soils of ipswich field guide

7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide

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www.ipswich.qld.gov.au


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Ratioale for the guide

W a all ligatd d Qslad lgislati t

cdct actiitis i a a tat pts a t t

it. I paticla w a d :

Environmental Protection Act 1994

Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 2009

Sustainable Planning Act 2009

Soil Conservation Act 1986

Tis Sils f Ipswic Fild Gid is dsigd t assist

t idtif sils at is f si, s tat ca pla

ad dta apppiat si ad sdit ctl

ass i cdctig actiitis. Actiitis cdct

t wic tis applis icld:

Building and maintaining roads and services.

Infrastructure (e.g. stormwater, potable water, sewers etc.).

Construction works (e.g. building, installation of minor

infrastructure in parks etc) and landscaping.

Designing, approving and monitoring development activities.

Any other activities that require the excavation and/or

trenching of soils.

T ltiat ai f t Gid is t assist i pt

t si ad taspt f sdit t ifastct

(.g. adwas, stwat ssts tc) ad lal

its (cs, is, las, das, wtlads tc

wic slts i cstl isil daag.

T Gid iclds a gal dscipti f ladfs a

si, w t dsci asic sil fats ad assss

apidl t lailit f a sil t wat si. It icl

asic dsciptis f t aj sil tps i t Ipswic

tat icld gal sil pptis ad aagt

Produced b AECOM Pt Ltd ad Ipswich Cit Coucil

Published b Ipswich Cit Coucil

Disclai

Tis plicati is ad aailal f ifati ppss l ad t

asis tat ss ai spsil f satisfig tsls as t its acc

cpltss ad cc. All iags ai ppt f t igial at

ad a sd pl f dcatial ppss l ad a t pd

witt ft appal. T plis accpts liailit ad (icldig

f gligc) f a lss daag (icldig csqtial idict daag) tat a icd as a slt f a pss s f tis p


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Cotets

Ladforms, Water Flow ad Soil Erosio 2

Tpes of soil erosio 3

Erosio Cotrol 7

Sedimet Cotrol 8

Water Flow, Raifall ad Soil Cla Cotet 9

Describig Soils Basic Features 10

Describig Soils What the Colours Mea12

How to Assess Soil Erosio Slakig

ad Dispersio Potetial 13

Soil Erosio Risk Matrix 16

Soil erosio ad sedimet cotrol

the ext steps 17

Major soil tpes i the Ipswich area 18

Chromosols eutral to alkalie soils

with sharp texture cotrast 20

Dermosols structured subsoils

with mior texture cotrast 22

Hdrosols wet soils 24

Kadosols strogl weathered earths

with mior texture cotrast 26

Sodosols alkalie ad sodic soils

with sharp texture cotrast 28

Vertosols Crackig Clas 30

Further Readig 32


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Ladforms, Water Flow ad Soil Erosio

Ladfs ca dti t is f sil si d t t

type of water ow they receive, and the catchment area that

delivers the ow. Side slopes often produce Sheet Flow,

whereas valley oors and gullies produce Concentrated Flow.

I t diaga t igt, sils t idg at a lw

catct aa ad xpic ii St Flw.

Sils lw sid slps at ci ig ats f

St Flw ad a a lag catct aa.

Sils at t all ad at ci Cctatd Flw f

sdig slps ad a a lag catct aa.

Sils i t lw all at ci t igst ats fCctatd Flw ad a t lagst catct aa.

I tis diaga, t is f sil si asd ladf

is gatst at , t , , ad lwst at .

W assssig t is f sil si f a ladf

pspcti, t fllwig sld asd:

Is t sil sitatd a idg, sid slp all?

Wat is t lati catct aa f t sit?

Is t sit xpctd t ci St Cctatd Fl

SheeT FLoW

SheeT

ConCenTrATeD

FLoW

1

2

3

4

4 3 2 1

1

2

3

4


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Tpes of soil erosio

A. Raisplash Erosio

B. Sheet Erosio

C. Rill Erosio

D. Gull Erosio

E. Stream Erosio

STreAmFLoW

A

B

C

D

E

1.


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Tpes of Soil Erosio

Raisplash Erosio

esi d t t ipact f aidps lastig sil paticls

f t sil sfac. Paticls ca t tasptd asil

st ad t si tps.

Sheet Erosio

ral f a sallw, if la f sil f t sf

Often difcult to see due to no channels being formed, w

dwslp acclati ig t l idicati.

