;mYty; fbjq;fs;

mYtyfq;fspy; xU JiwapypUe;J NtnwhU Jiwf;Nfh> xU mYtyfj;jpypUe;J

kw;nwhU mYtyfj;jpw;Nfh> jdpahh;fSf;Nfh vOjp mDg;gg;gLk; fbjq;fs; mYty; fbjq;fs;

vdg;gLfpd;wd.

mYtyfq;fspy; xU mYtyfj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU mYtyfj;jpw;F fbjk; vOJk;

NghJ Kjypy; cjtpahsh; mf;fbfj;ij vOjp mjpfhhpaplk; xg;Gjy; ngWthh;. ,jid.

'tiuT" (Draft) vdyhk;.

tiuTfs; xg;Gjy; ngw;wgpd;dNu fbjkhf vOjg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fbjq;fspy; Nkw;Fwpg;G>

mYtyf Miz> Neh;Kff; fbjk;> mYty; fbjk;> mYty; nray;Kiw> murhiz>

epidT+l;L> jpUk;g epidT+l;L> mwptpg;G> mwptpf;if> murwptpg;G vdg; gytif fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;Fwpg;G:-

xU fbjj;jpd; Nky; vOjg;gLk; Fwpg;G Nkw;Fwpg;G vdg;gLk;. xU fbjj;jpw;Fj;

Njitahd juTfs; NtNwhh; mYtyfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJk; mf;fbjj;jpw;fhd eltbf;ifia

vLf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G kw;Nwhh; mYtyfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJk; mf;fbjj;jpy; Nkw;Fwpg;G

vOjp mDg;Gth;.

rhd;W:-

$l;LwTj; Jiw $l;LwTj; Jiw $l;LwTj; Jiw $l;LwTj; Jiw $l;LwTj; Jiw

$l;LwTj;Jiw mYtyfk;>

ehfh; Nfhtpy;.

Nkw;Fwpg;G vz;: 124 / 951 / M / Njjp : 1.8.2007

jf;f eltbf;if vLg;gjw;fhf> jpUney;Ntyp rhh;gjpthsUf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ.

fz;zg;gd;

ngWeh;: gjpthsh;.

rhh;epiyg; gjpthsh;>

$l;LwTj; Jiw>jpUney;Ntyp-1.



50

Fwpg;G kly;:-Fwpg;G kly;:-Fwpg;G kly;:-Fwpg;G kly;:-Fwpg;G kly;:-

Fwpg;Gkly; vOJk;NghJ 'tpsp" vd;Dk; gFjp vOJtjpy;iy. Fwpg;G NghyNt

fhzg;gLk; Xh; mYtyfj;jpd;fPo; ,aq;Fk; mYtyfq;fSf;F kl;LNk Fwpg;Gkly; vOjg;gLk;.

rhd;W:-

elg;G kly; vz;: 16/07 $l;LwTj; Jiw mYtyfk;>

1.8.2007.

Fwpg;G kly;Fwpg;G kly;Fwpg;G kly;Fwpg;G kly;Fwpg;G kly;

nghUs;: epidT+l;Ljy; - njhlu;ghf.

ghh;it: kly; vz;: 10/ 07 Njjp: 15.7.07

gyjlit epidT+l;bAk; ,sepiy mYtyh; gyh; jq;fsJ mwptpf;iffis ,d;Dk;

mDg;gtpy;iy. cldbahff; ftdpj;Jj; jhkjkpd;wp mDg;g Ntz;baJ.

(Mizg;gb)

ifnaOj;J

rhh;epiyg; gjpthsh;. ngWeh;:

,sepiy mYtyh;fs;



51

mYtyf MizmYtyf MizmYtyf MizmYtyf MizmYtyf Miz

Xh; mYtyfj;jpw;Fs;NsNa gzpahsh;fis mkh;j;Jjy;> khw;Wjy;> tpLg;gspj;jy;

Kjypadtw;wpw;F mYtyf Miz gad;gLfpwJ. mYtyf MizAk; Fwpg;G NghyNt

vOjg;gLfpwJ.

rhd;W:-

$l;LwTj; Jiw>

1.8.2007

mYtyf Miz vz;: 32/12/07

nghUs;: khw;Wf; fzf;fu; epakpj;jy; - njhlu;ghf.

ghh;it: cq;fs; fbj vz;: 45/ 12/ 07 Njjp 1.7. 07.

fzf;fh; jpU. nghd;dd; tpLg;gpypUe;J gzpf;Fj; jpUk;gpajhy; khw;Wf; fzf;fh; jpU.

fz;zd; 15-08-2008 Kjy; vOj;jh; gzpf;Fj; jpUg;gg;gLfpwhh;.

(ifnahg;gk;)

rhh;epiyg; gjpthsh;.



52

Neh;Kff; fbjk;Neh;Kff; fbjk;Neh;Kff; fbjk;Neh;Kff; fbjk;Neh;Kff; fbjk;

Neh;Kff; fbjk; mYty; Kiwf; fbjk; NghyNt mikAk;. ,f;fbjk; 'tpsp" Ald;

njhlq;Fk;. NeUf;F Neh; ciuahLtJNghy; ,J mikAk;. ,f; fbjj;jpy; ngWeh; Kfthp

ifnahg;gj;jpw;Ff; fPNo ,lk;ngWk;. NkNy vOjg;gLtjpy;iy. Neh;Kff; fbjk; Xh; mjpfhhpapd;

Nky; mjpfhhpapd; mYtyfj;jpw;Fk;> fPo; cs;s mjpfhhpapd; mYtyfj;jpw;Fk; vOjg;gLk;.

mDg;Geh;: $l;LwTj; Jiw mYtyfk;>

jpU. mjpad;> ehfh; Nfhtpy;>

rhh;epiyg; gjpthsh;> 1.8.2007

Ne.K.k.vz;. 36/11/M /07

nghUs;: jzpf;if mwpf;if - njhlu;ghf.

ghh;it: Ne. K. k. vz; 30/ 10/ M / 07 Njjp: 15.7.07

md;Gs;s ghz;bad;>

2006-07 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd gftjp $l;LwT Nguq;fhbapd; jzpf;if mwpf;if ,Jtiu

te;J Nrutpy;iy. mJ ve;epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,d;Dk; gj;J jpdq;fSf;Fs; gjpthsh; ek;

mYtyfj;jpw;F tUif ju cs;shh;. vdNt mjw;F Kd;G jzpf;if mwpf;ifia

xg;gilf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

cz;ikAs;s>

(ifnahg;gk;)

mjpad;.

ngWeh;:

jpU. ghz;bad;>

$l;LwT ,izg; gjpthsh;>

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;.



53

mYty; fbjk;mYty; fbjk;mYty; fbjk;mYty; fbjk;mYty; fbjk;

Xh; mYtyfj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhh; mYtyfj;jpw;Ff; fbj tbtpy; vOjg;gLtJ mYty;

fbjk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; mDg;Geh;> ngWeh; Kfthpfs; fbjj;jpd; njhlf;fg; gFjpapNyNa

mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjd; gpd;dh; 'tpsp" mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjw;Fg;gpd; nghUs;> ghh;it vd;Dk;

tptuq;fs; jug;gLk;. gpd;dh; fbjj;jpd; nra;jp $wg;gLk; filrpahf cz;ikAs;s vd

KbAk;.

mYty; fbjj;jpd; mDg;Geh; gFjpapy; mDg;Ggthpd; ngah;> gjtp> Kfthp Mfpad

mlq;Fk;. ngWeh; gFjpapy; gjtpapd; ngaUk; KfthpAk; kl;LNk Fwpf;fg;gLk;. ngah;

vOjg;gLtjpy;iy. rpyNghJ fbjq;fs; nrd;W NrUk;NghJ gjtpapy; ,Ug;gth; khw;wyhff;

$Lk;. vdNt> ngah; vOjg;gLtjpy;iy.

$l;LwTj; Jiw 8.8.2007

kly; vz;: 635 m-1/07/02

mDg;Geh;:

fz;zg;gd;>

gjpthsh;> $l;LwTj; Jiw>

nrd;id-1.

ngWeh;:

,izg;gjpthsh;>

$l;lwTj; Jiw>

jpUney;Ntyp.

nghUs;: Ma;Tf; $l;lk; - njhlu;ghf.

ghh;it: kly; vz;: 630/ m-1/ 078/ 02 Njjp: 20.7.07.

20.8.2007 md;W fhiy 11.30 kzpf;F eilngwtpUe;j Ma;Tf; FOf; $l;lk; 25.8.2007

md;W khiy 3.30 kzpf;F xj;jp Nghlg;gl;ls;sJ vd;gij Mizg;gb njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>

(ifnahg;gk;) fz;zd;.fz;zd;.fz;zd;.fz;zd;.fz;zd;.

gjpthsh;.



54

mYtyfr; nray;KiwmYtyfr; nray;KiwmYtyfr; nray;KiwmYtyfr; nray;KiwmYtyfr; nray;Kiw

mYtyfj;jpd; nray; KiwfSf;F ,f;fbjk; vOjg;gLfpwJ. ,J Nkyjpfhhp Miz

,LtjhfNth> Vw;fdNt vLj;j eltbf;ifia cWjp nra;tjhfNth mikAk;. ,jpy; 'tpsp"

,lk; ngwhJ. ngWeh; Kfthp ,Wjpapy; mikAk;.

rhd;W:

khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; mYtyfr; nray;Kiw Kd;dpiy:

jpU. Kj;Jf;fUg;gd;> ,.M.g.

nghUs;: ePu;j; Njf;fj; njhl;b mikj;jy; - njhlu;ghf.

ghh;it: kly; vz;: 200/ 07 Njjp 25.5.07.

Miz:

kJiu khtl;lk;> $ly; efh;> rQ;rPtp efhpy; muR Miz vz; 105/3-y; xU Nky;epiy

ePh;j;Njf;fj; njhl;b mikf;f jpU. fUzhfuDf;F ,irtspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nky;epiy ePh;j;Njf;fj;

njhl;b 50 ,yl;rk; ypl;lh; nfhs;ssT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(ifnahg;gk;)

Kj;Jf;fUg;gd;>

Ml;rpahsh;>

kJiu khtl;lk;.

ngWeh;:

jiyikg; nghwpahsh;>

kJiu.



55

epidT+l;Lf; fbjk;epidT+l;Lf; fbjk;epidT+l;Lf; fbjk;epidT+l;Lf; fbjk;epidT+l;Lf; fbjk;

Xh; mjpfhhpapd; Nkyjpfhhp mYtyfj;jpw;F mYty; fbj tbtpYk; fPo; cs;s

mYtyfq;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;G kly; tbtpYk; ,e; epidT+l;Lf; fbjk; vOjg;gLk;. Fwpg;gpl;l

mYtyhpd; Neh;Kff; ftdj;ij <h;f;f Ntz;ba epiyapy; Neh;Kff; fbj tbtpYk; vOjg;gLk;.

tpiljU epidT+l;LtpiljU epidT+l;LtpiljU epidT+l;LtpiljU epidT+l;LtpiljU epidT+l;L

epidT+l;Lf; fbjk; vOjg;gLk; jhspNyNa mjw;F tpilaspf;f ,lk; xJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

,j;jifa gbtk; jpUk;g epidT+l;L my;yJ tpiljU epidT+l;L vdg;gLk;.

$l;LwTj; Jiw>

1.8.2007

epidT+l;Lg; gFjp:epidT+l;Lg; gFjp:epidT+l;Lg; gFjp:epidT+l;Lg; gFjp:epidT+l;Lg; gFjp: tpilg;gFjp:tpilg;gFjp:tpilg;gFjp:tpilg;gFjp:tpilg;gFjp:

nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;: nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:

vd;d epiyapy; cs;sJ? KbAk; epiyapy; cs;sJ.

tpil vg;NghJ tUk;? tpil 25.8.2007y; tUk;

mYtyfk; mYtyfk;

(ifnahg;gk;) (ifnahg;gk;)

gjtpapd; ngah; gjtpapd; ngah;



56

mwptpg;G:-mwptpg;G:-mwptpg;G:-mwptpg;G:-mwptpg;G:-

xUtUf;Nfh my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU tifahdtUf;Nfh xU nra;jpiaj; njhptpg;gJ

mwptpg;G vdg;gLk;.

rhd;W:-

Vy mwptpg;GVy mwptpg;GVy mwptpg;GVy mwptpg;GVy mwptpg;G

jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYs;s gOJgl;l ehw;fhypfs;> Nkirfs;> jl;lr;R ve;jpuq;fs;

Mfpad 1.8.2007 Mk; Njjp khiy ehd;F kzpf;Fg; gy;fiyf; fof tshfj;jpDs;

vy;NyhUk; mwpa Vyk; tplg;gLk;. Vyk; Nfl;f tpUk;GNthu; &gha; 100 Kd; gzk; nrYj;jpj;

jq;fs; ngaiug; gjpT nra;J nfhs;sTk;. cr;r Nfs;tp Nfl;gtUf;F Vyk; tplg;ngw;wJk;

mtu; KOj; njhifAk; nrYj;jpg; nghUl;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

Vyk; tplg;gLk; nghUs;fs;:-Vyk; tplg;gLk; nghUs;fs;:-Vyk; tplg;gLk; nghUs;fs;:-Vyk; tplg;gLk; nghUs;fs;:-Vyk; tplg;gLk; nghUs;fs;:-

1. Nkirfs; - 150 vz;zpf;if

2. ehw;fhypfs; - 600 vz;zpf;if

3. jl;lr;Rg; nghwpfs; - 120 vz;zpf;if

mYtyfg; ngau; : jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf; fofk;

,lk; : jpy;yp - 7

ehs; : 20-8-2007

(ifnahg;gk;)

gjpthsh;.



57

mwptpf;if:-mwptpf;if:-mwptpf;if:-mwptpf;if:-mwptpf;if:-

xU nra;jpiag; gyUk; mwpe;J nfhs;SkhW ntspapLtJ mwptpf;if vdg;gLk;.

rhd;W:-

khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; mwptpf;ifkhtl;l Ml;rpahsh; mwptpf;ifkhtl;l Ml;rpahsh; mwptpf;ifkhtl;l Ml;rpahsh; mwptpf;ifkhtl;l Ml;rpahsh; mwptpf;if

2007-y; KbAk; fhyhz;by;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; epytpa jhdpa mq;fhb

ruhrhp tpiyg;gl;bay;.

jkpo;ehL> gaphpLk; tptrhapfs; gw;wpa rl;lk; 1956-12(1) gphptpd;gb> jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lj;jpy; 2007-y; KbAk; fhyhz;L fhyj;jpy; gpd;tUk; czTj; jhdpaq;fspd; tpiy

mwptpf;fg; ngwyhfpwJ.

vz; jhdpak; vil tpiy

1. ney; - -

2. NfhJik - -

3. gUj;jp - -

jfty; fbjq;fs;:-jfty; fbjq;fs;:-jfty; fbjq;fs;:-jfty; fbjq;fs;:-jfty; fbjq;fs;:-

Ntiy fpilf;fhj gl;ljhhpfs; mbf;fb vOJfpd;w tpz;zg;gq;fs; ,t; tifiar;

rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,t;tiff; fbjq;fspy; rpy tptuq;fs; ftdpf;f Ntz;baitahFk;.

epWtd chpikahsNuhL xU njhlh;ig epiyehl;l Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ,e;j Ntiyiag;

gw;wp ePq;fs; vt;thW njhpa te;jPh;fs; vd;gijf; $w ntz;Lk;. tpsk;guk; ghh;j;Jj; njhpe;J

nfhz;Bh;fsh my;yJ ahh; %ykhtJ Nfs;tpg;gl;Bh;fsh? vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

chpikahshpd; Mtiyj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ jq;fs; taJ> jFjp> mDgtk;

Mfpa tptuq;fisj; juNtz;Lk;.

chpikahsiu ePq;fs; jFjp cilath; vd;W ek;gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ

cq;fs; jFjp jw;Nghija Ntiyf;Fg; nghUe;jpapUg;gij tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rhd;W:rhd;W:rhd;W:rhd;W:rhd;W:

mDg;Geh;:

K. fgpyd;>

5> kh%ydhh; njU>

fhNthpg; ghf;fk;>

nrd;id - 55.



58

ngWeh;:

jghy; ngl;b vz; : 1015>

,e;J];jhd; ilk;];>

jpy;yp-110 002.

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>

',e;J];jhd; ilk;];" ,jopy; 1.8.2007 md;W ntspahd tpsk;guk; fz;L

,t;tpz;zg;gj;ij mDg;GfpNwd;. jhq;fs; Nfl;Ls;s tpw;gid NkyhsUf;Fs;s jFjpfs;

vdf;F ,Ug;gjhf ek;GfpNwd;.

vdf;F ,g;NghJ taJ 23. %d;W Mz;Lfs; gy;NtW tpw;gidg; gphpTfspy; gzpahw;wpa

mDgtk; cz;L.

ehd; jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; mQ;ry; topf; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; 2004 Mk; Mz;L

gp.fhk;. gl;lk; ngw;wTld; gp.gp.vy;. epWtdj;jpy; tpw;gidg; gphptpy; Ntiyf;Fr; Nrh;e;J

gzpahw;wp tUfpNwd;.

vdJ ,e;j %d;whz;L fhy mDgtk; jq;fsJ epWtdj;jpy; tpw;gid Nkyhsuhfg;

gzpahw;wj; Jiz GhpAk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.

jq;fis Nehpy; re;jpf;f tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jhy; vdJ jFjpfis NkYk; tpsf;fpf; $w

KbAk; vd ek;GfpNwd;.

jq;fsJ rhjfkhd fbjj;ij vjph;ghh;f;fpNwd;.

nrd;id-55 jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>

8.8.2007. fgpyd;.

,t; tpz;zg;gf; fbjj;ij NtW tpjkhfTk; vOjyk;. mf; ;fbjk;,t; tpz;zg;gf; fbjj;ij NtW tpjkhfTk; vOjyk;. mf; ;fbjk;,t; tpz;zg;gf; fbjj;ij NtW tpjkhfTk; vOjyk;. mf; ;fbjk;,t; tpz;zg;gf; fbjj;ij NtW tpjkhfTk; vOjyk;. mf; ;fbjk;,t; tpz;zg;gf; fbjj;ij NtW tpjkhfTk; vOjyk;. mf; ;fbjk;

gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

mDg;Geh;:

K. fgpyd;

5> kh%ydhh; njU>

fhNthpg; ghf;fk;>

nrd;id-55.

ngWeh;:

jghy; ngl;b vz;: 1015>

,e;J];jhd; ilk;];>

jpy;yp-110 002.



59

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>

,e;J];jhd; ,jopy; 1.8.2007 md;W ntspahd jq;fs; tpsk;guj;ijf; fz;L

,t;tpz;zg;gj;ij mDg;GfpNwd;. jhq;fs; Nfl;Ls;s tpw;gid NkyhsUf;fhd jFjpfs;

vdf;F ,Ug;gjhf ek;GfpNwd;. vdJ jFjpfs; jq;fSf;Fj; jpUg;jpaspj;jhy; jq;fisNehpy; re;jpf;f tha;g;G mspf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

,j;Jld; vd;idg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis ,izj;Js;Nsd;.

ed;wp.

jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>

fgpyd;.

vd;idg; gw;wpa tpguk;vd;idg; gw;wpa tpguk;vd;idg; gw;wpa tpguk;vd;idg; gw;wpa tpguk;vd;idg; gw;wpa tpguk;

ngah; :

Kfthp :

taJ :

fy;tpj; jFjp :

mDgtk; :

mwpe;jth;fs; (References) :

ifnahg;gk; :



60

tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;:-tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;:-tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;:-tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;:-tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;:-

xU nghUis my;yJ xU fUj;ijg; gpur;rhuk; nra;tdthf tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;

miktjhy; kf;fs; vjph;g;G kdg;ghd;ikNahLjhd; fbjj;ijg; gbg;ghh;fs;. ,e;j thrf

vjph;g;igr; rkhspj;Jg; nghUis tpiyNghf itg;gJjhd; ,f;fbjj;jpd; Ntiy. vdNtmf;fbjj;jpd; eilAk; mikg;Gk; mjw;Nfw;g mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

rhd;Wfs;:-rhd;Wfs;:-rhd;Wfs;:-rhd;Wfs;:-rhd;Wfs;:-

1. cq;fsJ vhpthA rpypz;lh; ,UgNj ehspy; fhypahfp tpLfpwJ vd;W

ftiyg;gLfpwPh;fsh? mg;gbahdhy; ,ijg; gbAq;fs;.

2. ePq;fs; xU rpW $l;lj;jpy; Ngr Ntz;Lnkd;why; jaq;FtPh;fsh? jg;gpj;Jf;

nfhs;tPh;fsh? mg;gbahdhy; cq;fSf;fhfNt ,f;fbjk;.

,uf;fk;> mr;rk;> md;G Nghd;w czh;Tfisj; J}z;LkhW njhlq;FtJ ,d;ndhU

tif.

1. cq;fs; md;Gf; Foe;ij rhpahfr; rhg;gpltpy;iy vd;W tUj;jg;gLfpwPh;fsh?

cq;fs; ftiy ,Njh jPh;e;jJ.

2. jha;g;ghy; ,y;iynad;wh ftiyg;gLfpwPh;fs;? Ntz;lNt Ntz;lhk;. cq;fs;

Foe;ijf;fhfNt jahh; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;thW thrfh;fisj; jk; gf;fk; <h;f;Fk; tpjkhf tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs; mika

Ntz;Lk;.

gpur;rpidf; fbjq;fs;:-gpur;rpidf; fbjq;fs;:-gpur;rpidf; fbjq;fs;:-gpur;rpidf; fbjq;fs;:-gpur;rpidf; fbjq;fs;:-

fbjq;fs; vOJgth; mijg; ngWgtUf;Fg; gpbf;fhj jfty;fisf; $Wk; fbjq;fisg;

gpur;rpidf; fbjq;fs; vdyhk;. ,f;fbjq;fs; KiwaPL> rYif> fld; vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

mikfpd;wd. ,j;jifa fbjq;fspy; kiwKf mZFKiw Njit.


'gpr;ir" vd;gth; xU fofk; mikf;f Ntz;b jkpohrphpah;fsplk; gzk; Nfl;Lg;ngw;whh;. VNjh xU fhuzj;jhy; fofk; mikg;gJ jilgl;Ltpl;lJ. rpyUf;Fg; gzk; jpUk;gp

mDg;gg;gl;ld. gyUf;F mth; vOjpa E}y;fs; mj;njhiff;F <lhf mDg;gg;gl;ld. E}y;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;l xUth; gjpy; fbjk; vOjpdhh;. 'jhq;fs; nray; ngah;j;jdkhf ,Ue;jJ".

,t;thf;fpak; E}y; mDg;gpatiu ntFthfg; ghjpf;fyhk;. mth; ngah; gpr;ir vd;wpUg;gjhy;

ngah;j;jdk; vd;w nrhy; gpr;irf;fhuj;jdk; vd;W ,q;Fg; nghUs;gLfpd;wJ.



61

xUth; xU E}iy ntspapl Ntz;b mth;jk; ifnaOj;Jg; gbiag; gjpg;gfk;

xd;wpw;F mDg;Gfpd;whh;. gjpg;gfj;jhh; mjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. mjw;F ,Utpjkhfg;

gjpy; vOjyhk;.

1. cq;fs; ifnaOj;Jg; gbiag; gbj;Njd;. gaDs;s nra;jpiar; Ritglj;je;Js;sPh;fs;. Mapd; mz;ikapy; ,Nj E}iy ehq;fs; ntspapl;Ls;Nshk;. mjdhy; jq;fs;

ifnaOj;Jg; gbiag; gpuRuj;jpw;F Vw;f ,ayhky; jpUg;gp mDg;GfpNwhk;.

2. jq;fs; ifnaOj;Jg; gbia ntspaPl;bw;F Vw;f ,ayhikf;F tUe;JfpNwhk;.

,tw;Ws; Kjy; fbjk; thrfhplk; jftiyg; gf;Ftkhfj; njhptpf;fpwJ.

ey;nyz;zf; fbjq;fs;:-ey;nyz;zf; fbjq;fs;:-ey;nyz;zf; fbjq;fs;:-ey;nyz;zf; fbjq;fs;:-ey;nyz;zf; fbjq;fs;:-

ey;nyz;zj;ij tsh;g;gjw;fhf vOjg;gLk; fbjk; ey;nyz;zf; fbjk; vdg;gLk;.

ed;wp $Wk; fbjk;> ghuhl;Lf; fbjk; Mfpad ,t;tifapd.


md;Gs;s jpU. ghz;Luq;fd;>

vq;fsJ jiyik Nkyhsh; fle;j thuk; jq;fs; CUf;F te;jpUe;jNghJ mtUf;F

vy;yh trjpfSk; nra;J nfhLj;J md;NghL cgrhpj;jjw;F vdJ kdkhh;e;j ed;wpiaj;

njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. mg;NghJ ePq;fs; mwpKfk; nra;Jitj;j njhopyjpgh;fSld;

vq;fSf;F tpahghuj; njhlh;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;Fk; ed;wp $WfpNwd;.

jq;fsJ gzpfSf;fpilNa Neuk; xJf;fp> rpukk; ghuhky; mtiuf; ftdpj;Jf;

nfhz;likf;F kpf;f ed;wp.

kpf;f md;Gld;>

fz;zg;gd;

,t;thwhf ey;nyz;zf; fbjq;fs; mikAk;. nghJthff; fbjq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

gFjpfs; ,tw;wpYk; mikAk;.

Nkw;fz;l fbj tifiaj; jtpu xd;iwf; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gk; nra;Ak; Nfhhpf;iff;fbjq;fSk; cs;sd.

1. E}yfk; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;.

2. rhiy rPuikg;G Fwpj;J tpz;zg;gpj;jy;



62

- Kjyhdit ,t;tifapy; miktd.

E}yfk; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;E}yfk; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;E}yfk; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;E}yfk; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;E}yfk; Nfl;L tpz;zg;gpj;jy;

mDg;Geh;:

njhy;fhg;gpad;>

nrayh;> kf;fs; kd;wk;>

#ud;Fb>

ehfh; Nfhtpy; - 629 001.

ngWeh;:

jiyth;>

khtl;l E}yf Mizf;FO>

ehfh; Nfhtpy;>

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;.

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>

nghUs;: E}yfk; Ntz;b tpz;zg;gpj;jy;.

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; jq;fs; Mizf;Fl;gl;l mf];jP];tuk;> #ud;Fb fpuhkj;jpy;

mike;Js;s kf;fs; kd;wk; rhh;gpy; ,e;j Ntz;LNfhisj; jq;fs; Nkyhd ghh;itf;F

mDg;gp itf;fpNwhk;.

vq;fs; Chpy; Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. 750f;Fk; Nkw;gl;lth;fs;

gl;ljhhpfs; cs;sdh;. Xh; cah;epiyg; gs;spAk; ,uz;L njhlf;fg; gs;spfSk; cs;sd.

vq;fs; Ciur;Rw;wpg; gy rpw;W}h;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; 15 fp. kP. njhiytpy; ve;j ChpYk;

E}yfk; ,y;iy. vdNt khiy Neuq;fspYk; tpLKiw ehl;fspYk; nghOJ Nghf;Ftjw;Fk;

mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Iag;ghLfisg; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; E}iyg; gbj;Jg;

gad;ngw tha;g;gpy;iy. nrhe;jkhf E}y;fis thq;fpg; gbf;f ,g;gFjp kf;fSf;Fg; nghUshjhu

trjpAk; ,y;iy. cyfpay; mwpT ngw Mh;tkpUe;Jk; tha;g;gpy;yhjjhy; Ntiyaw;wgl;ljhhpfSk; Xa;T ngw;w Kjpath;fSk; gbj;j ngz;fSk; tPl;bNyNa nghOijf; fopf;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ. mUs;$h;e;J ,j;Jd;gq;fs; ePq;Fk; tifapy; E}yfk; xd;W mikj;Jj;ju

Kd; tUtPh;fNsahdhy; mjw;F Ntz;ba fl;ll trjpAk;> cWg;gpdh; fl;lzj;Jld; $ba

Mapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l thrfh;fisAk; Nrh;j;Jj; jUfpNwhk;. vq;fs; Fiwghl;bidg; Nghf;f

tpiutpy; Miz gpwg;gpj;J E}yfk; xd;W mikj;Jj; jUtPh;fs; vd cWjpAld; ek;GfpNwhk;.



63

,j;Jld; ,t;T+h; kf;fs; kd;wj; jPh;khdk; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,q;qdk;>

njhy;fhg;gpad;> #ud;Fb>

nrayh;>

8.8.2007 kf;fs; kd;wk;.



64


tzpff; fbjk;tzpff; fbjk;tzpff; fbjk;tzpff; fbjk;tzpff; fbjk;

fbjk; vOJtJ vd;gJ njhd;W njhl;L ,Ue;J tUk; gof;fk;. ,J kf;fspd;

njhlh;G fhuzkhfg; gd;Kiwg;gl;ljhf ,d;W tsh;e;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. cwtpdh;fSf;Fs;

xUtUf;nfhUth; vOJk; fbjq;fis cwTKiwf; fbjq;fs; vdTk;> mYtypd; fhuzkhf

/ Ml;rpapd; fhuzkhf vOJk; fbjq;fis mYty; Kiwf; fbjq;fs; / Ml;rp newpf;

fbjq;fs; vdTk; fbjq;fis tifg;gLj;jyhk; vd;W ghh;j;Njhk;. ,t;thNw tzpfj;jpd;

fhuzkhf vOJk; fbjq;fis tzpff; fbjq;fs; vd;W $WfpNwhk;. ,t;thW vOjg;gLk;

fbjq;fs; vt;thW ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; gy E}y;fs; ntspte;jpUg;gijf;

fhzyhk;. Mdhy; jkpopy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf; $ba mstpy; xd;W$l ntsp tutpy;iy

vd;gJ tUe;jj; jf;fJ.

vdNt> Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;ij xl;b gp.V. gapYk; khzth;fSf;nfd tzpff; fbjq;fs;

- mtw;wpd; tiffs;> mtw;wpid vg;gb vOJtJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;ba

Njitapd; fhuzkhf vOjg; ngw;wJ ,g;ghlk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ntspahd

E}y;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L vOjg; ngw;wJ.

1. Effective letter in Business - Robert Shurter.

2. Modern English Business letters - F.W. King & D. Anncree.

3. Manual of Commercial Correspondence - G. Hume & J.E. Bayley

4. Principles and practice of Commercial Correspondence - J. Stephenson.

Kjyhd E}y;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L vOjg; ngw;wJ ,g;ghlk;. ,jpy; nrhy;yg;ngw;Ws;s

fbjq;fspd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; mit vOjg;gLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; NkYk; njhpe;J nfhs;Stjw;F

,e;E}y;fisj; jtwhJ gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gbg;gpd; njspT ngWth; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

mLj;J> tzpff; fbjq;fspd; cWg;Gfs;> tiffs;> vOJk; Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iwg;

gw;wpj; njspthff; fhz;Nghk;.tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; cWg;GfSk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; cWg;GfSk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; cWg;GfSk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; cWg;GfSk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; cWg;GfSk;:

fbjk; vOJtJ vd;gJ tpahghuj;jpd;> tzpf cyfpd; kpf ,d;wpaikahj xd;whf

,Uf;fpd;wJ. njhiyNgrp> je;jp Kjyhd njhlh;Gr; rhjd trjpfs; ngUfp ,Ue;jhYk;

tpahghur; #oypy; fbjk; vOJtJ vd;gJ jtph;f;f Kbahj xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. tzpfj;jpd;

epkpj;jkhf vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fspd; jiyaha Nehf;fkhf ,Ug;gJ> nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; nra;jpiaj;



65

njspTglr; nrhy;YtjhFk;. nra;jpiar; nrhy;y> xU nraiyr; nra;J Kbf;f> tpahghuj;jpy;

<Lgl;Ls;NshUf;fpilNa xU ey;nyz;zj;ij cUthf;fj; Jiz GhptNj tzpff; fbjj;jpd;

Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;Nehf;fpy; vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; rpwe;jdthf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lnkdpy; ,f;fbjq;fis vOJfpd;w xt;nthUtUk; jq;fSf;Fs;shf ,uz;L epiyfspy;rpe;jpj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU fbjj;jpd;NghJk; jq;fSf;Fj; jhq;fNs ,uz;L Nfs;tpfisf;

Nfl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

1. ehd; nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; nra;jpiar; rhpahfr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwdh?

2. mg;gbr; nrhy;ypapUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mjw;Fhpa njspTld; gzpTld;

nrhy;ypapUf;fpNwdh?

vd;Dk; ,uz;L epiyfspy; fbjk; vOJKd; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gh; uhgh;l; vy;. ~h;l;lh;.

,t;tifapy; xUtd; fbjj;ijr; rpe;jpj;J vOJthdhapd; mf;fbjk; mtd; cs;sf; fplf;ifia>

mtDila MSikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk;. ,t;thW vOjg;ngWk; fbjj;jpy; fPo;f; fhZk; vz;

tif cWg;Gfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;LtJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.

1. vOJgthpd; Kfthp 5. cs;Siw/ nghUs;

2. Njjp 6. KbTiu

3. ngWehpd; Kfthp 7. vOJgthpd; ifnahg;gk;

4. tpsp kuG 8. fbjTiuapd; NkYs;s Kfthp

xU fbjj;jpd; khjphp tbt mikg;GxU fbjj;jpd; khjphp tbt mikg;GxU fbjj;jpd; khjphp tbt mikg;GxU fbjj;jpd; khjphp tbt mikg;GxU fbjj;jpd; khjphp tbt mikg;G

(1) vOJgthpd; Kfthp

(2) Njjp

(3) ngWehpd; Kfthp

(4) tpsp kuG

(5) cs;Siw nghUs;(6) KbTiu

(7) vOJgthpd;

ifnahg;gk;

(8) fbjTiwapd; NkYs;s

Kfthp



66

tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tbtikg;Gk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tbtikg;Gk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tbtikg;Gk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tbtikg;Gk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tbtikg;Gk;:

xU fbjj;jpd; tbtikg;G ,t;thWjhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; tiuaiw fpilahJ.

Mdhy; tzpfj;jpd; nghUl;L vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fSf;nfd VjhtJ xU tbtikg;ig Vw;Wf;

nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. ,Jtiu gof;fj;jpy; cs;s 'Indented form' vdg;gLk; tbtk; (NkNynfhLf;fg;ngw;Ws;s tbtk;) nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf kiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ. mjw;Fg;

gjpyhf 'Black form' vdg;gLk; tbtk; tzpff; fbjj;jpy; ,d;W ngUk;ghYk; Nkiy ehLfspy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwf;F te;Js;sJ. ,ijg; Nghd;W 'Semi block form', 'the complete

block form', the hanging indention form' Kjyhd tbtq;fs; tzpff; fbjq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;

ngWfpd;wd vd;gh; uhgh;l; ~h;l;lh;. ,t; tbtq;fSs; Kf;fpakhf ,uz;L tbtq;fisg; gw;wp

khzth;fs; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. 'Indent form' vdg;gLk; gioa tbtj;jpy; fbjk;

vOJgthpd; Kfthp> Njjp Kjyhdit jhspd; ,lJ %iyapYk;> ngWehpd; Kfthp> tpsp

Kjyhdit jhspd; ikaj;jpYk; njhlq;fg; ngWk;. KbTiuAk; vOJgthpd; ifnahg;gKk;

fbjj;jpd; fPo;g; gFjpapy; ,lJ gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk;.

'Block form' vdg;gLk; tbtj;jpy; fbjk; vOJgthpd; Kfthp> Njjp> ngWehpd; Kfthp>

tpsp> fbjj;jpd; nghUs;> KbTiu> vOJgthpd; ifnahg;gk; vy;yhNk fbjj;jpd; tyJ

gf;fj;jpy; jhspd; kbg;ig (Margin) xl;bNa ,Uf;Fk;. tpahghuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg; ngWk;

fbjq;fspy; Nkw;nrhd;d epajp ,y;iy. ,Ue;jhYk; vOjg; ngWk; fbjj;jpd; Njhw;wk;>

nra;jp> mJ czh;j;Jk; Fwpg;G> mjd; nkhop eil> MSik Kjyhdit mf;fbjj;ij

thrpf;Fk; xt;nthUthplKk; Mo;e;j ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. tzpfj;jpy;

<Lgl;Ls;Nshh;fspilNa ek;gpf;ifia> ehzaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> xUtUf;nfhUth;

kjpf;Fk; tifapy; vOjg; ngWk; fbjq;fshy;jhd; tzpfk; rpwg;GWk; vdyhk;.

tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tiffSk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tiffSk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tiffSk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tiffSk;:tzpff; fbjKk; mjd; tiffSk;:

1. Ntz;LNfhs; fbjq;fs; 5. tpw;gidf; fbjq;fs;

2. jfty; mwptpg;Gf; fbjq;fs; 6. <l;lw; fbjq;fs;

3. cj;juTf; fbjq;fs; 7. xg;gPl;Lf; fbjq;fs;

4. tzpf cWjpf; fbjq;fs; 8. tpz;zg;gf; fbjq;fs;

vd tzpff; fbjk; gytifg;gLk;. ,t;tiffSs; gy cl;gphpTfs; cz;L. ,q;Fr; nrhy;yhjgytifahd fbj tiffSk; tzpf cyfpd; eilKiwg; gof;fj;jpy; cs;sd. ,it gw;wp

NkYk; khzth;fs; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. ,it gw;wpa tphpthd tptuq;fis Kd;

nrhy;yg; ngw;Ws;s Mq;fpy E}y;fSs; VNjDk; xd;wpy; fhzyhk;.

,dp tzpff; fbjq;fspd; tiffisf; fhzyhk;. KjyhtJ xU nghUs; Fwpj;J

my;yJ mg;nghUspd; tpiy Nfl;L vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; Ntz;LNfhs; fbjq;fs; (inquiries)



67

vd miof;fyhk;. ,f;fbjq;fSf;F kW nkhopahf vOjg; ngWk; fbjq;fisAk; ,q;Fr;

nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;LNfhs; fbjj;ij ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpg;gh;. tpsk;guj;ijg; ghh;j;J

xU nghUisg; gw;wp tptuk; njhptjw;fhf vOjg;gLk; fbjk; vdTk;> jd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Nghpy;

thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUs; Fwpj;J xU tpw;gid epiyaj;Jf;F vOjg;gLk; fbjk; vdTk;,uz;L tifg;gLk;. ,f;fbjq;fSf;F kW nkhopahf epWtdk;/ tpw;gid epiyak; vOJk;

fbjq;fs; gy tifg;gLk;. Ntz;LNfhs; fbjq;fis xl;b vOjg;gLk; gjpy;fs; tpiyiag;

gw;wpAk; nghUspd; juk; / jFjp gw;wpAk;> tpiy eph;zak; gw;wpAk;> nghUspd; jahhpg;Gf;F

Vw;gg; nghUis tpepNahfpf;Fk; msT gw;wpAk; (Supply & Demand) nghJthf ,Uf;Fk;.

,jd; gpwF> jhd; thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUl;fis mDg;GkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLk;

cj;juTf; fbjq;fs; gw;wpAk; khzth;fs; njhpj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ekf;F vt;tsT

Njit vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd; tpiyapy; vt;tsT fopT ju Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;>

mg;nghUl;fis vt;thW mDg;g Ntz;Lk; (jghypy;> uapypy; Kjyhd Fwpg;Gfs;) vd;gJ

gw;wpAk;> cj;juTf; fbjq;fspy; jtwhJ Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifapy; vOjg;gLk;

fbjq;fspd; tiffis khzth;fs; vOjpg; gapw;rp ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; / tpw;gidahsh;fs; thbf;ifahsh;fs; Nfl;l nghUis

mDg;Gjy; njhlh;ghf vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fisg; gy tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. nghUl;fis

mDg;gpaJ Fwpj;Jk; nghUl;fis mDg;gpajw;fhd ifr;rhj;J> mDg;gpa tpjk; Fwpj;Jk;

gy epiyfspy; fbjq;fs; vOjg; ngwyhk;.