DoWnSLoPe ACCumuLATIon

SheeT eroSIon

DoWnSLoPe ACCumu

2.

3.

4.


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Tpes of Soil Erosio

Rill Erosio

ral f sil f t sfac w sall cals

(ills) p t 300 dp a fd. Ts f w

ff cctats it dpssis casd atall

wl tacs

Gull Erosio

ral f sil f t sfac ad ssfac cas

cctatd ff dig cals gat ta 300

dp.

GuLLy

rILLS


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Tpes of Soil Erosio

Tuel Erosio

Tunnelling occurs when inltrating rainwater or overland ow

cass ssils t disps, ladig t ssfac pipig ad

si. Dispsi sils a spciall p t tllig. If

t tpsil cllapss, sils ad gllis ca f.

SInk hoLe

CoLLAPSeD TunneL

Pt mattw

DISPerS

IveSubSo

IL

DISPerSIve

SubSoIL

non-DISP

erSIveToP

SoIL

non-DISP

erSIveToP

SoILSInk hoLe

GuLLy FormeD

ThrouGh CoLLAPSe

FLoW

TunneLS

1

2


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Erosio Cotrol

Erosion control measures are the rst line of defence in

ptig sit ad ffsit si ffcts ad sld

dta at all sits. esi ctls a alwas t

pfd pti i aagig sit ad ff sit si

ffcts. esi ctl is ltiatl t capst ctlas ad acis st tcs w csidig

csts.

esi ctl ais t pt dc sil si casd

ail aisplas ad st si. T st f f

si ctl is t aitai axi plat c t sil

sfac, ad iiis t ftpit f sil distac. If

plat c is t d ad sils distd, t tpical

si ctl ass a icld:

Bonded bre matrix

Cpst lats

esi ctl lats

Gallig

mlcig

rgtati

Sil ids ad sfac stailiss

Sfac gig

Specic control measures will need to be selected depe

sit cditis.

Fcal pits f si ctl a t ad xit pits

w sits w a icls tasit fqtl. Ts

t galld apppiatl. Ts sits a diatd

nds due to constant vehicle movement.

effcti si ctl als as ffcti daiag

ass. Csidatis sld icld:

Disi f p-slp stwat ff ad sil

distacs ad discag ff sit

Diisi f t w sit it aagal daiag a

and ow paths stabilised and managed. Dirty water is

pt sit ad dispsd f apppiatl .g. ap

occulation and discharge of clean water

Minimise ow velocity and soil erosion within drainag

cals ad cts (.g. gla spacig f cc d

tc.)

F dtaild ifati s:

IECA (2008). Best Practice Erosion and Sediment Contr

International Erosion Control Association (Australasia)


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Sdit ctl ass a tsecond line of defence i

ptig sit ad ffsit si ffcts. T ai t tap

and retain sediment eroded from the site (both very ne and

lag paticls).

Typical sediment control measures include:

bff zs

Cstcti xits

Sdit fcs

Sdit asis / wis

Cc das

Grass lter traps

Rock lter traps

Cpst/lc s

Dp ilt ptcti

Flcclats

Specic control measures will need to be selected depending

sit cditis.

Daiag ctl ass applical t sdit ct

icld:

Ditig p-slp stwat ff awa f xca

Disi f cla wat ad sdit taps,

ttal l f wat t tappd ad tatd ad i

dcig t siz f t sdit ctl as

F dtaild ifati s:



Sedimet Cotrol


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Water Flow, Raifall ad Soil Cla Cotet

T ig t cla ctt f t sil, t gat t

benet normally obtained by erosion control measures.

T ig t sad ctt f t sil, t gat t

benet normally obtained by sediment control measures.

T diaga at igt dstats w t gal

benets of drainage, erosion and sediment control

vary for various rainfall, water ow and soil particle size

cditis.

The diagram does not imply that erosion, sediment

and drainage control should be used in isolation from

each other. Each work site will probably use somecombination of all three control types.