,uz;lhtjhf> nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsh; tpw;gidahsUf;Fk; thbf;ifahsUf;Fk;

,ilNa tpw;gid njhlh;ghf Vw;gl;l nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Fwpj;J vOjg;gLk; tzpf cWjpf;

fbjq;fisg; gw;wpr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F tpw;gidahsUf;F / thbf;ifahsUf;F

,t;tsTjhd; nghUl;fis tpepNahfk; nra;aKbAk; vd;W cw;gj;jpahsh; vOJk;

fbjq;fisAk;> xUtUf;F ,t;tsT &gha; kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fis mtuJ cWjpapd;

Nghpy; mDg;g KbAk; vd;W njhptpj;J vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fisAk; nrhy;yyhk;. jhk; mDg;gpa

nghUSf;F ,t;tsT njhif nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,jw;F Kd; mDg;gpajw;fhd

njhif ,d;Dk; tutpy;iy vd;Wk;> jhk; ,t;tsT njhif mDg;gpapUf;fpNwd; vd;Wk;>

mijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljw;fhd gjpy; vOJq;fs; vd;Wk; <l;lw; fbjq;fs; mikAk;. <l;lw;fbjq;fs; vOJk; nghOJ kpfTk; ftdj;Jld; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

%d;whtJ> jhk; thq;fpa nghUspd; juk; jpUg;jpahf ,y;iy my;yJ jhk; Nfl;l

nghUs; jhkjkhf te;J Nrh;e;jJ vd;Wk;> nghUl;fspd; tpiyg; gl;baypy; jtW ,Uf;fpwJ

vd;Wk;> nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nfhLf;Fk; tpw;gidahsdpd; elj;ij gw;wpAk; gytpjq;fspy;

vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fis KiwaPl;Lf; fbjq;fs; vd;gh;. ,k;KiwaPl;Lf;fspd; Fw;wq; Fiwfis



68

epth;j;jp nra;jJ gw;wpAk;> mit gw;wp tUj;jk; njhptpj;Jk; vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fis ,q;Fr;

nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. KiwaPl;Lf; fbjq;fisAk;> mtw;wpw;F kWnkhopahf vOjg;gLk;

fbjq;fisAk;> tpw;gidapy; Vw;gl;l jtw;wpidj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy; fhuzkhf vOjg;gLk;

fbjq;fisAk; nghJthf xg;gpl;Lf; fbjq;fs; vd;gh; uhgh;l; ~u;l;lh;.

ehd;fhtJ> tpw;gid epiyaq;fSf;F> nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F> epWtdq;fSf;F

Ntiy Nfl;L tpz;zg;gk; nra;Ak; fbjq;fis tpz;zg;gf; fbjq;fs; vd;Dk; tifapDs;

mlf;fyhk;. ,t;thW vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; RUf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f; fbjk; ,uz;L

gFjpahf ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.

1. ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W gj;jpfspy; xU RUf;fkhd fbjk;.

2.. fbjj;jpd; gpd;dpizg;ghfg; gbg;G> jFjp> mDgtk;> jdf;Fj; njhpe;jth;

gw;wpa mwpKff; Fwpg;Gld; $ba Xh; mwpKfk;.

tzpff; fbjq;fspy; ,yf;fzg; gpio> vOj;Jg; gpio Kjyhditapd;wp chpa

epWj;jf; FwpaPLfSld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tzpfj;Jf;nfdj; jdpNa xU nkhop cz;L.

tzpff; fbjq;fSs; fhzg;gLk; vOj;Jg; gpiofs;> ,yf;fzg; gpiofs; mf;fbjq;fs;

vOjp mDg;Gk; epWtdq;fspd; ngaUf;F ,Of;ifj; Njbj; je;J tpLk;. vdNt gpiofspd;wpf;

fbjk; vOj Ntz;LtJ kpf ,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;. ,jw;F Nkyhf nkhopeil gw;wpr;

nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhlh;e;j vOj;Jg; gapw;rpapdhy; tUtjhFk;. tzpfj;jpd; / tpahghuj;jpd;

nghUl;L vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fspYs;s nkhop eilahdJ nrhy;yNtz;batw;iwj; njspTglr;

nrhy;Yk; ghq;fpdjhfTk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; RUf;fkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,JfhWk; nrhy;yg;gl;lit vy;yhk; XusT khzth;fSf;Ff; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LtdNt.

,it tpahghu cyfpy; / tzpf cyfpy; fbjq;fs; vOJtjw;fhd #oiyr; Rl;bf;

fhl;LtdNt. tzpfj;jpd; nghUl;L vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; vy;yhk; vOJgtdpd; kNdhepiyia

xl;b miktd. vOjg;gLk; nghUs; Fwpj;Jj; njspT Vw;gLkhapd; vOj;jpNy njspT

Vw;gLk;. vdNt> ,r; #oiy kdjpy; fw;gidahff; nfhz;L khzth;fs; fbjq;fs; vOjpg;

gof Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW vOjg;gLk; fbjq;fs; jtWfspd;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kpfkpf

Kf;fpak;. ,jid khzth;fs; czu Ntz;Lk;.

fPNo nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s #oYf;F Vw;g khjphpf; fbjq;fs; vOjpg; goFf:fPNo nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s #oYf;F Vw;g khjphpf; fbjq;fs; vOjpg; goFf:fPNo nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s #oYf;F Vw;g khjphpf; fbjq;fs; vOjpg; goFf:fPNo nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s #oYf;F Vw;g khjphpf; fbjq;fs; vOjpg; goFf:fPNo nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s #oYf;F Vw;g khjphpf; fbjq;fs; vOjpg; goFf:

1. xU epWtdk; jahhpf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; tpiyg;gl;bay; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.

2. epWtdj;jpd; nghUs; ml;ltizia / xU Gj;jf epiyaj;jpd; nghUs;

ml;ltiziaf; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.

3. nra;jpj; jhspy; ghh;j;j tpsk;guj;jpd; Nghpy; thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUisg;

gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.



69

4. xU nghUspd; juk; my;yJ toq;Fk; tpjk; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.

5. xU epWtdk; jahhpf;Fk; nghUspd; juj;ij mwpAk; nghUl;L khjphpf;Ff;

nfhQ;rk; mg;nghUspid mDg;GkhW Nfl;L xU fbjk;.

6. jkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwj; njhlh;e;J nfhLf;f KbAkh? vd;W xU fbjk;.7. jhk; thq;f ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fis ve;j tpiyf;Ff; Fiwj;Jf; nfhLf;f

KbAk; vd tpiy eph;zag; gl;bay; Nfl;L xU fbjk;.

8. NkNy nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;s Ntz;LNfhs; fbjq;fSf;F Vw;g xU gjpy;.

9. tpw;gidf;Fj; jahuhAs;s nghUl;fspd; tptuk; Fwpj;J xU fbjk;.

10. Ntz;LNfhs; fbjj;jpy; Nfl;l nghUl;fs; iftrk; ,y;iy vd;gijj;

njhptpj;J xU fbjk;.

11. Nfl;l nghUl;fis nkhj;jkhf mDg;g Kbahj epiyiaj; njhptpj;J

xU fbjk;.

12. thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUl;fis vt;tpjk; mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;L xU

fbjk;.

13. Nkw;gb fbjj;jpw;Fg; gjpy;.

14. mDg;gpa nghUl;fspd; tpiyf;fhd njhifia mDg;GkhW xU fbjk;.

15. mDg;gpa nghUSf;fhd tpiyg;gl;baypy; fhzg;gLk; jtiwr; Rl;bf;

fhl;b xU fbjk;.

16. mDg;gpa nghUl;fs; jhkjkhf te;J Nrh;e;jd / nfl;Lg; Nghdit vd;W

Gfhh; nra;J xU fbjk;.

17. ,jw;fhd kWnkhopf; fbjk;.

18. gioa ghf;fp ,t;tsT vd;W xU tpahghhpf;F / tpw;gid epiyaj;jpw;F

vOJk; fbjk;.

19. thbf;ifahsUf;F tpiyNaw;wj;ijj; njhptpj;J ,dpg; nghUl;fis ,d;d

tpiyapy; tpw;f Ntz;Lk; vd xU fbjk;.

20. xU fk;ngdpapd; tpw;gidahsdpd; elj;ij Fwpj;J mf; fk;ngdpf;F xU

fbjk;.

21. xU epWtdk; jahhpf;Fk; nghUl;fis tpw;Fk; chpik Nfl;L xU fbjk;.

22. xU epWtdj;jpy; / tpw;gid epiyaj;jpy; tpw;gidahsdhfg; gzpGhptjw;F

tpz;zg;gpj;jy;.

Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:Jiz Ghpe;j E}y;fs;:

1. ypg;Nfhtpd; fbjk; vOJtJ vg;gb? ypl;by; g;sth; fk;ngdp>

nrd;id-17> %d;whk; gjpg;G - 1960.

2. Gorden Humphreys M.A. : Letter Writer

The English Universities Press Ltd.



70

102, New Gate Street, London-1950

3. Robert S. Shurter : Effective Letters in Business.

Mchrow - Hill Book Company,

New York, Second Ed. 1954.

4. F.W. King & D. Ann Gee : Modern English Business Letters,

Longman Group Ltd.

London, First Published, 1962.

5. Hume and Bayley : Manual of Commercial Correspon

dence, Wheeler Publishing

Allahabad, 7th Indiand Edition 1978.

6. J. Stephenson : Principles and practices of Commercial Correspondence,

Wheeler Publishing, Allahabad,

First Indian Edition - 1978.



71


nkhopg;gapw;rp - 1nkhopg;gapw;rp - 1nkhopg;gapw;rp - 1nkhopg;gapw;rp - 1nkhopg;gapw;rp - 1

(njhifr; nrhy;> ,izr;nrhy;> mLf;Fr; nrhy;> ,ul;ilr; nrhy;) (njhifr; nrhy;> ,izr;nrhy;> mLf;Fr; nrhy;> ,ul;ilr; nrhy;) (njhifr; nrhy;> ,izr;nrhy;> mLf;Fr; nrhy;> ,ul;ilr; nrhy;) (njhifr; nrhy;> ,izr;nrhy;> mLf;Fr; nrhy;> ,ul;ilr; nrhy;) (njhifr; nrhy;> ,izr;nrhy;> mLf;Fr; nrhy;> ,ul;ilr; nrhy;)

Fiwthd KjyPl;ilg; Nghl;L mjpfkhf ,yhgk; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gJ kdpjh;fspd;

Nguhirfspy; xd;W. Kaw;rp Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gad; mjpfkhfg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

,ijg; Nghd;wNj njhifr; nrhy;ypd; gad;ghLk; MFk;.

epWj;jhky; Njitaw;W Ngrpf; nfhz;bUg;gtid> 'mjpfg; gpurq;fp" vd;fpNwhk;.

fhuzfhhpaj;NjhL njspthf> RUf;fkhfg; NgRgtid 'ehTf;furd;" vd;fpNwhk;. jkpopy;

RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;f> njhifr; nrhy;> ,izr; nrhy;> mLf;Fr; nrhy;> ,ul;ilr;

nrhy; Mfpad ,d;wpaikahJ Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

njhif vd;why; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;Yjy; vd;W nghUs;. RUf;fpr; nrhy;Yjy; vd;Wk;

$Wth;. ,yf;fz E}yhh;> 'xU njhlhpy; epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; Nrh;fpw NghJ ,uz;Lf;Fk;

,ilapy; Ntw;Wik cUGfNsh> gz;G> tpid> ctik Kjypadtw;wpd; cUGfNsh kiwe;J

epw;Fkhdhy; mj;njhlh; njhif epiyj; njhlh;|| vd;W $Wth;. njhif epiyj; njhlh;

Ntw;Wikj; njhif> gz;Gj; njhif> tpidj; njhif> ctikj; njhif> ck;ikj; njhif>

md;nkhopj; njhif vd MW tifg;gLk;. ,tw;Ws; VjhtJ xd;W kiwe;J tUtjhy;

njhif vd toq;fyhapw;W. 'ghiyf; Fbj;jhd;" vd;gJ ghy; Fbj;jhd; vd tUtjhy;

Ntw;Wikj; njhifahapw;W. ,jpy; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUghd 'I" kiwe;J tUfpd;wJ.

CWfha; vd;gJ Cwpafha;> CWfpd;w fha;> CWk; fha; vd %d;W fhyq;fspYk;

tphpAk;. ,t;thW %d;W fhyq;fisAk; fhl;Lk; njhlh; 'CWfha;" vd te;Js;sjhy; 'tpidj;

njhif" ahapw;W.

tl;lkhfpa gyif vd;gJ tl;lg;gyiftl;lg;gyiftl;lg;gyiftl;lg;gyiftl;lg;gyif vdr; RUq;fp tUtjhy; gz;Gj; njhifahapw;W.

gtsk; Nghd;w tha; vd;gJ gtstha;gtstha;gtstha;gtstha;gtstha; vd te;Js;sjhy; ctikj; njhifahapw;W.

ntw;wpiyAk; ghf;Fk; vd;gJ ntw;wpiyg;ghf;Fntw;wpiyg;ghf;Fntw;wpiyg;ghf;Fntw;wpiyg;ghf;Fntw;wpiyg;ghf;F vdr; RUq;fp ck;ij; njhifahfte;Js;sJ.

G+itr; #ba $e;jiy cila ngz; te;jhs; vd;gJ 'G+q;Foy; te;jhs;"'G+q;Foy; te;jhs;"'G+q;Foy; te;jhs;"'G+q;Foy; te;jhs;"'G+q;Foy; te;jhs;"

vdj; njhifahf te;Js;sjhy; md;nkhopj;njhif vdg;gl;lJ.

Ntw;Wikj; njhif> tpidj; njhif> gz;Gj; njhif> ctikj; njhif> ck;ikj;



72

njhif vd;Dk; Ie;J njhif epiyj; njhlh; nkhopfSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj> mitay;yhj

gpwnrhw;fs; njhf;fp tUtd (my; + nkhop + njhif) md;nkhopj;njhif vd;gLfpd;wJ.

NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s njhif Nghd;W gy nghUs;fis cs;slf;fpa nrhy;iyr;nrhy; vd;fpNwhk;. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> rPtf rpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp>

vd;Dk; Ie;J fhg;gpaq;fisAk; ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;Nwhk;. ,tw;iwr; RUf;fkhf

'Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fs;" vd;W miog;gh;. Ie;J fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngah;fSk; RUf;fkhf

'Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fs;" vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; mlq;fpAs;sjhy; ,r;nrhy; njhifr; nrhy;

vdg;gLk;. ,JNghd;W etjhdpaq;fs;> etuj;jpdq;fs;> vdg; gy njhifr; nrhw;fs; cs;sd.

khzth;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf xU rpy ,q;Fj; jug;gLfpd;wd.

,URlh; - #hpad;> re;jpud;

,UKJ Futh; - jha;> je;ij

%Nte;jh; - Nrud;> Nrhod;> ghz;bad;

%g;gpzp - thjk;> gpj;jk;> Nrj;Jkk;

Kg;Guk; - nghd;kjpy;> nts;spkjpy;> ,Uk;Gkjpy;

Kf;fdp - kh> gyh> thio

Kg;gpwg;G - ck;ik> ,k;ik> kWik

Kf;fhyk; - ,we;j fhyk;> vjph; fhyk;> epfo; fhyk;

Kj;njhopy; - gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy;

%tplk; - jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if

Kj;jkpo; - ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;

ehw;nghUs; - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL

ehw; G+ - nfhbg; G+> Nfhl;Lg; G+> ePh;g; G+> Gjw; G+

ehd;F cghak; - rhkk;> Ngjk;> jhdk;> jz;lk;

ehw;ftp - MR ftp> kJu ftp> rpj;jpuf; ftp> tpj;jhuf; ftp

ehw;fjp - Njth;> khDlh;> tpyq;F> eufh;

ehy;Ntjk; - Uf;F> a#h;> rhkk;> mjh;tzk;

Ik;G+jk; - epyk;> ePh;> jP> fhw;W> Mfhak;

Ie;njhopy; - vz;zy;> vOjy;> ,iyfps;sy;> G+j;njhLj;jy;>aho; thrpj;jy;.

Ik;ngUq;FO - ke;jphp> GNuhfpjd;> J}jd;> xw;wd;> Nrdhjpgjp

Iq;Futh; - murd;> Mrphpad;> jha;> je;ij> jikad;

Ik;ghy; - Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyh;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy;.

gQ;rhq;fk; - jpjp> thuk;> el;rj;jpuk;> Nahfk;> fuzk;

gQ;rkh ghjfk; - nfhiy> fsT> ngha;> fs;Sz;zy;> FU epe;ij



73

Itif cz;b - fbj;jy;> ef;fy;> gUfy;> tpOq;fy;> Ritj;jy;.

mWnjhopy; - me;jzh;f; Fhpad:

Xjy; - XJtpj;jy;>

Ntl;ly; - Ntl;gpj;jy;<jy; - Vw;wy;

murh;f; Fhpad:

Xjy;> Ntl;ly;> <jy;> cyNfhk;gy;> gilf;fyk;

gapyy;> Nghh; nra;jply;>

itrpah;f; Fhpad:

Xjy;> Ntl;ly;> Ntshz;ik> thzpfk;>

ghJfhj;jy;> coT.

#j;jpuh;f; Fhpad:

gR fhj;jy;> nghUsPl;ly;> gaphply;>

Guhzq;fis Xjy;> <jy;> me;jzh;f;F cjTjy;. MW mq;fk;

- gil> Fb> $o;> mikr;R> el;G> muz;

mW gilfs; - %iyg;gil> fhl;Lg;gil> $ypg;gil> Jizg;gil>

gifg;gil> ehl;Lg;gil.

mW Ritfs; - ,dpg;G> Gspg;G> cth;g;G> Jth;g;G> frg;G> ifg;G. mW

rpwg;G - nry;tk;> tpisT> gy;tsk;> nrq;Nfhd;ik

Nehapd;ik> FWk;gpd;ik

mW kjk; - itztk;> irtk;> Gj;jk;> mUfk;> rkzk;> JUf;fk;.

tUlq;fs; VO - ghuj tUlk;> fpk;GUl tUlk;> mhp tUlk;>

,shtpUj tUlk;> ,uhkpa tUlk;> Iud;tj tUlk;>

FU tUlk;.

Kj;jp efh; VO - mNahj;jp> kJiu> khia> fhrp> fhQ;rp> mte;jp>

Jthuif.

khjh;fs; VO - fThp> mgpuhkp> kNf];thp> ehuhazp> tuhfp>

,e;jpuhzp> fhsp.

gUtq;fs; VO - Ngij> ngJk;ig kq;if> kle;ij. mupit> njupit>

Ngupsk; ngz;.fly;fs; VO - cg;G> fUg;gQ;rhW> fs;S> nea;> japu;> ghy;> ey;y

ePu;.

jPTfs; VO - rk;Gj jPT> gpyf;r jPT> Firj; jPT> fpnusQ;rj; jPT>

rhfj; jPT> rhd;gypj; jPT> Gl;fuj; jPT.

NkYyfk; VO - G+Nyhfk;> Gtu; Nyhfk;> RtNyhfk;> rdNyhfk;> jNgh

Nyhfk;> kfh Nyhfk;> rj;jpa Nyhfk;.



74

fPOyfk; VO - mjyk;> tpjyk;> Rjyk;> juhjyk;> urhjyk;> kfhjyk;>

ghjhyk;.

jpf;F vl;L - fpof;F> njd;fpof;F> njw;F> njd;Nkw;F> Nkw;F>

tlNkw;F> tlf;F> tlfpof;F.jpf;F ghyfu; vl;L - (vl;Lj; jpf;Fg; ghyfu;) ,e;jpud;> mf;fpdp> vkd;>

epUjp> tUzd;> thA> FNgud;> <rhdd;.

thfdq;fs; vl;L - nts;is ahid> Ml;Lf;flh> vUikf;flh> jz;bif>

Kjiy> fiykhd;> Fjpiu> up~gk; (fhis) MAjq;fs; vl;L-

tr;rpuk;> rj;jp> jz;lk;> Kryk;> ghrk;> Jrk;> flfk;> #yk;.

ehfq;fs; vl;L - mde;jd;> Fspfd;> thRfp> rq;fghyd;> jf;fd;>

kfhgJkd;> gJkd;> fhu;f;Nfhlfk;.

vl;Lj; jpf;F ahidfs; - Iuhtjk;> Gz;luPfk;> thkdk;> FKjk;> mQ;rdk;>

Gl;gje;jk;> rhUt G+kk;> Rg;ujPgk;.

etf;fpufk; - #upad;> re;jpud;> nrt;tha;> Gjd;> tpahod;> Rf;fpud;>

rdp> uhF> NfJ.

et jhdpak; - NfhJik> ney;> Jtiu> rpWgapW> fliy> nkhr;ir>

vs;> cSe;J> fhzk;.

et tpUl;rk; - vUf;F> gyh> fUq;fhyp> ehAUtp> muR> mj;jp> td;dp>

mWF> jUg;ig.

et jPu;j;jk; - fq;if> aKid> ruRtjp> eUkij> rpe;J> fhNtup>

Nfhjhtup> Nrhiz> Jq;f gj;jpiu.

etuj;jpdk; - khzpf;fk;> Kj;J> gtsk;> gr;ir> Gl;guhfk;> tapuk;>

ePyk;> NfhNkjfk;> it^upak;.

et Gl;gk; - nre;jhkiu> ntz;zy;yp> nrz;gfk;> ntz; fhe;js;>

Ky;iy> ntz;lhkiu> fUq;Ftis> kUke;jhiu>

nrt;ty;yp.

et tPuu; - tPuthF> tPuNfrup> tPukNfe;jpud;> tPukNfRtud;> tPu

Gue;jpud;> tPukhu;j;jhz;ld;> tPuuhl;rjd;> tPuhe;jfd;>

tPujPud;.

gjpdhW nry;tq;fs; - Gfo;> fy;tp> typ> ntw;wp> ed;kf;fs;> nghd;> ney;>ey;Y}o;> Efu;r;rp> mwpT> moF> ngUik> ,sik>

JzpT> Nehapd;ik> tho;ehs;.

gjpdhW cgrhuq;fs; - Mthfdk;> Mrdk;> ghj;jpak;> mUf;fpak;> MrkdPak;>

];ehdk;> t];jpuk;> vf;NQhgtPjk;> fe;jk;> G~;gk;>

J}gk;> ieNtj;jpak;> jhk;G+yk;> ek];fhuk;>

cj;thfdk;> jPgk;.



75

Nkw;fz;l njhifr; nrhw;fs; ahTk; gid Nahiyr; Rtbfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

khztu;fs; ,lkwpe;J njhifr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;lhy; nkhopeil moF ngWk;. jpUk;gj;

jpUk;gf; $wp Neuj;ij tPzhf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhfNt njhifr; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ

vd;gij czu;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,izr; nrhy;:-

,U NtWgl;l nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fs; ,ize;J Gjpajhf NtnwhU nghUisj;

jUkhdhy; mJ ,izr; nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

,uz;L ntt;NtW epwq;fisf; fye;J Gjpajhf xU epwj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ Nghy

,izr; nrhw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

fz;l Jz;lk; vd;gJ Xu; ,izr; nrhy;. fz;lk; vd;gJ fOj;J> Jz;lk; vd;gJ

vQ;rpAs;s clk;Gg; gFjp vd;gJ nghUs;. mjhtJ jiyNtW cly;NtW vd;gJ nghUs;

MFk;. Mdhy; ,uz;L nrhy;Yk; ,ize;J gyg;gy Jz;Lfs; vdg; nghUs;jUk;. ‘fz;l

Jz;lkhf ntl;bdhd;’ vd;why; gyg;gy Jz;Lfshf ntl;bdhd; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,t;thW

tUtJ ,izr;nrhy; MFk;.

fz;Zk; fUj;Jk; vd;gJ Xu; ,izr; nrhy;. fz; vd;gJ fz;. fUj;J vd;gJ Nehf;fk;>

ftdk;> nfhs;if vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fSk; ,ize;J mf;fiw vdg; nghUs;

jUk;. xU khztd; mf;fiwNahL gbg;gij ,t;tpizr; nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fyhk;. xt;nthU

ehSk; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha;g; gbf;Fk; khztu;fs; Nju;Tf;F mQ;rkhl;lhu;fs; vd te;J

,izr; nrhy; Mfpd;wJ.

,izr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;Fk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fspd; nghUis ed;Fczu;e;J njspe;j gpd;dNu thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.

khztu;fspd; ed;ik fUjp xU rpy ,izr; nrhw;fs; ,q;F thf;fpaj;jpy; ; mikj;Jf;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

,izr; nrhy; thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-

1. ifAk; fsTk; (if – jpUl;L)

rpyk;G jpUba fs;td; ifAk; fsTkha; mfg;gl;Lf; nfhz;lhd; vd;W

nghw;nfhy;yd; ghz;ba kd;ddplk; $wpdhd;.

2. fz;zPUk; fk;giyAk; (fz;zPu; - Muthuk;) Nfhtyd; jd;id ntWj;Jr; nrd;wij czu;e;j khjtp fz;zPUk;

fk;giyAkhf tUe;jpdhs;.

3. Mw mku (MWjy; - cl;fhUjy;)

,e;jpag; gpujku; ve;jf; fhupaj;ijAk; Mw mkur; rpe;jpj;Jr; nra;tjpy;

ty;ytu;.



76

4. ,d;dhu; ,dpahu; (Ntz;lhjtu; - Ntz;batu;)

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,d;dhu; ,dpahu; vd;W ghuhky; eLTepiyNahL ePjp

toq;FjNy ePjpgjpapd; flik.

5. cw;whu; cwtpdu; (Rw;wj;jhu;- cwtpdu;)

nry;tu;fSf;Fr; rpwg;G cw;whu; cwtpdu;fSf;F cjtp nra;J tho;jy;

MFk;.

6. njs;sj; njspa (Muha;jy; - njspthjy;)

jd; fztd; Nfhtyd; fs;td; my;yd; vd;gijj; njs;sj; njspthff;

fz;zfp tpsf;fpdhs;.

7. CUk; NgUk;. (Cu; - ngau;)

CUk; NgUk; njupahjtu;fs; vy;NyhUk; ,d;W cau;thf tho;fpd;whu;fs;.

8. rukhupaha; (mk;G – kio)

. ,e;jpa ghfp];jhd; Nghupd;NghJ ghfp];jhd; kPJ ,e;jpa tPuu;fs; rukhupaha;f;

Fz;Lfis tPrpdu;.

9. rl;l jpl;lk; (rl;lk; - jpl;lk;)

rl;l jpl;lj;Jf;F mlq;fp elf;fhjtiu muR jz;bf;Fk;.

10. tpUg;G ntWg;G (tpUk;Gjy; - ntWj;jy;)

xU nghUis tpUg;G ntWg;G ,y;yhky; Muha;e;J cz;ik fhz;gtNd

rpwe;j mwpthspahthd;.

11. Vwj;jho (VWjy; - ,wq;Fjy;> NkNy - fPNo)

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fhyk; Vwj;jho %thapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ

vd;gu;.

12. my;Yk; gfYk; (,uT - gfy;)

khztu;fs; my;Yk; gfYk; gbj;jhy; Nju;tpy; ntw;wpailayhk;.

13. mb jb (mb - fk;G)

,UtUf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l tha;g;Ngr;R Kw;wp mbjbapy; Kbe;jJ.

14. <L vLg;G (xg;G - msT) mwpQu; mz;zh <L vLg;gw;w jk; Ngr;Rj; jpwikahy; mopahg; Gfo;

ngw;whu;.

15. mupj;Jf; Fiyj;J (mupj;jy; - Fiyj;jy;)

fz;%bj;jdkhd jPa gof;f tof;fq;fs; ek; ehl;il mupj;Jf; Fiyj;J

tUfpd;wd.



77

16. tk;G Jk;G (rz;il – Edp)

fhupaj;jpy; fz;zhf ,Ug;gtu; gpwNuhL tk;G Jk;Gf;Fr; nry;ykhl;lhu;

17. nts;isAk; nrhs;isAk; (ntz;ik - nrhj;ij)

nts;isAk; nrhs;isAkha; cil cLj;jpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. cs;sj;jpYk; J}a;ik Ntz;Lk;.

18. ,y;yhjJk; nghy;yhjJk; (,y;yhjJ – Fw;wkhdJ)

Nju;jy; Neuj;jpy; fl;rpf;fhuu;fs; xUtiunahUtu; ,y;yhjJk;

nghy;yhjJkhff; $Wtu;.

,izr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-,izr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-,izr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-,izr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-,izr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-

mLf;Fr; nrhw;fs;:-mLf;Fr; nrhw;fs;:-mLf;Fr; nrhw;fs;:-mLf;Fr; nrhw;fs;:-mLf;Fr; nrhw;fs;:-

xNu nrhy; gyKiw mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj; njhlu; vdg;gLk;. ,j;njhlupy; xU

nrhy; ,uz;bypUe;J ehd;F Kiw tiu mLf;fp tUk; ;. mLf;Fj; njhlupy; tUk; xt;nthU

nrhy;Yk; xNu nghUs; cilajha; ,Uf;Fk;.

ghk;G ghk;G

tUf tUf

neUg;G neUg;G

tho;f tho;f

NkNy Fwpj;Js;s njhlu;fisf; ftdpj;jhy; xNu nrhy; gy Kiw mLf;fp te;Js;sijf;

fhzyhk;. ,r;nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa gpupj;Jg; ghu;j;jhy; nghUs; jUfpd;wd. ,j;njhlu;fspy;cs;s xNu nrhy;iyf; nfhz;Lk; thf;fpak; mikAk;. mLf;Fj; njhliuf; nfhz;L thf;fpak;

mikAk;NghJ nkhop eil rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;. ekJ fy;Y}upf;F ,yf;fpar; nry;tu; te;jNghJ

khztu;fs; mtiu tUf tUf ntd;W tuNtw;wdu;. ,t;thW thf;fpaj;jpy; mLf;Fj; njhlu;

gapd;W te;J nkhopf;F mo$l;Lk;.

Mrpupau; tFg;giwapDs; EioAk;NghJ khztu;fs; mtiu tUfntd;W mioj;jdu;.

,J mLf;Fj; njhlupy; cs;s xU nrhy; kl;Lk; nghUSld; thf;fpaj;jpy; mikAk;

vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

1. mUik ngUik

2. mfKk; KfKk;

3. Mly; ghly;4. cz;Lk; cLj;Jk;

5. fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk;

6. fy;tpAk; Nfs;tpAk;

7. rpd;dh gpd;dk;

8. rPUk; rpwg;Gk;

9. Rw;W Kw;Wk;

10. jpl;ltl;lk;

11. eiuAk; jpiuAk;

12. ey;yJ nfl;lJ

13. ehAk; NgAk;14. ehSk; fpoikAk;

15. Neha; nehb

16. gl;b njhl;b

17. gapu; gr; ;ir

18. gof;f tof;fk;

19. Kl;b Nkhjp

20. te;jtd; Nghdtd;



78

xU FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ,ul;ilf; Foe;ijfisg; ghu;j;jhy; xd;W NghyNt fhzg;gLtu;.

mtu;fs; ,ul;ilauhfg; gpwe;jhYk; jdpj;jdpf; Fzeyd;fSld; ,Ug;gu;. mJNghd;W ,uz;L

nrhw;fs; mLf;fp te;J gpupj;jhy; nghUs; je;J mLf;Fj; njhlu; Mfpd;wJ.

mir epiy> nghUs; epiy ,ir epiwf;F xU nrhy;,uz;L %d;W ehd;nfy;iy Kiw mLf;Fk;

(ed;D}y; : 395)

vd;W ed;D}y; $WfpwJ.

tpiuT> ntFsp> kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;> Jd;gk; Kjypa nghUs;fis czu;j;Jtjw;fhfTk;>

mir epiyahfTk; nra;Aspy; ,ir epiwj;jw;fhfTk; xU nrhy; ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F

Kiw mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj; njhlu; MFk;.

rhd;Wfsrhd;Wfsrhd;Wfsrhd;Wfsrhd;Wfs;

1. XL XL XL

2. fhzPu; fhzPu;

3. jP jP

4. gpb gpb

5. tho;f tho;f tho;f tho;f

,ul;ilr; nrhw;fs;:-,ul;ilr; nrhw;fs;:-,ul;ilr; nrhw;fs;:-,ul;ilr; nrhw;fs;:-,ul;ilr; nrhw;fs;:-

,ul;ilr; nrhy;iy ,ul;ilf; fpstp vd;Wk; $Wtu;. fpstp vd;gJ nrhy; vdg;

nghUs;gLk;. ,ul;ilr; nrhw;fshfNt epd;W> gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhky;> tpidfis mLj;Jmtw;wpd; milnkhopfshfp tUtd ,ul;ilf; fpstp vdg;gLk;.

jkpo;r; nry;tp fyfyfyfyfyfyfyfyfyfyntdr; rpupj;jhs;.

Fjpiu jljljljljljljljljljlntd Xbw;W.

tz;b flflflflflflflflflflntd Xbw;W.

kio ePu; ryryryryryryryryryryntd XbaJ.

NkNy Fwpj;Js;s njhlu;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fyfy> jljl> flfl> ryry vd;Dk;

nrhw;fisf; ftdpAq;fs;. fyfyntdr; rpupj;jhs; - ,jpy; fyfy vd;gJ rpupj;jhs; vd;Dk;

tpidr; nrhy;Yf;F Kd;dhy; milnkhopahf te;Js;sJ. ,uz;L nrhw;fisg; Nghy;

Njhd;Wk; ‘fyfy’ xNu nrhy;yhFk;. ,r;nrhy;iy fy - fy vdg; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ.‘fy fy’ vd;Dk; nrhy; Nru;e;Nj thf;fpaj;jpy; mike;J nkhop eilf;F mo$l;Lk;.

‘fyfy’ vd;Dk; ,ul;ilr; nrhy; xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;yhfNt tUk;. ,r;nrhy;iyg; gpupj;J

mij thf;fpaj;jp;y; mikj;jhy; nghUsw;w thf;fpakhfTk;> epiwTwhj thf;fpakhfTk;

mikAk;.

“nry;tp fyfy ntdr; rpupj;jhs;”. vd;Dk;NghJ thf;fpak; moF ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.



79

“nry;tp fyntdr; rpupj;jhs;” vd;W $Wk;NghJ thf;fpaj;jpy; VNjh Fiw

fhzg;gLtJNghy; Klkhd thf;fpakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

rhd;Wfs;:-

1. kuk; klklklklklklklklklklntd Kwpe;jJ.

2. fy;Y}upapy; kzp fzfzfzfzfzfzfzfzfzfzntd xypj;jJ.

3. fpotd; FLFLFLFLFLFLFLFLFLFLntd Xbdhd;.

4. guj ehl;bak; Mba ngz;zpd; fhw; ryq;if fyPu;fyPufyPu;fyPufyPu;fyPufyPu;fyPufyPu;fyPu; vd;W xypj;jJ.

5. khztu;fspd; rl;il njhsnjhsnjhsnjhsnjhsnjhsnjhsnjhsnjhsnjhs ntd;W ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

6. kio Neuj;jpy; kpd;dy; gspr;gsprgspr;gsprgspr;gsprgspr;gsprgspr;gspr; vd kpd;Dk;

7. nfhiyfhudpd; neQ;R glglglglglglglglglglntd mbf;Fk;.

8. New;W ksksksksksksksksksksntd;W tPLfl;Lk; Ntiy ele;jJ.

9. Fw;whyj;jpy; fhyepiy FSFSFSFSFSFSFSFSFSFSntd;W ,Ue;jJ

10. vjpup gy;iy ewewewewewewewewewewntd;W fbj;jhd;.

,ul;ilf; fpstpapYk; mLf;Fj; njhlupYk; kaf;fk; jUk; rpy nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,it ,ul;ilf; fpstpah? mLf;Fj; njhluh? vd;W KbT nra;tjpy; rpy Fog;gq;fSk;

cs;sd.

khjh Nfhtpypd; kzpNahir fzPu; fzPufzPu; fzPufzPu; fzPufzPu; fzPufzPu; fzPu; vd xypj;jJ.

vd; je;ij vd;idg; gshu; gshnugshu; gshnugshu; gshnugshu; gshnugshu; gshnud;W miwe;jhu;.

kio Neuj;jpy; kpd;dy; gsPu; gsPugsPu; gsPugsPu; gsPugsPu; gsPugsPu; gsPu; vd kpd;dpaJ.

Nkw;fz;l ,t; thf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fzPu; fzPu;> gshu; gshu;> gsPu; gsPu;

vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; mLf;Fj; njhluh ,ul;ilf; fpstpah vd;gjpy; kaf;fkhf cs;sJ.Vndd;why; khjh Nfhtpypd; kzpNahir fzPnudf; Nfl;lJ vd;Wk; vd; je;ij vd;idg;

gshnud miwe;jhu; vd;Wk; kpd;dy; gsPnud kpd;dpaJ vd;Wk; ,r; nrhw;fis mLf;Fj;

njhlu; Nghd;W thf;fpaj;jpy; mikf;fyhk;.

fzPu; fzPu;> gshu; gshu;> gsPu; gsPu; vd;gd xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs; Nghy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mapd; ,it ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;Dk; tifapy; mlq;Fk;.

mLf;Fj; njhlUk; ,ul;ilf;fpstpAk; Nkw; ;; ;; ;Nghf;fhfg; ghu;j;jhy; xd;W NghyNt

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,it ,uz;bw;Fk; rpW NtWghLfs; cs;sd.

mLf;Fj; njhlu;mLf;Fj; njhlu;mLf;Fj; njhlu;mLf;Fj; njhlu;mLf;Fj; njhlu;1. xU nrhy; ,uz;L %d;W ehd;F

Kiw tiu mLf;fp tUk;.

2. xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk; jdpj; jdpNa

gpupj;jhYk; nghUs; jUk;.

3. kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;. tpiuT.> ntFsp

Kjypa gy nghUs;fspy; tUk;.

,ul;ilf;fpstp,ul;ilf;fpstp,ul;ilf;fpstp,ul;ilf;fpstp,ul;ilf;fpstp

1. ,ul;ilr; nrhy;yhfNt tUk;.,uz;Lf;F Nky; tuhJ.

2. jdpj;jdpNa gpupj;jhy;

nghUs; juhJ.

3. tpidfSf;F milnkhopfshfp

xypf; Fwpg;G Kjypad gw;wp

tUk;.



80

khztu;fs; kdk; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu;fs; kdk; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu;fs; kdk; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu;fs; kdk; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-khztu;fs; kdk; nfhs;s Ntz;Ltd:-

1. njhifr; nrhy; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

2. ,URlu;> Kg;gpzp> Kg;gpwg;G> ehw;fyp> ehy; Ntjk;> Ik;ngUq; FO> Ik; ghy;> mW

Rit> mW rpwg;G> VO tUlq;fs;> VO gUtq;fs;> vl;Lj; jpirfs;> Mfpanjhifr; nrhw;fis tpupj;J vOJf.

3. ,izr; nrhy; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.

4. ,izr; nrhy; gFjpapd; ,Wjpapy; jug;gl;bUf;Fk; ,izr; nrhw;fis

thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f.

5. mLf;Fj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.

6. ,ul;ilf; fpstp vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.

7. mLf;Fj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ul;ilf; fpstpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?



81


nkhopg; gapw;rpnkhopg; gapw;rpnkhopg; gapw;rpnkhopg; gapw;rpnkhopg; gapw;rp - II

(ctikfs;> gonkhopfs;> kuGj; njhlu;> tsikj; njhlu;)

ctikfs;:-ctikfs;:-ctikfs;:-ctikfs;:-ctikfs;:-

kdpjd; jhd; fhZfpd;w vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f

vz;Zfpwhd;. ,t;tpay;G kdpjd; rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpaNghNj Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.. xU

ftpQdpd; cs;sj;Js; vOe;jthNw cyfpw;F czu;j;j cjTtd ctikfs; MFk;.

,t;Ttikfs; nghUspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.

xU nghUis kw;nwhU nghUNshL xg;Gikg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ ctik vdg;gLk;.

mjhtJ njupahj xd;iwj; njupe;j xd;NwhL xg;Gikg;gLj;JtjhFk;.

xU nghUSf;F kw;nwhU nghUis ctikahfr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ mt;tpuz;L

nghUs;fSf;Fk; nghJthfpa xU njhopy; (tpid) fhuzkhfTk;> mj;njhopyhy; ngWk;

gad; fhuzkhfTk;> cUthfpa tz;zk; fhuzkhfTk;> xg;Gik $wg;gLkhjypd; ctkj;jhy;

nghUs; Njhd;Wk;. mJ Njhw;wk;> tpid> gad;> nka;> cU vd ehy;tifg;gLk; vd;gu;.