Draiage Cotrol

(icreased priorit)

Erosio Cotrol

(icreased priorit)

Sedimet C

(icreased p

SoIL CLAy ConTenT

FLoW

TyPe

SHEETFL

OW

COnCEnTR

ATED

FLOW

HEAVy

LIGHT

SAnDyCLAyEy

rAInFA

LLInTe

SITy

Adaptd f IeCA & Lcal Gt Assciati f Qslad Ic


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Describig Soils Basic Features

no-Crackig clas ad most other soils

Sfac iz wit s

acclati f gaic att

tat is sall da cl talw izs, iz wic

a ligt i cl t as

lss cla ta lw izs

Ssfac izs caactisd

f: cctatis

f clas, stg cls (.g.

dd) ta tpsils, stct adtxt difft t tpsils

ToPSoIL

uPPer SubSoIL

LoWer SubSoIL

rpdcti f t ptgap as

appd t Stat f Qsl

(Dpatt f eit ad rs

maagt) [20


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Crackig Clas

Sfac iz cpisd f

c-li lag sil agggats,

wit igla cas spacstw t. usall as sa

da cl tgt

Ssfac izs caactisd

lag, cas lc stcts

wit sall l aw spacs

tw t. usall as sa

da cl tgt

ToPSoIL

uPPer SubSoIL

LoWer SubSoIL

Describig Soils Basic Features

rpdcti f t ptgap as

appd t Stat f Qsl

(Dpatt f eit ad rs

maagt) [20


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Describig Soils What the Colours Mea

Soil colour Characteristics Costraits

blac

Sils ig i gaic att, sc as cacig

clas, pats gaic sils

excssi/plgd wtss,

al t cpacti, saliit

rd

Wll-daid sils wit ig ctt f

i xids

Pssil lal t cpacti

yllw yllw-w

Ipfctl daid t datl wll-daid

sils wit ig ctt f i xids

excssi/plgd wtss,

pssil lal t cpacti

bw

mdat sil gaic att cctatis

ad s i xids

Ssil a dispsi

G bl G

nal pat watlggig excssi/plgd wtss

mttls (d,ag,llw)

Itittt watlggig excssi/plgd wtss

Adaptd f Pattis t al. (2010). Sil alt f gtal pdcti i Astalia. Stat f Qslad,

Dpatt f eplt, ecic Dlpt ad Iati. Pr104543


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Exposig the Soil

Dpdig t at f ws, cs t st

apppiat a f sig t sil.

Tis a as sipl as sig a ag t xtact tpsil

ad ssil f tstig. Altatil, a a ad sta

cutting may provide sufcient information. If an excavator is

ig sd d t t at f ws, sc as tcig

ladscapig, a pit tc ca xcaatd.

As with all trenching activities, appropriate health and

safety precautions should be followed. No person should

enter a trench or pit deeper than 1.2 metres.

How to Assess Soil Erosio Slakig ad Dispersio Potetial

Equipmet needed

Spad twl

Sall glass plastic ja

Cla, cla wat (1 lit)

Ti (watc il p)


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Assessig Soil Slakig (Collapse) ad Dispersio

usig t spad twl, ta a sapl f t tpsil1.

P a sall at f wat it t ja2.

Slct 2 3 pa-sizd sil agggats csid pstati f t tpsil,3.

ad gtl plac t i t wat

La a stal sfac ad s aft 5 its4.

rpat t pcss f t pp ssil ad t lw ssil5.

usig jdgt, assig a all atig t t ssil .g.6.

If the aggregates stay together then the soil has good aggregate stability.

The soil is largely stable in water; or

If the aggregates fall apart, but the water remains clear, the aggregates have slaked.

The soil is vulnerable to slaking (collapse) in water, but shows little or no clay dispersion; or

If the aggregates fall apart and the water is cloudy, the soil is dispersive.

The soil is vulnerable to collapse in water and associated clay dispersion.



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Stal agggat

Sligtl dispsi

Slad agggat

mdatl dispsi higl dispsi

Slaked soil

Dispersive soil

T Stat f Qslad, Dpatt f

eplt, ecic Dlpt ad

Iati (2010)


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Soil Erosio Risk Matrix

Dispsi Slaig

hig mdat Sligt Slad Stal

Concentrated

Flow

hig

Lw

Concentrated

Flow

hig

Lw

hig si

is

mdat

si is

Lw si is* oall dispsi slaig atig f wl sil

(Pags 14 ad 15)

Determine general ow conditions based on thediaga Pag 2


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Soil erosio ad sedimet cotrol the ext steps

Tis Gid psts gal adic l assssig sil

lailit t si. oc gal sit cditis a

assssd accdig t t Sil esi ris matix, sit

checks to conrm soil types still need to be conducted and

xpt adic sgt f si ad sdit ctls.

A cpsi si ad sdit ctl pla ds t

disd. Tis will icld lcatis f:

esi ctl ass

Sdit ctl ass

Daiag ctls

Sit t ad xit ctls

Sil stcpils

F cpsi ad dtaild ifati s:



Local Government Association of Queensland Inc. (200

Introductory Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines f

Queensland Councils


20/36

Major soil tpes i the Ipswich area

T fllwig scti dscis t six aj Astalia Sil

Classication Orders mapped in the Ipswich City Council area.