,jid>

“tpid> gad;> nka;cU vd;w ehd;Nf

tifngw te;j ctkj; Njhw;wk;”

vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

ctikapy; mlq;fpAs;s cWg;Gfs; ctNkak;> ctkhdk;> nghJg; gz;G> ctk

cUG vd;Dk; ehd;fhFk;. nrhy;y vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUisg; ‘nghUs;’vd;Wk; mjd;

,ay;igAk; jd;ikiaAk; tpsf;Ftjw;F xg;Gikahff; nfhs;sg;gLk; gpwnghUis ctik

vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLthu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. ,t;tpuz;ilAk; KiwNa ctNkak; - ctkhdk; vd;W

Fwpg;gu; tlE}yhu;. ctikAk; nghUSk; Mfpa ,t;tpU nghUs;fspYk; xj;J fhzg;gLk;

tz;zk;> tbT> njhopy;> gad; Mfpatw;wpd; xg;Gj; jd;ikiag; ‘nghJg;gz;G’ vd;gu;.

mj;jd;ikapid tpsf;Ftjw;F ctikf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fs;

“cUGfs;” MFk;.

“ghy; NghYk; ,d;nrhy;gtsk; Nghy; nre;Jtu; tha;”

vd;w ghlybfs; ‘ghiyg; Nghy; ,dpa nrhy;> gtsj;ijg;Nghy; rpte;j cjLfis cila

tha;’ vd tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

nrhy; - ghy; Nghy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

tha; - gtsk; Nghy; ,Uf;fpwJ.



82

nrhy;Yf;Fg; ghiyAk; tha;f;Fg; gtsj;ijAk; ctikahff; $Wfpd;whu;.

ghy; - ctik

nrhy; - ctNkak; my;yJ nghUs;.NghYk; - ctk cUG

,dpik – nghJg;gz;G

ctikfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-ctikfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-ctikfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-ctikfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-ctikfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-

1. vs;spDs; vz;nza; Nghyvs;spDs; vz;nza; Nghyvs;spDs; vz;nza; Nghyvs;spDs; vz;nza; Nghyvs;spDs; vz;nza; Nghy ,iwtd; vq;Fk; ePf;fkw epiwe;Js;shd;.

2. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Gfo; Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghyFd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghyFd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghyFd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghyFd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghy cynfq;Fk;

gutpAs;sJ.

3. fz;zfpiaf; fTe;jpabfs; fz;iz ,ik fhg;gJ Nghyfz;iz ,ik fhg;gJ Nghyfz;iz ,ik fhg;gJ Nghyfz;iz ,ik fhg;gJ Nghyfz;iz ,ik fhg;gJ Nghy; fhj;jhs;.

4. fhkuh[u; jhkiuapiy ePu; Nghyjhkiuapiy ePu; Nghyjhkiuapiy ePu; Nghyjhkiuapiy ePu; Nghyjhkiuapiy ePu; Nghy ,y;yw tho;tpy; gw;wpd;wp tho;e;jhu;.

5. G+q;nfhb NfhkfDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiufs; flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghyg;flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghyg;flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghyg;flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghyg;flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghyg;

gadw;Wg; Nghapd.

6. xU jha; tapw;W kf;fisg; NghyxU jha; tapw;W kf;fisg; NghyxU jha; tapw;W kf;fisg; NghyxU jha; tapw;W kf;fisg; NghyxU jha; tapw;W kf;fisg; Nghy ,uhkDk; FfDk; md;ghy; xd;W gl;ldu;.

7. Nrw;wpy; Kisj;j nre;jhkiu NghyfNrw;wpy; Kisj;j nre;jhkiu NghyfNrw;wpy; Kisj;j nre;jhkiu NghyfNrw;wpy; Kisj;j nre;jhkiu NghyfNrw;wpy; Kisj;j nre;jhkiu Nghyf; fw;Gf;furpahd G+q;nfhb fzpifau;

Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jhs;.

8. jd; je;ijapd; kiwthy; G+q;nfhb nfhOnfhk;gw;w nfhb NghynfhOnfhk;gw;w nfhb NghynfhOnfhk;gw;w nfhb NghynfhOnfhk;gw;w nfhb NghynfhOnfhk;gw;w nfhb Nghy tUe;jpdhs;.

9. jruju; ,uhkidf; fhl;Lf;F mDg;g kdkpy;yhkYk; ifNfapf;Ff; nfhLj;j

thf;if kPw KbahkYk; ,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghyj,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghyj,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghyj,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghyj,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghyj; jtpj;jhu;.

10. G+q;nfhb jd;idj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;ths; vd;W vz;zpapUe;j Nfhkfd;

,yT fhj;j fpspNghy;,yT fhj;j fpspNghy;,yT fhj;j fpspNghy;,yT fhj;j fpspNghy;,yT fhj;j fpspNghy; Mdhd;.

11. fh~;kPiuj; jd;tag;gLj;Jtjpy; ghfp];jhdpd; Neu;ikaw;w Nghf;F cs;sq;ifcs;sq;ifcs;sq;ifcs;sq;ifcs;sq;ifney;ypf; fdpNghyney;ypf; fdpNghyney;ypf; fdpNghyney;ypf; fdpNghyney;ypf; fdpNghy cyfj;Jf;Fj; njupe;J tpl;lJ.

12. mj;jp G+j;jhw;Nghyf;mj;jp G+j;jhw;Nghyf;mj;jp G+j;jhw;Nghyf;mj;jp G+j;jhw;Nghyf;mj;jp G+j;jhw;Nghyf; Nfhtyd; jd;id ehb te;jijf; fz;l fz;zfp ngU

kfpo;r;rp mile;jhs;.

13. Nfhtyd; jd;idg; gpupe;J nrd;Wtpl;lhd; vd;W tUe;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j khjtp

mtd; ,we;j nra;jpiaf; Nfl;L nte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;e;jJ Nghynte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;e;jJ Nghynte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;e;jJ Nghynte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;e;jJ Nghynte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;e;jJ Nghy

Mdhs;.

14. ,uhkDf;F Ntiy mtd; fy;tpj; jFjpf;Ff; fpilf;f ,Ue;Jk; fhf;if cl;fhug;fhf;if cl;fhug;fhf;if cl;fhug;fhf;if cl;fhug;fhf;if cl;fhug;

gok; tpOe;jhw;Nghygok; tpOe;jhw;Nghygok; tpOe;jhw;Nghygok; tpOe;jhw;Nghygok; tpOe;jhw;Nghy ke;jpup jd; gupe;Jiuahy;jhd; fpilj;jJ vdf; $wpdhu;.

15. kJtpyf;Fg; gpur;rhuk; nra;Nthu; rpyu; Fspf;fg;Ngha;r; Nrw;iwg; G+rpf;Fspf;fg;Ngha;r; Nrw;iwg; G+rpf;Fspf;fg;Ngha;r; Nrw;iwg; G+rpf;Fspf;fg;Ngha;r; Nrw;iwg; G+rpf;Fspf;fg;Ngha;r; Nrw;iwg; G+rpf;

nfhz;lJNghyjnfhz;lJNghyjnfhz;lJNghyjnfhz;lJNghyjnfhz;lJNghyj; jhq;fNs kJtUe;jp kaq;fpf; fple;jdu;.

16. nkupdh flw;fiuapy; kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghyg;kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghyg;kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghyg;kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghyg;kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghyg; Ngrpa ,yf;fpar; nry;tupd;Ngr;irf; Nfl;L midtUk; nka;kwe;J Nghapdu;.

17. Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;gLtJNghyg;Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;gLtJNghyg;Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;gLtJNghyg;Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;gLtJNghyg;Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;gLtJNghyg; gpr;irf;fhud; ehl;bd;

,sturpia kzf;f tpUk;gpdhd;.

18. KOg; G+rzpf;fhiar; Nrhw;wpy; kiwg;gJ Nghyf;KOg; G+rzpf;fhiar; Nrhw;wpy; kiwg;gJ Nghyf;KOg; G+rzpf;fhiar; Nrhw;wpy; kiwg;gJ Nghyf;KOg; G+rzpf;fhiar; Nrhw;wpy; kiwg;gJ Nghyf;KOg; G+rzpf;fhiar; Nrhw;wpy; kiwg;gJ Nghyf; fh~;kPupy; CLUtpa

jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; vq;fSf;Fk; njhlu;gpy;iy vdg; ghfp];jhd; mwptpj;jJ.

19. ntz;nza; jpuz;L tUk;NghJ jhop cile;jhw;Nghyntz;nza; jpuz;L tUk;NghJ jhop cile;jhw;Nghyntz;nza; jpuz;L tUk;NghJ jhop cile;jhw;Nghyntz;nza; jpuz;L tUk;NghJ jhop cile;jhw;Nghyntz;nza; jpuz;L tUk;NghJ jhop cile;jhw;Nghy uh[Pt; fhe;jp ehl;Lf;F

ed;iknra;a Kw;gl;lNghJ nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.



83

20. ey;y kuj;jpy; Gy;YUtp gha;e;jhw;Nghyey;y kuj;jpy; Gy;YUtp gha;e;jhw;Nghyey;y kuj;jpy; Gy;YUtp gha;e;jhw;Nghyey;y kuj;jpy; Gy;YUtp gha;e;jhw;Nghyey;y kuj;jpy; Gy;YUtp gha;e;jhw;Nghy ey;ytdhfpa Nfhg;ngUQ; NrhoDf;Ff;

nfhbatu; ,Utu; kf;fsha;g; gpwe;jdu;.

21. G+Tld; Nru;e;j ehUk; kzk; ngw;whw; NghyG+Tld; Nru;e;j ehUk; kzk; ngw;whw; NghyG+Tld; Nru;e;j ehUk; kzk; ngw;whw; NghyG+Tld; Nru;e;j ehUk; kzk; ngw;whw; NghyG+Tld; Nru;e;j ehUk; kzk; ngw;whw; Nghy mz;zhitr; Nru;e;j midtUk;

Ngr;Rj; jpwikapy; ty;ytu;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;.

22. kz; Fjpiuia ek;gp Mw;wpy; ,wq;fpaJ Nghyf; kz; Fjpiuia ek;gp Mw;wpy; ,wq;fpaJ Nghyf;kz; Fjpiuia ek;gp Mw;wpy; ,wq;fpaJ Nghyf; kz; Fjpiuia ek;gp Mw;wpy; ,wq;fpaJ Nghyf;kz; Fjpiuia ek;gp Mw;wpy; ,wq;fpaJ Nghyf; Nfhtyd; nghw;nfhy;yidek;gpj; jd; capiu ,oe;jhd;.

23. thiog; goj;jpy; Crp Vw;WtJ Nghyg;thiog; goj;jpy; Crp Vw;WtJ Nghyg;thiog; goj;jpy; Crp Vw;WtJ Nghyg;thiog; goj;jpy; Crp Vw;WtJ Nghyg;thiog; goj;jpy; Crp Vw;WtJ Nghyg; gpwUf;Fj; jd; fUj;Jfisf; $wpdhu;

fhkuh[u;.

24. fpspia tsu;j;Jg; G+id ifapy; nfhLj;jhw;Nghyj;fpspia tsu;j;Jg; G+id ifapy; nfhLj;jhw;Nghyj;fpspia tsu;j;Jg; G+id ifapy; nfhLj;jhw;Nghyj;fpspia tsu;j;Jg; G+id ifapy; nfhLj;jhw;Nghyj;fpspia tsu;j;Jg; G+id ifapy; nfhLj;jhw;Nghyj; je;ij md;Gld;

tsu;j;j kfisg; gzj;Jf;F Mirg;gl;L FbfhuDf;F kzk; nra;J itj;jhu;.

25. NtypNa gapiu Nka;tJ NghyjNtypNa gapiu Nka;tJ NghyjNtypNa gapiu Nka;tJ NghyjNtypNa gapiu Nka;tJ NghyjNtypNa gapiu Nka;tJ Nghyj; jpy;ypapy; je;ijkhu; rpyu; jk; ngz;izNa

fw;gopj;jdu;.

26. fz;zfp kio Kfk; fhzhg; gapu; Nghyfkio Kfk; fhzhg; gapu; Nghyfkio Kfk; fhzhg; gapu; Nghyfkio Kfk; fhzhg; gapu; Nghyfkio Kfk; fhzhg; gapu; Nghyf; Nfhtyid vjpu;ghu;j;Jf; fhj;jpUe;jhs;.

27. ke;jhiuapd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;l ifNfapd; kdk; xU Flg;ghypy; Jsp tp~k;xU Flg;ghypy; Jsp tp~k;xU Flg;ghypy; Jsp tp~k;xU Flg;ghypy; Jsp tp~k;xU Flg;ghypy; Jsp tp~k;

fye;jhw;Nghyf;fye;jhw;Nghyf;fye;jhw;Nghyf;fye;jhw;Nghyf;fye;jhw;Nghyf; nfl;L tpl;lJ.

28. ,uhkd; fhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;wij mwpe;j jrujd; mbaw;w kuk;Nghymbaw;w kuk;Nghymbaw;w kuk;Nghymbaw;w kuk;Nghymbaw;w kuk;Nghy kaq;fpr;

rha;e;jhu;.

29. mUr ;RdDila fhz ;Bgj ;j pd ; Xiriaf ; Nfl ;Lg ; giftu ;fs ;

,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy eLq;fpdu;.

30. khidj; Njbr; nrd;W jpUk;gp te;j ,uhkd; rPijiaf; fhzhky; ,btpOe;j,btpOe;j,btpOe;j,btpOe;j,btpOe;j

kuk; Nghyrkuk; Nghyrkuk; Nghyrkuk; Nghyrkuk; Nghyr; nrayw;W epd;whd;.

31. G+q;nfhbapd;Nky; nfhiyf; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lij mwpe;j ngUepyf;fpohu; cLf;ifcLf;ifcLf;ifcLf;ifcLf;if

,oe;jtd; ifNghy,oe;jtd; ifNghy,oe;jtd; ifNghy,oe;jtd; ifNghy,oe;jtd; ifNghy mtSf;F cjt XNlhb te;jhu;.

32. cyfpd; midj;J ehLfSk; vt;tsNth mwpTiu $wpAk; rjhk; cNrd;

cLk;Gg; gpb NghyjcLk;Gg; gpb NghyjcLk;Gg; gpb NghyjcLk;Gg; gpb NghyjcLk;Gg; gpb Nghyj; jd; nfhs;ifia khw;wpf; nfhs;s kWj;J tpl;lhd;.

33. cg;gpUe;j ghz;lk;Nghycg;gpUe;j ghz;lk;Nghycg;gpUe;j ghz;lk;Nghycg;gpUe;j ghz;lk;Nghycg;gpUe;j ghz;lk;Nghy ,uhkd; cly; vYk;GUf;fp Nehahy; ,isj;J tpl;lJ.34. G+q;nfhb NfhkfDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiufs; gadw;Wg; ngha;tpl;lij mwpe;J

ckp Fw;wpf; if typj;jhw;Nghyckp Fw;wpf; if typj;jhw;Nghyckp Fw;wpf; if typj;jhw;Nghyckp Fw;wpf; if typj;jhw;Nghyckp Fw;wpf; if typj;jhw;Nghy tUe;jpdhs;.

35. ftpkzp mtu;fspd; ftpj;jpwik rpyfhyk; tiu Flj;jpypl;l tpsf;F NghyFlj;jpypl;l tpsf;F NghyFlj;jpypl;l tpsf;F NghyFlj;jpypl;l tpsf;F NghyFlj;jpypl;l tpsf;F Nghy

ehl;Lf;Fj; njupahjpUe;jJ.

36. ,sikapw; fw;Fk; fy;tp fy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghyfy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghyfy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghyfy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghyfy;Nky; vOj;Jg;Nghy vd;Wk; mopahky; epiyj;J

epw;Fk;.

37. Fkup mde;jd; mtu;fs; ru;f;fiug; ge;jypy; Njd;khup nghope;jJ Nghyru;f;fiug; ge;jypy; Njd;khup nghope;jJ Nghyru;f;fiug; ge;jypy; Njd;khup nghope;jJ Nghyru;f;fiug; ge;jypy; Njd;khup nghope;jJ Nghyru;f;fiug; ge;jypy; Njd;khup nghope;jJ Nghy

,yf;fpak; Ngr ty;ytuhjyhy; ‘,yf;fpar; nry;tu;’ vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhu;.

38. ciog;Ng cau;T jUk; vd Mrpupau; $wpa mwpTiu gRkuj;jhzpNghygRkuj;jhzpNghygRkuj;jhzpNghygRkuj;jhzpNghygRkuj;jhzpNghy;

khztu; kdjpy; gjpe;J tpl;lJ.

39. Mz;ltd; mUshy; vd; Jd;gk; gfytidf; fz;l gdpNghygfytidf; fz;l gdpNghygfytidf; fz;l gdpNghygfytidf; fz;l gdpNghygfytidf; fz;l gdpNghy; tpyfpaJ.40. gRj; Njhy; Nghu;j;jpa GypNghyrgRj; Njhy; Nghu;j;jpa GypNghyrgRj; Njhy; Nghu;j;jpa GypNghyrgRj; Njhy; Nghu;j;jpa GypNghyrgRj; Njhy; Nghu;j;jpa GypNghyr; rhkpahu;fs; ey;ytu;Nghy; ebj;Jg; ngz;fisf;

fw;gopf;fpd;wdu;.

ctikfis thf;fpaj;jy; mikf;f:-ctikfis thf;fpaj;jy; mikf;f:-ctikfis thf;fpaj;jy; mikf;f:-ctikfis thf;fpaj;jy; mikf;f:-ctikfis thf;fpaj;jy; mikf;f:-

1. fpzW ntl;lg; G+jk; Gwg;gl;lJ Nghy

2. tpoYf;F ,iwj;j ePu; Nghy



84

3. Miy tha;f; fUk;G Nghy

4. Fyj;ijf; nfLf;f te;j Nfhlupf; fhk;G Nghy

5. gok; eOtpg; ghypy; tpOe;jJ Nghy

6. Fuq;F ifapy; G+khiy Nghy

7. kyUk; kzKk; Nghy8. jtis jd; thahy; nfLtJ Nghy

9. nfhy;yd; njUtpy; Crp tpw;gJ Nghy

10. ghyhg; goj;jpy; < nkha;jhw; Nghy

11. ghy; epide;J}l;Lk; jha; Nghy

12. Fk;gplg;Nghd nja;tk; FWf;Nf te;jJ Nghy

13. Cik fz;l fdT Nghy

14. neUg;gpy; ,l;l GOg; Nghy

15. Gw;wpypUe;J <ry; Gwg;gl;lhw; Nghy

16. Gspak; goKk; XLk; Nghy

17. ntz;zpyhTk; thDk; Nghy

gonkhopfs;:-gonkhopfs;:-gonkhopfs;:-gonkhopfs;:-gonkhopfs;:-

ek; %jhijau;fspd; mDgtq;fspypUe;J tbj;njLf;fg;gl;l mwpTg; ngl;lfq;fNs

gonkhopfs;. gonkhopfs; mstpy; rpwpad. nghUs; Moj;jpy; rpwe;jd. fw;wtiuAk;

fy;yhjtiuAk; xUq;Nf <u;f;Fk; ; jd;ik nfhz;lit. Ez;ik> RUf;fk;> xz;ik> cz;ik>

nkd;ik vd;Dk; Ie;J gz;Gfisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;lit. kf;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;Fk;

ePjp ,yf;fpakhfj; jpfo;tjhy; gonkhopfs; ePjpnkhopfs; vd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gonkhopia KJnrhy;> KJnkhop> neLnkhop> goQ;nrhy;> %Jiu> ciu> gothu;j;ij>

goikr;nrhy;> cgfij> RNyhfk;> nkhopik> KJik> Kd;nrhy; vdg; gythwhff; $Wtu;.

gok; Nghd;w nkhop gonkhop. nrhw;nrwpTk; nghUl;nrwpTk; tha;e;j xUnjhlu;

nkhopNa gonkhop. ,g; gonkhop ,uz;L> %d;W> ehd;F nrhw;fshy; vJif> Nkhid

Kjypa eaq;fshy; rpwe;J mikAk;.

‘vy;yhk; ed;ikf;Nf’ ‘Gj;jpkhd; gythd;’ vd ,U nrhw;fspYk;

‘Mir ntl;fk; mwpahJ’ ‘epj;jpiu Rfk; mwpahJ’ ‘Mj;jpuf;fhuDf;F Gj;jp kl;L’

vd %d;W nrhw;fspYk;>

‘mlf;fk; Mapuk; nghd; ngWk;’ ‘msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkpu;jKk; eQ;R’ ‘jtj; ;jpw;F

xUtu; jkpOf;F ,Utu;’ vd ehd;F nrhw;fspYk; gonkhopfs; mikfpd;wd.

rpy gonkhopfs; xNu nghUisj; juf;$ba ,uz;buz;L fUj;Jfis ,izj;Jf;

$Wfpd;wd. rhd;whf>

( i ) fld; thq;fpf; fld; nfhLj;jtDk; kuk; Vwpf; iftpl;ltDk; gho;

( ii ) mbj;J tsu;f;fhj gps;isAk; KWf;fp tplhj kPirAk; nrt;itahfh



85

( iii ) fhu;j;jpiff;Fg; gpd; kioapy;iy fu;zDf;Fg; gpd; nfhilapy;iy.

gonkhopfis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;:gonkhopfis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;:gonkhopfis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;:gonkhopfis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;:gonkhopfis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;:

1. xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk; xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk; xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk; xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk; xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk; vd;gJ Nghyf; fk;gupd; ftpijiar; Ritf;f mtu; ghly;fSs; xd;iwg; ; gbj;jhy; NghJk;.

2. jUkpapd; ghl;by; ef;fPuu; Fw;wk; fz;Lgpbj;Jg; gupR toq;Ftijj; jLj;jjhy;

mtd; iff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhkyiff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhkyiff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhkyiff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhkyiff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhky; Vkhw;wkile;jhd;.

3. jd; rigapy; jd;idg; gopj;Jg; Ngrpa mDkidf; nfhy;y Kad;w

,uhtzDf;F ‘va;jtdpUf;f mk;ig NehthNdd;? va;jtdpUf;f mk;ig NehthNdd;? va;jtdpUf;f mk;ig NehthNdd;? va;jtdpUf;f mk;ig NehthNdd;? va;jtdpUf;f mk;ig NehthNdd;? ’ vd;W tpgplzd;

mwpTiu $wpdhd;.

4. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epidcg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epidcg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epidcg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epidcg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid vd;gjw;Nfw;gf; fu;zd; jd; jhahfpa

Fe;jpNjtp te;J mioj;jNghJ ghz;ltUld; Nru kWj;Jj; JupNahjd

Df;fhfg; Nghu; Gupe;J capu; Jwe;jhd;.

5. mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njupAkmfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njupAkmfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njupAkmfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njupAkmfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njupAk; vd;gJNghyg; ngha; Ntlk; nfhz;l

Nfhkfdpd; Kfj;ijf; fz;Lj; jhkiuf; fz;zp Iak; nfhz;lhs;.

6. cau caug; gwe;jhYk; Cu;f; FUtp gUe;jhFkhcau caug; gwe;jhYk; Cu;f; FUtp gUe;jhFkhcau caug; gwe;jhYk; Cu;f; FUtp gUe;jhFkhcau caug; gwe;jhYk; Cu;f; FUtp gUe;jhFkhcau caug; gwe;jhYk; Cu;f; FUtp gUe;jhFkh vd;gjw;Nfw;gg;

ghfp];jhd; ,e;jpahit nty;yg; ngUKaw;rp nra;Jk; Njhy;tpNa

fz;lJ.

7. mOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;FkmOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;FkmOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;FkmOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;FkmOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;Fk; vd;gjw;Nfw;gj; njhopyhsu; xd;W gl;Lf; fpsu;r;rp nra;jjhy; Cjpa cau;T ngw;wdu;.

8. #ugJkd; jhd; gpbj;j KaYf;F %d;Nw fhyjhd; gpbj;j KaYf;F %d;Nw fhyjhd; gpbj;j KaYf;F %d;Nw fhyjhd; gpbj;j KaYf;F %d;Nw fhyjhd; gpbj;j KaYf;F %d;Nw fhy; vd;gijg; Nghyr;

rpq;fKfd; vt;tsNth mwpTiu $wpAk; Njtiur; rpiwapypUe;J tpl

kWj;J tpl;lhd;.

9. ej;ijapd; tapw;wpYk; Kj;Jg; gpwf;Fkej;ijapd; tapw;wpYk; Kj;Jg; gpwf;Fkej;ijapd; tapw;wpYk; Kj;Jg; gpwf;Fkej;ijapd; tapw;wpYk; Kj;Jg; gpwf;Fkej;ijapd; tapw;wpYk; Kj;Jg; gpwf;Fk; vd;gJ Nghyf; fw;Gf;furpahd

khjtp fzpifau; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jhs;.

10. Rlu; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;LkRlu; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;LkRlu; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;LkRlu; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;LkRlu; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJNghy Ml;rp elj;JNthu;

ey;yd nra;jhYk; mtu;fisj; J}z; ;l Xu; vjpu;f; fl;rp Ntz;Lk;.

11. ,Q;rp ,yhgk; kQ;rspy; vd;gJ Nghy,Q;rp ,yhgk; kQ;rspy; vd;gJ Nghy,Q;rp ,yhgk; kQ;rspy; vd;gJ Nghy,Q;rp ,yhgk; kQ;rspy; vd;gJ Nghy,Q;rp ,yhgk; kQ;rspy; vd;gJ Nghy czT neUf;fbiag;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;is ,yhgk; rk;ghjpj;j jdNrfud; mg;gzj;ij

nay;yhk; #jhl;lj;jpy; ,oe;jhd;.

12. EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk; vd;gJNghy mwptw;wtd; jd; thahNyNa

jd; mwpahikia ntspg;gLj;jptpLthd;.



86

13. ML eidfpwJ vd;W Xeha; mOjjhkML eidfpwJ vd;W Xeha; mOjjhkML eidfpwJ vd;W Xeha; mOjjhkML eidfpwJ vd;W Xeha; mOjjhkML eidfpwJ vd;W Xeha; mOjjhk; vd;gJNghy mnkupf;fhTf;F

Vw;gl;l Ngupog;igf; Nfl;L <uhf; tUe;jpajhk;.

14. Midf;Fk; mb rWf;FkMidf;Fk; mb rWf;FkMidf;Fk; mb rWf;FkMidf;Fk; mb rWf;FkMidf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk; vd;gJ Nghy nr]; rhk;gpad; Mde;j;

cyff; Nfhg;igapy; Ml;lj;ij ,oe;Jtpl;lhu;.

15. Midf;nfhU fhyk; te;jhy; G+idf;nfhU fhyk; tUkMidf;nfhU fhyk; te;jhy; G+idf;nfhU fhyk; tUkMidf;nfhU fhyk; te;jhy; G+idf;nfhU fhyk; tUkMidf;nfhU fhyk; te;jhy; G+idf;nfhU fhyk; tUkMidf;nfhU fhyk; te;jhy; G+idf;nfhU fhyk; tUk;

vd;gJNghy czTf;fhfg; gpw ehLfspy; cjtpia vjpu;ghu;j;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;j ,e;jpah ,d;W gpw ehLfSf;F czTg; nghUs;fis

mDg;gp cjTfpwJ.

16. tpisAk; gapu; KisapNy njupAktpisAk; gapu; KisapNy njupAktpisAk; gapu; KisapNy njupAktpisAk; gapu; KisapNy njupAktpisAk; gapu; KisapNy njupAk; vd;gjw;Nfw;gf; Fw;whyP];tud;

jd; rpW tajpNyNa MW> Fsq;fspy; ePe;jpdhd;.

17. Cu; ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lkCu; ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lkCu; ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lkCu; ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lkCu; ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk; vd;gJ Nghyg;

ghz;ltUf;Fk; nfsutUf;Fk; Vw;gl;l gifikia mwpe;J rFdp

kfpo;r;rp mile;jhd;.

18. ,sq;fd;W gakwpahJ,sq;fd;W gakwpahJ,sq;fd;W gakwpahJ,sq;fd;W gakwpahJ,sq;fd;W gakwpahJ vd;gjw;Nfw;g mgpkd;A rf;fu tpA+fj;ij

cilj;J cl;nrd;W giftuplk; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhd;.

19. njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lknjhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lknjhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lknjhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lknjhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk; vd;gjhy; ,sikapNy ey;y gof;f

tof;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

20. fhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf;nfhsfhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf;nfhsfhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf;nfhsfhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf;nfhsfhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs; vd;gjw;Nfw;g tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;

NghJ thOk; topiaj; Njbf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

21. gofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fkgofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fkgofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fkgofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fkgofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fk; vd;gjw;Nfw;g ehd; nrhd;dgbnay;yhk;

Nfl;l vd; ez;gd; ,g;NghJ Nfl;gjpy;iy.

22. fhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;Rfhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;Rfhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;Rfhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;Rfhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;R nghd; FQ;R vd;gJ Nghy mtutu;f;F

mtUila jha; nkhopNa cau;thfj; Njhd;Wk;.

23. jPl;ba kuj;jpy; $u; ghu;g;gJjPl;ba kuj;jpy; $u; ghu;g;gJjPl;ba kuj;jpy; $u; ghu;g;gJjPl;ba kuj;jpy; $u; ghu;g;gJjPl;ba kuj;jpy; $u; ghu;g;gJ Nghy khztd; jdf;Ff; fw;gpj;j

MrpupaiuNa vjpu;j;J thjhbdhd;.

24. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk; vd;gjw;;Nfw;gg; gy Cu;fisr;

Rw;wpaiye;j gpwNf ,uhkDf;Fr; nrhe;j Cupd; mUik njupe;jJ.

25. kio tpl;Lk; J}thdk; tpltpy;iykio tpl;Lk; J}thdk; tpltpy;iykio tpl;Lk; J}thdk; tpltpy;iykio tpl;Lk; J}thdk; tpltpy;iykio tpl;Lk; J}thdk; tpltpy;iy vd;gJ Nghyj; Nju;jy;

Kbe;Jk; ryryg;G Xatpy;iy.

gonkhopfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-gonkhopfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-gonkhopfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-gonkhopfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-gonkhopfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-

1. ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;.



87

2. vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;

3. fz; nfl;l gpwF #upa ek];fhuk;.

4. Rz;ilf;fha; fhy; gzk; RUkhl;Lf; $yp Kf;fhy; gzk;.

5. jiyapUf;f thy; MLkh? 6. Fiwf;fpw eha; fbf;fhJ.

7. J}uj;Jg; gr;ir fz;Zf;Ff; Fspu;r;rp

8. ehiaf; fz;lhy; fy;iyf; fhNzhk;> fy;iyf; fz;lhy; ehiaf; fhNzhk;.

9. murd; md;W nfhy;thd; nja;tk; epd;W nfhy;Yk;.

10. mOj gps;is ghy; Fbf;Fk;.

11. mOjhYk; gps;is mts;jhNd ngwntz;Lk;!

12. Mokwpahky; fhiy tplhNj

13. Mid tUk; gpd;Nd kzpNahir tUk; Kd;Nd.

14. ,f;fiu khl;Lf;F mf;fiu gr;ir.

15. vupfpw tPl;by; gpLq;fpd kl;Lk; yhgk;.

16. Vw;wk; cz;lhdhy; ,wf;fKk; cz;L.

17. fOijf;Fj; njupAkh fw;G+u thrid.

18. $Of;Fk; Mir kPirf;Fk; Mir

19. Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;.

20. ghu;j;jhy; G+id> gha;e;jhy; Gyp.

21. ntWq;if Kok; NghLkh?

22. Ntz;lhg; nghz;lhl;b ifgl;lhy; Fw;wk; fhy;gl;lhy; Fw;wk;.

23. kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y.

24. Gyp gJq;FtJ gha;r;rYf;F milahsk;.

25. gy kuk; fz;l jr;rd; xU kuKk; ntl;lhd;.

kuGj; njhlu;fs;:-kuGj; njhlu;fs;:-kuGj; njhlu;fs;:-kuGj; njhlu;fs;:-kuGj; njhlu;fs;:-

xU njhlu; Neupilahf xU nghUisj; je;J> kiwKfkhf ,d;ndhU nghUis

czu;j;JtJ kuGj; njhlu; vdg;gLk;. mj;njhlu; mNj nghUspy; fhyq;fhykhf ifahsg;gl;L

tUtjhy; kuGj; njhlu; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

rhd;whf ‘ifnfhLj;jy;’ vd;Dk; njhliu vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ‘if nfhLj;jy|;

vd;gJ> ‘xUtu; jdJ ifiaf; nfhLj;jy;’ vd;gJ Neupilahd nghUs;. Mdhy; xUtu;‘cjtp nra;jhu;’ vd;gJ kiwKfkhf mj;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; nghUs;. tho;f;ifapy; gzf;

f~;lj;jhy; nehe;J Ngha; ,Uf;Fk; xUtUf;F mtu; ez;gd; jf;f rkaj;jpy; gzk;

nfhLj;J cjtp nra;fpd;whu;. mjidf; $Wk; ;NghJ vd; ez;gd; jf;f rkaj;jpy; if

nfhLj;jhd; vd;W $Wthu;. ,t;thW fhyq;fhykhf mNj nghUspy; ek; tof;fj; ;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

njhlNu kuGj; njhlu; vdg;gLk;.



88

kuGj; njhlu;> tsikj; njhlu; vd;gd nkhop eil moF ngw Ntz;b

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ‘fe;jd; jd; kfd; nra;j Fw;wj;ij kiwf;fg; ghu;j;jhd;| vd;gJ

thf;fpak;. ,g;gb vOJk; NghJk; mjd; nghUs; ekf;F tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,t; thf;fpaj;jpy;

kuGj; njhlu; xd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp vOJk;NghJ thf;fpak; ,d;Dk; vopYld; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

\fe;jd; jd; kfd; nra;j Fw;wj;ijg; G+rp nkOfg; ghu;j;jhd;| vd;W $Wk;NghJ Kjypy;cs;s thf;fpaj;ijtpl ,t; thf;fpak; mofhfj; njupfpd;wJ. jq;fr; rq;fpypapy; ituf;fy;

gjpj;jJ Nghy kuGj; njhliu xU thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;J vOJk;NghJ nkhop eil

rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:

1. thioab thiothioab thiothioab thiothioab thiothioab thio (guk;giu guk;giuaha;)

Nru kd;du;fs; thioab thioaha;r; irt kjj;jpw;Fk; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk;

njhz;L nra;J mopahg; Gfo; ngw;wdu;.

2. fps;Sf; fPiufps;Sf; fPiufps;Sf; fPiufps;Sf; fPiufps;Sf; fPiu (kpfTk; vspJ)

kd;dd; gioad; mWifiaf; fps;Sf; fPiu vd epidj;J mtNdhL

Nghu; njhLj;jhd;.

3. ,iy kiw fha;,iy kiw fha;,iy kiw fha;,iy kiw fha;,iy kiw fha; (Fwpg;ghf)

ghyd; Fbj;Nj jd; nrhj;Jfis vy;yhk; ,oe;Jtpl;l nra;jp ,iy

kiw fhahf midtUf;Fk; njupe;J tpl;lJ.

4. fpzw;Wj; jtisfpzw;Wj; jtisfpzw;Wj; jtisfpzw;Wj; jtisfpzw;Wj; jtis (cyfk; mwpahjtd;)

thrd; fpzw;Wj; jtisahf ,Ue;jjhy; ghyd; mtid vspjpy; Vkhw;wp

tpl;lhd;.

5. if fOtp tpLjyif fOtp tpLjyif fOtp tpLjyif fOtp tpLjyif fOtp tpLjy; (nghWg;ig ePf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;)

ehd; vd; ez;gDf;F vt;tsNth vLj;Jf; $wpAk; mtd; tpUg;gg;gb

ele;J Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpajhy; ehd; mtidf; if fOtp tpl;Nld;.

6. jl;bf; nfhLj;jyjl;bf; nfhLj;jyjl;bf; nfhLj;jyjl;bf; nfhLj;jyjl;bf; nfhLj;jy; (cw;rhf %l;Ljy;)

Mrpupau; khztu;fisj; jl;bf; nfhLj;Jg; gbf;fr; nra;tjhy; mtu;fs;

cw;rhfkhfg; gbf;fpd;wdu;.

7. ntl;l ntspr;rkntl;l ntspr;rkntl;l ntspr;rkntl;l ntspr;rkntl;l ntspr;rk; (vy;NthUf;Fk; njupjy;)

ghfp];jhd; jPtputhjpfSf;F kiwKfkhfr; nra;Jte;j cjtpfs;ntl;lntspr;rkhfp tpl;ld.

8. vLg;ghu; ifg; gps;isvLg;ghu; ifg; gps;isvLg;ghu; ifg; gps;isvLg;ghu; ifg; gps;isvLg;ghu; ifg; gps;is (Rje;jpuk; ,y;yhik)

thrd; vLg;ghu; ifg;gps;isaha; ,Ue;jikahy; ghyd; mtid vspjpy;

tQ;rpj;J tp;l;lhd;.

9. xU if ghu;j;jyxU if ghu;j;jyxU if ghu;j;jyxU if ghu;j;jyxU if ghu;j;jy; (ntd;W tpLjy;)



89

ghfp];jhd; jk;kPJ gilnaLj;J te;jhy; xUif ghu;j;J tpLNthk;

vd;W ,e;jpa tPuu;fs; tPuk; Ngrpdu;.

10. mfyf; fhy; itj;jymfyf; fhy; itj;jymfyf; fhy; itj;jymfyf; fhy; itj;jymfyf; fhy; itj;jy; (jd; Mw;wYf;F kPwpr; nra;jy;)

thrd; thzpfj;jpy; mfyf; fhy; itj;jjhy; KjYk; Ngha; jd;filiaAk; ,of;Fk;gb Mfptpl;lJ.

11. nghb itj;jynghb itj;jynghb itj;jynghb itj;jynghb itj;jy; (cl;nghUs; itj;jy;)

nghbitj;Jg; NgRtjpy; mwpQu; mz;zh kpfTk; ty;ytu;.

12. ney;ypf;fha; %l;ilney;ypf;fha; %l;ilney;ypf;fha; %l;ilney;ypf;fha; %l;ilney;ypf;fha; %l;il (xw;Wik ,y;yhik)

khztu;fs; neypf;fha; %l;ilahf ,Ue;jjhy; fhtyu; mtu;fis

vspjpy; mbj;J tpul;bdu;.

13. fapW jpupj;jyfapW jpupj;jyfapW jpupj;jyfapW jpupj;jyfapW jpupj;jy; (ngha; nra;jpiag; gug;Gjy;)

jkpofj;jpy; rpy gj;jpupiffs; fapW jpupg;gjpy; ; ty;yitahf cs;sd.

14. eLj;njUtpy; tpLjyeLj;njUtpy; tpLjyeLj;njUtpy; tpLjyeLj;njUtpy; tpLjyeLj;njUtpy; tpLjy; (Mjutpy;yhky; nra;jy;)

ghydpd; ngw;Nwhu;fs; mtid eLj;njUtpy; tpl;Ltpl;L ,we;J

tpl;ldu;.

15. fiuj;Jf; Fbj;jyfiuj;Jf; Fbj;jyfiuj;Jf; Fbj;jyfiuj;Jf; Fbj;jyfiuj;Jf; Fbj;jy; (KOtJk; fw;wy;)

k. ngh. rptQhdk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijf; fiuj;Jf; Fbj;jtu;. Mjyhy;

mtiur; ‘rpyk;Gr; nry;tu;‘ vd;W miog;gu;.

16. Mok; ghu;j;jyMok; ghu;j;jyMok; ghu;j;jyMok; ghu;j;jyMok; ghu;j;jy; (kd epiy mwpjy;)Mrpupau; khztu;fspd; kdij Mok; ghu;f;f vz;zpdhu;.

17. xU fhypy; epw;wyxU fhypy; epw;wyxU fhypy; epw;wyxU fhypy; epw;wyxU fhypy; epw;wy; (gpbthjk; gpbj;jy;)

ifNfap ,uhkidf; fhl;Lf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU fhypy;

epd;whs;.

18. G+j;Jg;NghjyG+j;Jg;NghjyG+j;Jg;NghjyG+j;Jg;NghjyG+j;Jg;Nghjy; (gadw;Wg; Nghjy;)

thrd; jd; jpUkzg; Ngr;R G+j;Jg; Nghdjhy; kdKile;J

tpl;lhd;.

19. gOf;fg; NghLjygOf;fg; NghLjygOf;fg; NghLjygOf;fg; NghLjygOf;fg; NghLjy; (fhyk; jho;j;jy;)jkpof Kjy;tu; fy;Y}upj; jkpohrpupau; epakdj;ijg; gOf;fg;Nghl;L

tpl;lhu;.

20. ifiaf; fbj;jyifiaf; fbj;jyifiaf; fbj;jyifiaf; fbj;jyifiaf; fbj;jy; (gw;whf; Fiw)

jpUkzr; nryT ifiaf; fbj;J tpl;ljhy; ez;gdplk; fld; thq;f

Neupl;lJ.



90

21. fhJ Fj;jyfhJ Fj;jyfhJ Fj;jyfhJ Fj;jyfhJ Fj;jy; (Vkhw;Wjy;)

mikr;ru; Ntiy thq;fpj; jUtjhfr; nrhy;yp fhJ Fj;jptpl;lhu;.

22. rhak; ntSj;jyrhak; ntSj;jyrhak; ntSj;jyrhak; ntSj;jyrhak; ntSj;jy; (cz;ik ntspg;gLjy;)

FWf;F tprhuizapy; ghyd; njhLj;j ngha; tof;F rhak;ntSj;J tpl;lJ.

23. fil fl;Ljyfil fl;Ljyfil fl;Ljyfil fl;Ljyfil fl;Ljy; (NgRtij epWj;jy;)

vd; Ngr;ir Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu; vtUk; ,y;iyahjyhy; ehd;

filfl;b tpl;Nld;.

24. fOj;jpy; fl;LjyfOj;jpy; fl;LjyfOj;jpy; fl;LjyfOj;jpy; fl;LjyfOj;jpy; fl;Ljy; (tw;GWj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;)

gq;f[j;ij thrdpd; kidtpahf mtd; fOjpy; fl;b tpl;ldu;.

25. jiyaPLjiyaPLjiyaPLjiyaPLjiyaPL (FWf;fPL)

mw;gd; xUtdpd; jiyaPl;lhy; Vio xUtdpd; Ntiy gwpNgha;

tpl;lJ.

kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-kuGj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-

tsikj; njhlu;fs;:-tsikj; njhlu;fs;:-tsikj; njhlu;fs;:-tsikj; njhlu;fs;:-tsikj; njhlu;fs;:-

xU njhliu ehk; Nfl;lTlNdNa mijg;gw;wpa xU njspe;j fhl;rp ek; kdj;jpiuapy;

Njhd;Wk;. ,t;thW ek; kdjpy; xU fhl;rpahfj; Njhd;Wk; epiyapy; cs;s njhlu;fs;

tsikj; njhlu;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it xU fUj;jpidf; $w Kw;gLk;NghJ mjid moFglf;

$wNtz;bg; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.

kuGj;njhlUf;Fk; tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; Ez;zpa NtWghL cz;L. kuGj;njhlu;

kiwKfkhf xU nghUisj; je;J thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk;. tsikj; njhlu; mr;nray; gw;wpa

njspe;j fhl;rpia ek; kdj;jpiuapy; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

kdpju;fs; midtUk; xd;W Nghy ,Ug;gjpy;iy. xNu kdk; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk;

,Ug;gjpy;iy. xU nray; gw;wp KbT vLf;Fk;NghJ rpyu; ntz;ilf;fha; Nghyf; nfho

nfhontd;W ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;Nl Nghtu;. ,g;gbg;gl;ltu;fs; epue;jukhd xU ey;y Kbit

vLg;gjpy;iy. mtu;fs; kdk; vg;NghJk; rQ;ryj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

mg;gbg;gl;ltu;fis> ,td; tug;gpy; xUfhy; ts;sj;jpy; xUfhy; itj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhd;

vd;gu;. ,t;thwhf tUtJ tsikj; njhlu; MFk;.

1. kl;lk; jl;Ljy;

2. thyhl;Ljy;

3. tj;jp itj;jy;

4. fld; fopj;jy;

5. fij fl;Ljy;

6. Mwg; NghLjy;

7. fy;ypy; ehu; cupj;jy;

8. Vl;bf;Fg; Nghl;b

9. gy;iyg; gpbj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;

10. tiy tpRjy;.



91

tsikj; njhlu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njhileak; nfhz;ljhfNt fhzg;gLk;. ‘mQ;rh

neQ;rKk; vQ;rhj; jPuKk;’> ‘md;dkpl;l tPl;by; fd;dkplyhkh’ vd;gd Nghd;W tUk;.

tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;jy;:-1. ghup mfKk; KfKk; kyuf; nfhil nfhLj;jhd;.

2. ,utpf;Fl;b mQ;rhj neQ;rKk; vQ;rhj tPuKk; cilatdhff; fhzg;gl;lhd;.

3. n[ayypjhtpd; tsu;g;G kfd; jpUkzj;jpw;F murd; Kjy; Mz;btiu

vy;NyhUk; te;jdu;.

4. fz;zd; mOj fz;Zk; rpe;jpa %f;Fkhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.

5. ghyd; Nrhw;Wf;Fr; nryTk; G+kpf;Fg; ghuKkhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.

6. G+q;nfhb ehnshU NkdpAk; nghOnjhU tz;zKkhf tsu;e;J te;jhs;.

7. ahid Kjy; vWk;G <whf cs;s midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; ,iwtNd

cztspf;fpwhd;.

8. jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ kzg;ngz; cr;re;jiy Kjy; cs;sq;fhy; tiu

Mguzq;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;gLths;.

9. ,iwtd; xg;ghUk; kpf;fhUk; ,y;yhjtdhf tpsq;Ffpwhd;.

10. ehl;bd; KJnfYk;Gfshd tptrhapfs; new;wp Ntu;it epyj;jpy; rpe;j

ciof;fpwhu;fs;.

tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-tsikj; njhlu;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;f:-

1. thiaf;fl;b tapw;iwf; fl;b.

2. Kfthl;lKk; KZKZg;Gkhf.

3. fhL th th vd;fpwJ tPL Ngh Ngh vd;fpwJ.

4. $upa mwpTk; rPupa xOf;fKk; cilatd;.5. iff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhky;.

tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; kuGj; njhlUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL:tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; kuGj; njhlUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL:tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; kuGj; njhlUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL:tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; kuGj; njhlUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL:tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; kuGj; njhlUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL:

rhjhuzkhff; fhz;NghNkahdhy; ,uz;L njhlu;fSNk mikg;gpy; - nghUs; jUtjpy;

xd;W NghyNt Njhd;Wfpd;wd. vd;whYk; mtw;Ws; nghUs; czu;j;Jk; epiyfs;

NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ. (El;gkhff; fhZk;NghJ) kuGj; njhlu; vd;gJ me;jj;

njhluhy; ek; cs;sj;jpy; vOg;gg;gLk; fhl;rpapypUe;Jjhd; Fwpg;Gg; nghUisj; jUk;.

Mdhy; tsikj; njhlNuh fhl;rpfisNa nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fshf Mf;fpf; fhl;Lk;. ntWk;

fUj;JfNshL tsikj; njhlu;fs; miktJk; cz;L.

khztu;fspd; ghu;itf;fhff; fPNo rpy nrhw;nwhlu;fs; nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,it

khztu;fspd; xg;Gikf;fhfTk; njhlu;fis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sTk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

thf;fpaq;fis moFgLj;jTk; gad;gLk; vd;W nfhLf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. jkpo; nkhopapy;

mike;j nrhw;nwhlu;fs; gy;NtW tifapYk; Vuhsk;. mit mj;jidAk; ,q;Nf jpul;bj;

jUtJ ,ayhjjhFk;. vdNt> xt;nthU tifapYk; rpytw;iwNa ,q;F

khjpupf;fhff; nfhLj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.



92

,izr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;,izr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;,izr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;,izr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;,izr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;

2. ,ul;ilr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;2. ,ul;ilr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;2. ,ul;ilr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;2. ,ul;ilr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;2. ,ul;ilr; nrhy; njhlu;fs;

1. flfl

2. fzfz

3. fzPu;fzPu;

4. fkfk

5. fyPu;fyPu;

6. FLFL

7. gshu;gshu;

8. klkl

9. nkhunkhu

10. FgPu;FgPu;

11. FSFS

12. nfhOnfhO

13. rlrl

14. ryry

15. rsrs

16. jfjf

17. jsjs

18. ksks

19. tsrs

20. flfl

21. jpLjpL

22. jpUjpU

23. njhsnjhs

24. ewew

25. glgl

26. gsgs

27. nghynghy

28. kpDkpD

29. ntLntL

30. FRFR

1. mf;fk; gf;fk;

2. mfKk; KfKk;

3. mUik ngUik

4. mOj;jk; jpUj;jk;

5. ,d;g Jd;gk;

6. <T ,uf;fk;

7. cUz;L jpuz;L

8. cw;whu; cwtpdu;

9. Vio vspatu;

10 fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf

11. fz;l Jz;lkhf

12. ifAk; fsTkhf13. Fg;igf; $sk;

14. Fw;wk; Fiw

15. $bf; Fyhtp

16. Nfhl;il nfhj;jsk;

17. rl;l jpl;lk;

18. rhf;Fg; Nghf;F

19. rpe;jpr; rpjwp

20. jq;F jil

21. jl;L Kl;L

22. jg;gpj; jtwp

23. eif el;L

24. jpl;l tl;lk;

25. eiu jpiu

26. eaKk; gaKk;

27. gl;lk; gjtp28. NgUk; GfOk;

29. %r;Rg; Ngr;R

30. tho;T jho;T



93

3. kuGj; njhlu;fs3. kuGj; njhlu;fs3. kuGj; njhlu;fs3. kuGj; njhlu;fs3. kuGj; njhlu;fs;

4. tsikj; njhlu;fs;4. tsikj; njhlu;fs;4. tsikj; njhlu;fs;4. tsikj; njhlu;fs;4. tsikj; njhlu;fs;

1. mfKk; KfKk; kyu

2. mQ;rhj neQ;rKk; vQ;rhj jPuKk;

3. mOj fz;Zk; rpe;jpa %f;Fkhf4. Mir fhl;b Nkhrk; nra;jy;

5. Mz;by; ,isatd; mwptpy; ngupatd;

6. ,kak; Kjy; Fkup tiu

7. cr;re;jiy Kjy; cs;sq;fhy; tiu

8. Cuhu; gifAk; jPuhg; gopAkhf

9. vz;zpj; njhiyahJ Vl;by; mlq;fhJ

10. Vndd;W Nfshky; VnwLj;Jk; ghuhky;

11. xl;ba tapWk; cyu;e;j fz;Zkhf

12. xg;ghUk; kpf;fhUk; ,y;yhj

13. fq;F fiu ,y;yhky;

14. fs;skpy;yhj gps;is cs;sk;

15. fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahf

16. fz;Zf;Ff; Fspu;r;rpAk; fUj;Jf;F kyu;r; ;; ;rpAkhf

17. fhL thth vd;fpwJ tPL NghNgh vd;fpwJ

18. fhyhy; ,l;lijj; jiyahy; nra;J

1. mk;gyg;gLj;Jjy;

2. ms;sp ,iwj;jy;

3. Mwg;NghLjy;

4. < Xl;Ljy;

5. ciy itj;jy;

6. vLj;njwpjy;

7. vLg;ghu; ifg;gps;is

8. fz; gpJq;Fjy;

9. fk;gp ePl;Ljy;

10. fiuNaWjy;

11. fhJ Fj;Jjy;

12. fpzw;Wj; jtis

13. $ypf;F khubj;jy;14. if nfhLj;jy;

15. jl;bf; nfhLj;jy;

16. jhsk; NghLjy;

17. eil ghthil tpupj;jy;

18. ehf;ifg; gpLq;fpf; nfhs;sy;

19. ePl;b Kof;Fjy;

20. Edpg;Gy; Nka;jy;

21. gbasj;jy;

22. gy;iyf; fhl;Ljy;

23. gw;witj;jy;

24. gpQ;rpy; gOj;jy;

25. kdg;ghy; Fbj;jy;

26. nkhl;il mbj;jy;

27. tapw;wpy; mbj;jy;

28. tiy tPRjy;29. tha; G+l;Ljy;

30. thdj;ij tpy;yha; tisj;jy;



94

19. Fw;wk; ePf;fpf; Fzk; nfhz;L

20. iff;F vl;baJ tha;f;F vl;lhky;

21. nfhl;Lk; Kof;Fkhf

22. nre;ePUk; fz;zPUk; nfhl;b tsu;j;j23. Nrhw;Wf;Ff; NfLk; G+kpf;Fg; ghuKkhf

24. je;jdg; ghl;Lk; uQ;rdf; $j;Jkhf

25. ehnshU NkdpAk; nghOnjhU tz;zKkhf

26. jkf;nfd thohg; gpwuf;Fhpahsu;

27. neQ;rhug; Gfo;e;J thahu tho;j;jp

28. new;wp Ntu;it epyj;jpy; rpe;j

29. Kfthl;lKk; KZKZg;Gkhf

30. thiaf; fl;b tapw;iwf; fl;b

5. ctikj; njhlu;fs;5. ctikj; njhlu;fs;5. ctikj; njhlu;fs;5. ctikj; njhlu;fs;5. ctikj; njhlu;fs;

1. mbaw;w kuk; Nghy

2. miz fle;j nts;sk; Nghy

3. miu fpzW jhz;batd; Nghy

4. Mz;bfs; $b klk; fl;baJ Nghy

5. Mw;wpy; fiuj;j Gsp Nghy

6. Me;ij tpopg;gJ Nghy

7. ,Q;rp jpd;w Fuq;F Nghy

8. ,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghy

9. ,yT fhj;j fpsp Nghy

10. ,iykiw fha; Nghy

11. <UapUk; XUlYk; Nghy

12. Cik fz;l fdT Nghy

13. vUik khl;bd; NkNy nga;j kio Nghy

14. vhpfpw neUg;gpy; vz;nza; thu;j;jJ Nghy

15. xU jha; tapw;Wg; gps;isfs; Nghy

16. fz;izf; fhf;Fk; ,ik Nghy

17. fy;ypNy ehu; cupg;gJ Nghy

18. fOij Nja;e;J fl;nlWk;ghdJ Nghy

19. fPupAk; ghk;Gk; Nghy

20. ru;f;fiug; ge;jypNy Njd; khup nghope;jJ Nghy

21. Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;ifg; Nghy

22. Nrw;wpNy Kisj;j nre;jhkiu Nghy



95

23. jpUlidj; Njs; nfhl;baJ Nghy

24. ez;ilr; Rl;L eupiaf; fhty; itj;jJ Nghy

25. ePu; Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy

26. ghk;Gf;F ghy; thu;j;jJ Nghy27. kil jpwe;j nts;sk; Nghy

28. kuk; Vwp tpOe;jtid khL Vwp kpjpj;jJ Nghy

29. thiog; goj;jpy; Crp Vw;WtJ Nghy

30. NtypNa gapiu Nka;tJ Nghy

6. gonkhopfs;6. gonkhopfs;6. gonkhopfs;6. gonkhopfs;6. gonkhopfs;

1. mf;fiu khl;Lf;F ,f;fiu gr;ir.

2. mb Nky; ; mbitj;jhy; mk;kpAk; efUk;.

3. msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkpu;jKk; eQ;R.

4. Mj;jpuf;fhuDf;Fg; Gj;jp kl;L.

5. Miy ,y;yh CUf;F ,Yg;igg; G+ ru;f;fiu.

6. Mwpd fQ;rp goq; fQ;rp.

7. ,sq;fd;W gak; mwpahJ.

8. cjl;Lj; JUk;G Cjg; NghfhJ.

9. Cu; ,uz;L gl;lhy;; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk;.

10. vyp tisahdhYk; jdp tis.

11. Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; fwpf;FjthJ.

12. Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisAkh? 13. fLF rpWj;jhYk; fhuk; FiwahJ.

14. fhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;R nghd;FQ;R.

15. Nfhop kpjpj;Jf; FQ;R KlkhFkh?

16. rpW Jsp ngU nts;sk;.

17. Rz;ilf;fha; fhw; gzk; Rikf;$yp Kf;fhy; gzk;.

18. njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk;.

19. gbg;gJ Njthuk;; ,bg;gJ rptd; Nfhtpy;.

20. gdq;fhl;L eup ryryg;Gf;F mQ;rhJ.

21. ghYf;Fk; fhty; G+idf;Fk; Njhod.;

22. Gypf;Fg; gpwe;jJ G+idahFkh?

23. kUz;ltd; fz;fSf;F ,Uz;lnjy;yhk; Nga;.

24. ahid tUk; gpd;Nd kzpNahir tUk; Kd;Nd.

25. kdKz;lhy; khu;fKz;L.

26. kio tpl;Lk; J}thdk; tpltpy;iy.

27. ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;.



96

28. tpisAk; gapu; KisapNyNa njupAk;.

29. Ntypf;Fg; Nghl;l Ks; fhYf;F tpidahapw;W.

30. Ntiyf; fs;spf;Fg; gps;isr; rhf;F.

31. jhiag;Nghyg; gps;is; E}iyg;Nghyr; Nriy.

32. nfl;bf;fhud; GSF vl;L ehspy; njupAk; ;

,g;gbg;gl;l gy;NtW tifg;gl;l nrhw;nwhlu;fis ehk; thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;Jg;

ghu;j;J gofpdhy; ehk; ntspapLk; fUj;Jfs; mofhfTk; njspthfTk; ftu;r;rpahfTk;

tpsq; ;Fk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l nrhw;nwhlu;fs; xt;nthU tl;lj;jpw;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; vdr; rpwg;G

tof;fhfTk; toq;Ffpd;wd. mtw;iwAk; khztu; ;fs; mwpe;J gad; gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW

gad; gLj;Jk; nghOJ mtw;wpd; tof;fhWfisAk; czu;e;J gad;gLj;JtNj rpwg;ghk;.

khztu; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;bad:khztu; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;bad:khztu; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;bad:khztu; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;bad:khztu; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;bad:

1. nkhopeilapy; njhlu;fs; ve;j mstpw;F ,lk; ngWfpd;wd? Vd; ,lk;

ngwNtz;Lk;? tpsf;Ff.2. ctikj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

3. gonkhopj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?

4. ,ul;ilr; nrhy; njhlu; (xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;) vd;why; vd;d?

5. kuGj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?

. 6. tsikj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?

7. tsikj; njhlUf;Fk; kuGj; njhlUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?

8. fPo;f; fhZk; njhlu;fis tpsf;fp thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

m. <T ,uf;fk;

M. fzPu; fzPu;

,. ehf;ifg; gpLq;fpf; nfhs;sy;

<. vz;zpj; njhiyahJ Vl;by; mlq;fhJ

c. ru;f;fiug; ge;jypNy Njd;khup nghope;jJ Nghy

C. Cu; ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk;.



97

ghlk; 10ghlk; 10ghlk; 10ghlk; 10ghlk; 10

fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;

Xu; mwpKfk;:Xu; mwpKfk;:Xu; mwpKfk;:Xu; mwpKfk;:Xu; mwpKfk;:

xU r%fj;jpy; nkhopahdJ gy epiyfspy; njhlu;Gr; rhjdkhfr; nray;gLfpd;wJ.

ek; md;whl tho;tpy; nkhop Xu; ,d;wpaikahj fUtp vd;gNjhL ehk; ,t;Tyfpy;

tho;tijr; rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ. xU kdpjDf;Fk; ,d;ndhU kdpjDf;FkpilNa xUtu;

fUj;jpid ,d;ndhUtu; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ vd;w mstpy; nkhop gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;

xU nkhopahdJ MSf;F Ms; ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; r%fj;Jf;Fr; r%fk; khWgLtijf;

fhzyhk;.

xUtd; NgRk; nkhopahdJ my;yJ gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopahdJ ,d;ndhUtd; NgRk;nkhopapypUe;J my;yJ gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopapypUe;J NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

,t;NtWghL MZf;F Mz; NgRk; Ngr;rpYk;$l NtWghL ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ehk;

tPl;by; NgRfpd;w gad;gLj;Jfpd;w nkhopf;Fk; ehk; mYtyfj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w nkhopf;Fk;

NtWghL ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;NtWghL ehsiltppy; nkhopapy; GJg;Nghf;Ffisj;

Njhw;Wtpg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;GJg; Nghf;Ffis xl;b nkhop tsk; ngWtJ ,aw;if.

,d;wiwa nkhop epiy:,d;wiwa nkhop epiy:,d;wiwa nkhop epiy:,d;wiwa nkhop epiy:,d;wiwa nkhop epiy:

,d;W jkpo; nkhopahdJ Ml;rp nkhopahf> ,izg;G nkhopahf> gapw;W nkhopahf

,Uf;fpwJ. mwptpaw; fiyfSk; tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; ngUfpAs;s fhyj;jpy;

ehk; thOfpd;Nwhk;. cyfj;Jf;Fk; ekf;Fk; cs;s ,ilntsp kpfTk; FiwT. xU ehl;by;elg;gij> xU nkhopapy; ntspahdtw;iw cldbahfj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;

tpUg;gk; ehSf;F ehs; tsu;e;J tuj; njhlq;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jw;F nkhopahdJ jilahf

,Uf;ff; $lhJ. vdNt> jhd; mwpe;jtw;iwj; jd;Dila nkhopapy; nrhy;y Ntz;LtJ

kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy;jhd; ek;Kila fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fs; mika Ntz;Lk;.

nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; %yk; khztu;fSf;Fj; jkpo; nkhopapy; gpioawg; NgrTk; vOTk; jpwd;

ngw; ;whYk;> gy;NtW Jiwfisg;gw;wpa nkhopg; gapw;rpahdJ khztu;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahj

xd;whFk;.

nkhopapd; tiffs;:nkhopapd; tiffs;:nkhopapd; tiffs;:nkhopapd; tiffs;:nkhopapd; tiffs;:

ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopia %d;W tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit gpd; tUkhW:

1. elg;G nkhop

2. njhlu;G nkhop

3. rpwg;;G nkhop

,tw;Ws; elg;G nkhopahdJ ehk; md;whl tho;;tpy; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopahFk;.

ekf;F mwpKfkhd ed;F njupe;j nkhopNa elg;G nkhopahFk;. ehk; tPl;by; ek;Kila jha;

je;ijauplk;> mz;zd; jq;ifaplk; NgRk; nkhopAk; ,ay;ghdJ. ,jw;nfdj; jdpahdnjhU



98

gapw;rp Ntz;lhk;. Mdhy; njhlu;G nkhop gw;wpa gapw;rp khztu;fSf;F kpfTk; mtrpak;.

Vnddpy;> ehk; tPl;by; NgRtijNa ehk; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;s Jiwfspy; my;yJ ehk;

Ntiy ghu;f;Fk; mYtyfq;fspy; gad; gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mjw;nfd tiuaWf;fg; ngw;w

my;yJ newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l nkhopiag; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,e;j nkhopiaj;jhd; njhlu;G

nkhop vd;fpNwhk;.

rpwg;G nkhop:rpwg;G nkhop:rpwg;G nkhop:rpwg;G nkhop:rpwg;G nkhop:

,jw;F Nkyhf ehk; gzpGupAk; Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;nfd xU nrk;ikahd

nkhopapid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epiyapy; cUthfpd;w nkhopNa rpwg;G nkhop

vdyhk;. nghUshjhuk;> tzpftpay;> murpay;> nkhopapay;> vdg; gy;NtW Jiwfs;

tsu;r;rpaile;J nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd. ,j;Jiwfisr; rhu;e;j E}y;fs; gy; ;NtW nkhopapy;

,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,j;Jiwfspy; gzpGupgtu;fs; ,k;nkhop awptpidj; jq;fSila

nkhopapy; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopNa rpwg;G nkhop vdr; nrhy;yyhk;.

gpwJiw rhu;e;j fUj;Jfisj; jkpopy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Kiwapy; mtw;NwhL

njhlu;ghdtw;iwj; jkpo; nkhopapy; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fj; Njitahd gapw;rpapid

khztu;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gapw;rpapidg; ngw ,uz;L epiyfspy; ehk; nray;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

1. fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;. 2. nkhop ngau;g;G.

fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;:fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;:fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;:fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;:fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;:

xU nkhopr; nrhw;fis my;yJ xU Jiwr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo;g;gLj;Jk; nghOJ ehk;

rpy mbg;gil tpjpfis epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. njhiy J}uk; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;

Tele vd;Dk; fpNuf;fr; nrhy;iy mbahff; nfhz;L Mq;fpyj; ;jpy; “Telephone, Telescope,Television” Kjyhd nrhw;fis nkhopahf;fk; nra;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,tw;iwj; jkpopy;

njhiyNgrp> njhiyf; fz;zhb> njhiyf; fhl;rp vd nkhop ngau;j;Js;sdu;. ,g;nghOJ

Mq;fpyj;jpy; Teleprinter, Teletypewriter Kjypa nrhw;fs; te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iwj; jkpopy;

nkhopahf;fk; nra;Ak;nghOJ ,r; nrhw;fspd; mbahfpa (njhiy) Tele vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;

nghUs; tpLglf; $lhJ. jkpopy; ,t;thW gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jkpf;Ff; nfhz;L

tUk;nghOJ ehk; kpfTk; tpopg;NghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Light house vd;gijf; ‘fyq;fiu

tpsf;fk;’ vdTk;> University vd;gij ‘gy;fiyf; fofk;’ vdTk;> Post office vd;gij

‘mQ;ryfk;’ vdTk; nkhopahf;fk; nra;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

tof;fhW czu;e;J:tof;fhW czu;e;J:tof;fhW czu;e;J:tof;fhW czu;e;J:tof;fhW czu;e;J:

fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; nra;Ak;nghOJ jkpopy; / tof;fhw;wpy; VNjDk; xUnrhy;

,Ug;gpd; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jtwpy;iy. Water falls vd;gij ePu;tPo;r;rp vd nkhop

ngau;g;gij tpLj;J ‘mUtp’ vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,J Fwpj;J uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is

mtu;fs; $Wtd epidtpy; nfhs;sj;jf;fd. “fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; ,e;ehspy; jkpOf;F

,d;wpaikahj xd;W. gioa jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nghjpe;J fplf;Fk; fiyr; nrhw;fis

mfo;e;J vLj;J Ml;rpapNy ca;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,we;j nrhw;fs; vd;W fiyr; nrhw;fis

tplyhfhJ. NkYk; xUrpy fiyr; nrhw;fis nkhop ngau;f;Fk; nghOJ Kjypy; mf;fiyr;



99

nrhw;fs; gyUf;Fk; gpbf;fhjitfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mr;nrhw;fs; tof;fhw;wpy; te;J

tpl;lhy; gpwF mit kpf vspjhfp tpLk;.”

tzpf ,ay;:tzpf ,ay;:tzpf ,ay;:tzpf ,ay;:tzpf ,ay;:

tzpf ,ay; njhlu;ghd fiyr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; mjpfk; fpilah. tzpftpaypy;

jkpiog; gad;gLj;Jk;nghOJ Mq;fpyj;jpYs;s gy fiyr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo;g;gLj;j Ntz;ba

epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. nghJthff; fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; Fwpj;Jj; jkpopy; xU rpy

E}y;fNs te;Js;sd. fP. ,uhkypq;fk; vOjpa jkpo; Ml;rpr; nrhw;fs; (mfuhjpAk;-tpsf;fKk;)

vd;Dk; E}Ny Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf;$ba jFjp tha;e;jJ. me; E}ypy; tzpftpay;

njhlu;ghd fiyr; nrhw;fs; ve;j mstpy; jkpohf;fk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd vd;gijg; ghu;g;gJ

khztu;fspd; jiyaha flikahFk;.

Mq;fpyf; fiyr; nrhw;fs;Mq;fpyf; fiyr; nrhw;fs;Mq;fpyf; fiyr; nrhw;fs;Mq;fpyf; fiyr; nrhw;fs;Mq;fpyf; fiyr; nrhw;fs; jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhw;fs;jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhw;fs;jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhw;fs;jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhw;fs;jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhw;fs;

1. Banking ghq;fu; njhopy; / tq;fpay; njhopy;

2. Banking Business ghq;F tzpfk;

3. Banking Corporation ghq;Ff; fl;likg;G epWtdk;

4. Counter fy;yh

5. Challan gzk; nrYj;Jr; rPl;L

6. Voucher nryTf; fzf;Fr; rPl;L

7. Cheque fhNrhiy

8. Draft Nfl;G gztpil

9. Demand Draft gztpil

10. Telegraphic transfer je;jpg; gz khw;wk; / je;jpg; gztpil

11. Bill of Exchange gzkhw;Wg; gl;bay; / ghq;F topg; gl;bay;

12. Hundi cz;b> cz;bay;

13. Bill at Sight cld; gl;bay;

14. Bill for Collection jz;ly; gl;bay;

15. Bill of loading fg;gy; gl;bay;

16. Bill for discounting fopTg; gl;bay;

17. Blank Cheque ntWq; fhNrhiy

18. Honour a Cheque fhNrhiy kjpg;G / fhNrhiyia kjp

19. Cheque dishonoured fhNrhiy kjpf;fg;gltpy;iy

20. Crossed Cheque Nfhbl;l fhNrhiy / fPwpa fhNrhiy

21. Pass Book ghq;Fg; Gj;jfk; / ghq;Fr; Rtb

22. Token milahs tpy;iy

23. Cash fhR / gzk;

24. Coin ehzak;



100

25. Note gzj;jhs;

26. Currency nryhtzp / me;epar; nryhtzp

27. Counterfeit nry;yhj> Nghypahd

28. Circulation Gof;fk;29. Foil milahsr; rPl;L ,jo;

30. Counter foil Gwf;filahsr; rPl;L / mf ,jo;

31. Receipt gw;Wr; rPl;L

32. Pay nrYj;J> nfhL> rk;gsk;

33. Payer nrYj;Jeu;> nfhLg;gtu;

34. Payee ngWeu;

35. Payable nrYj;jw;fhd> nrYj;jw;Fupa

36. Payment nrYj;jy;

37. Paying Cashier jUk; fhrhsu;

38. Receiving Cashier ngWk; fhrhsu;

39. Income tUkhdk;

40. Drafts Payable gztpil khw;w

41. T.T.S. Payable je;jpg; gzkhw;Wg; gzk;

42. Draft gzk; tpil

43. Exchange gz khw;Wkplk;

44. Inward Bill cs;tU gl;bay;

45. Current Account elg;Gf; fzf;F

46. Savings Account Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F

47. Out Station Cheque ntspA+u;f; fhNrhiy

48. Deposit Account itg;Gf; fzf;F

49. Recurring Deposit njhlu; itg;G

50. Fixed deposit epiy itg;G

51. Revenue tUtha;

tzpftpay; njhlu;ghf NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fiyr; nrhw;fSk; mtw;wpd;

jkpohf;fKk; fP. ,uhkypq; ;fk; vOjpa jkpo; Ml;rpr; nrhw;fs; vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J nfhLf;fg;

ngw;witfshFk;. ,it epiwT ngw;wd vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. gy nrhw;fSf;F

khw;Wr; nrhw;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. khztu;fs; ,ijg; Nghd;W gyJiwr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo;g; ;gLj;jpg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

nkhop ngau;g;G:nkhop ngau;g;G:nkhop ngau;g;G:nkhop ngau;g;G:nkhop ngau;g;G:

“jkpoyf;fpaj;jpy; NghJkhd msTf;F ,yf;fpag;G+u;tkhd nkhop ngau;g;G E}y;fs;

te;Js;sdth vd;W Nfl;lhy; ,y;iy vd;Wjhd; gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gilj;



101

Njitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;fpw msTf;Ff;$l nkhop ngau;g;Gfs; ntspahftpy;iy. mJTk;

rkPg fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf; $ba mstpy; ve;j nkhop ngau;g;Gk; vd; fz;zpy;

gltpy;iy” vd f. eh. Rg;ukzpak; $WtJ cz;ikNa. ,yf;fpa nkhop ngau;g;GfNs

jkpopy; ,d;Dk; rupahf ntsptutpy;iy vd;Dk; NghJ gy;NtW Jiwfisg; gw;wpa nkhop

ngau;g;Gfs; te;jpUf;Fk; vd vjpu; ghu;f;ff; $lhJ.

1956 ypUe;J rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; gy;NtW E}y;fis nkhop

ngau;j;J ntspaplj; njhlq;fpaJ. Njrpa Gj;jf epWtdk;> njd; ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; Gj;jf

epWtdk; Kjyhdit ,e;jpa nkhopfspYs;s ,yf;fpa E}y;fis nkhop ngau;j;J

ntspapl;L tUfpd;wd.

jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk;:jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk;:jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk;:jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk;:jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk;:

jkpio Ml;rp nkhopahf murhq;fk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lgpwF jkpo; nkhopf;F Mf;fk;

NjLfpd;w Kiwapy;> ,d;Dk; kfj;jhd mstpy; jkpopy; E}y;fs; ntsptu Ntz;Lk; vd;w

fUj;jpy; jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk; 1962y; epWtg;ngw;wJ. cyfpd; gpw gFjpfspYs;s

kf;fspd; mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Ff; Fiwahky; jkpo; kf;fSk; mwpT tsu;r;rp ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy;>

gpw nkhopapYs;s E}y;fisg; gbf;f Kbahjtu;fs; jkpopd; %yNk vy;yhtw;iwAk; fw;ff;

$ba #o;epiy cs;sJ. ,e;j vz;zj;jpd; mbg;gilapNy jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf; fofk;

fy;Y}up khztu;fSf;Fupa E}y;fis ntspapLtJld; nghJ kf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLfpw

tifapy; tuyhW> murpay;> cstpay;> nghUshjhuk;> Gtpapay;> tpQ;Qhdf; fiyfs;

Mfpa gy JiwfspYk; gy;NtW E}y;fis ntspapl Kide;Js;sJ. ,j; jkpo; ntspaPl;Lf;

fofk; ,J tiu 200f;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fisj; jkpopy; ntspapl;bUf;fpwJ. ,jpy; rpy

E}y;fisahtJ khztu;fs; gbj;Jg; gad; ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,it jkpo; nkhop ngau;g;igg;

Gupe;Jnfhs;s tha;g;gspf;Fk; vdyhk;.

ehk; ngwNtz;baJ:ehk; ngwNtz;baJ:ehk; ngwNtz;baJ:ehk; ngwNtz;baJ:ehk; ngwNtz;baJ:

vdNt> ,d;W vy;yhtw;iwAk; jkpopy; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;> jkpopd; %yk; njupe;J

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; czu;T jkpo; kf;fspilNa Njhd;w Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. ,jdhy;

xt;nthU JiwapYk; cs;stu;fs; mtu;fSila Jiwiag;gw;wpj; jkpopy; vOj

Kide;Js;sdu;. NkYk; murhq;fk; vy;yh epiyfspYk; jkpiog; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpajhy;

ehk; tpiuthfr; nra;a Ntz;baJ xd;W cz;L. ,jw;FKd; tof;fpypUe;j Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fg;

gjpyhfj; jkpo; vd tUk;nghOJ jkpo; nkhopapy; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd

nrhw;fis cUthf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ijg;Nghd;W ghl nkhopahf Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhfj; jkpo; vd tUk; ;nghOJ ghlE}y;fisj; jkpopy; vOj Ntz;ba neUf;fbAk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;iwr; rkhspf;f ehk;

nra;a Ntz;bad:

1. Gjpa fiyr; nrhw;fis nkhop ngau;g;gJ.

2. gy Jiw E}w;fis nkhop ngau;g;gJ.

3. Jiw nkhopg; gapw;rp ngWtJ.



102

nkhop ngau;g;gJ vg;gb? nkhop ngau;g;gJ vg;gb? nkhop ngau;g;gJ vg;gb? nkhop ngau;g;gJ vg;gb? nkhop ngau;g;gJ vg;gb?

nkhop ngau;g;G vd;wTld; %yj;jpypUe;J tupf;F tup nkhop ngau;g;G nra;jy; vd;W

xU tif. %yj;jpd; Rit Fd;whky; fUj;jpidr; rus nkhop ngau;g;ghff; nfhLg;gJkw;nwhU tif. nkhop ngau;f;Fk; nghOJ ehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:

1. xU nkhopapypUe;J ,d;ndhU nkhopf;F nkhop ngau;f;Fk; nghOJ mk;

nkhopapd; ,yf;fz kuGf;F Vw;g nkhop ngau;g;G mika Ntz;Lk;. “ I have

a brother” vd;gjid “ahd; xU cld; gpwe;jhid itj;jpUf;fpNwd;” vd

nkhop ngau;g;gJ $lhJ. (mjw;Fg; gjpyhf “vdf;F cld; gpwe;jhd;

xUtd; cs;shd;” vd nkhop ngau;f;f Ntz;Lk;.)

2. jkpopy; ngUk;ghYk; ,g;nghOJ cs;s nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk;

gad;gLj;JtJ tpUg;gj;jf;fjhFk;.

3. nkhop ngau;g;gpy; $batiu jkpo; kuGj; njhlu;fisAk; gonkhopfisAk;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. “Strikes the iron while it is hot” vd;gjid “#L ,Uf;Fk;

NghNj ,Uk;ig mbj;JtpL” vd nkhop ngau;g;gJ jtwhFk;. ,jw;Fg;

gjpyhf “fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;” vd;Dk; gonkhopiag; gad;

gLj;jyhk;. ,JNghd;W gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspy; cs;s ngau;r;nrhw;fis

jkpo;g;gLj;Jk; nghOJ mtw;iwr; rpijf;fhky; nkhop ngau;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

N~f;];gpau; vd;gjid nrfg;gpupau; vdj; jkpo;g; gLj;JtJ $lhJ.

4. nkhop ngau;g;ghdJ nkhop ngau;g;G vd;Dk; czu;T Njhd;whky; ,Uf;Fk;

gbahfr; nra;tJ kpfTk; mtrpak;.

ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:

,e;jpa nkhopfspy; nkhop ngau;g;G nra;tJ gw;wpg; gy E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd.

Mdhy; jkpopy; nkhop ngau;g;gpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;J ,Jtiu ntsp tutpy;iy.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;g;G Fwpj;J ntsp te;j E}y;fs; Vuhsk;. nkhop ngau;g;gpy; ehk;

ftdpf;f Ntz;bad:

1. nkhop ngau;g;gpd; nray; Kiwg; gpur;ridfs;.

2. %yj;jpd; nkhopf;Fk; nkhop ngau;g;gpd; nkhopf;Fk; njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfs;.

3. nkhop ngau;g; ;gpd; nray; KiwfSk; cj;jpfSk;.

nkhop ngau;f;Fk; nghOJ ,k;%d;W epiyfspYk; xUtd; rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gl

Ntz;Lk;. ,k;%d;wpDs; Kjy; ,uz;Lk; nkhop gw;wpaJ. %d;whtJ> nkhop ngau;g;ghsUila

MSikiag; Gyg;gLj;JtJ. nkhop ngau;g;ghsd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; topKiwfSk; nkhop

ngau;g;gpidr; Rit Fd;whky; nfhLf;f mtd; ifahSk; cj;jpfSNk xU nkhop ngau;g;ig

,yf;fpakhf;fptpLfpwJ. ,j;jifa ,yf;fpa kjpg;G tha;e;j nkhop ngau;g;Gfs; jkpOf;F



103

kpfTk; Njit. Jiwnkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; khztu;fspd; nkhopj; jpwid

tsu;g;gNjhL mk;nkhopapidg; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;j cjTtNj.

khztu; fUj;jp;y; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:khztu; fUj;jp;y; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:khztu; fUj;jp;y; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:khztu; fUj;jp;y; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:khztu; fUj;jp;y; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:

1. fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;G tiuf.

2. nkhop ngauf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;j Ntz;bad ahit?

3. fPo;fhZk; fiyr; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpo;r; nrhw;fisj; je;J

tpsf;Ff.

Postmaster, Postman, Post card, Post cover, Postage stamp, Postal Stamp, Book post, Registered

post, V.V. P., Postal order, Money Order, Mail, Airmail, Postal acknowledgement, E x -

press delivery, Certificate of Posting.

State Bank, Reserve Bank, Banking, Counter, Banking business, Banking corporation. Challan,

Voucher, Cheque, Crossed Cheque.

Company, firm, Union, Corporation, Establishment, limited., liability, management body,

Working capital, Financial Year, Acts.

Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:

1. njd;GNyhypA+u; gapw;rpj; jkpo; (,uz;lhk; ghfk;)

K. fzgjp gps;is njd;GNyhypA+u;> ,yq;if.

Kjw; gjpg;G> 1956.

2. fP. ,uhkypq;fk;> vk;. V.> jkpo; Ml;rpr; nrhw;fs;(mfuhjpAk; - tpsf;fKk;)

= tprhyhl;rpg; gjpg;gfk;>

kJiu> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G 1970

3. K. Richard Bansch (Ed.) The Science of Translation,

An Analytical Bibliography,

Tubingen, 1970

Jiw nkhopg;gapw;rp ↓

↓ ↓ ↓ elg;G nkhop njhlu;G nkhop rpwg;G nkhop

↓

↓ ↓

fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; nkhop ngau;j;jy;

sol ba program 1st year tamil a study material in pdf

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