Where possible more than one example of a typical soil prole

is pstd.

It sld td tat tis is t a cpsicpilati f all pssil sils fd i t aa, l t

dominant ones. However, this is sufcient for conveying the

gal disit f sils ad ti pptis, spciall

as t lat t si pst i t Ipswic aa. T

distiti f t six aj sil tps i t aa is sw

t fllwig ap maj sil tps i t Ipswic aa. T

six aj sils a dscid pags 20 - 31.

A ote o termiolog

Dispersive soils sils tat a cpisd lagl f cla

tat a lal t dispsi ad si w wt

sils w as Sdsls a paticlal dispsi, t

cla-ic sils sc as Csls, Dsls, vtslad s hdsls ad kadsls a als lal

dispsi si.

Texture cotrast those soils that have a signicant ch

i sil paticl siz (txt) tw tpsil ad ssi

alst alwas fs t sils wit sad tpsils ad cla

ssils.

Structured/well structured sils idiidal sil

tat xiit gaisati. Tis as tat sil paticls

aalgaatd it lag its calld agggats. Wll

stctd sils a distict agggats f difft siz

wit adat cacs ps tgt.


21/36

Major soil tpes i the Ipswich area

Sil data f Derm (2008).

Sils datast, scal 1:250,000


22/36

Vertosols Crackig Clas

rpdcti f t ptgap as appd

t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f eit

ad rsc maagt) [2010]

rpdcti f t ptgap as app

t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f ei

ad rsc maagt) [


23/36

Ladform ad Distributio

Widespread on at to undulating alluvial plains, creek ats

ad ig tacs

Ke Features

Cla-ic ad ft wll-stctd. Sscptil t wat

lggig ad cpacti. higl stic w wt

Erosio

vlal t st ad gll si dat slps

Erosio ad Sedimet Cotrol

Sfac c sld aitaid as c as pssil.

On site drainage should be diverted to reduce water ow

lcit ad t spaat cla f dit wat. Sdit

ctls a qi sdit asis

Earthworks

Liitatis d t wat lggig, cla ctt ad cac

Allw f 30% sttlig

Fertilit ad Plat Growth

Some soils may be nutrient decient, and aluminium

ad agas txicitis a cc i s aas. Sl

daiag a cas watlggig ad stict plat gw

Vertosols Crackig Clas


24/36

Hdrosols wet soils





25/36


Occur in the poorly drained sections of valley oors

Ke FeaturesSil pptis lagl dtid igt f wat tal,

wic is alst alwas latil ig. G cls ad

ttlig idicat plgd satati. ma cla sad

tgt, ciatis f t tw

Erosio

bcas t cc i t lwst pats f t ladscap,

sheet, rill, gully or tunnel erosion is rare, although ooding

may be a problem. Disturbed soils exposed to stream ow

a d


upsta disi sld csidd t pt sit

ooding and waterlogging. Sediment controls should be

ipltd t pt dwsta ffcts. Cla-ic sils

may require sediment basins and the use of occulants to

sttl t clas

Earthworks

Sital f ads ad tacs xcpt i t lwst psiti

Fertilit ad Plat GrowthGall tit ic, altg alii ad

agas txicitis a cc i s aas. Sil s

a cst ladig t p sil-sd ctact. P daia

a lad t xg-p t cditis ad iiit pla

gwt

Hdrosols wet soils

i i


26/36

Kadosols strogl weathered earths with mior texture cotrast




K d l l h d h i h i


27/36


occ t csts ad slps f lw ills

Ke FeaturesUsually deep (1.0 5.0 m). Weak soil prole development

ad gadal icas i cla ctt wit dpt

Erosio

higl dil lw slps if a

Erosio ad Sedimet CotrolSfac c sld aitaid as c as pssil.



ctls f cas (sad) atials a icld

sediment fences, but ner materials may require sediment

basins and the use of occulants to settle out clays

Earthworks

Sital f st atw patis. Allw f 30%

sttlig


Gall lw tit stats, spciall psp

ad itg.

Plat aailal wat capacit is gall lw, ad

saliit a a pl i s aas

Kadosols strogl weathered earths with mior texture cotrast

S d l lk li d di il ith h t t t t


28/36

Sodosols alkalie ad sodic soils with sharp texture cotrast






ad rsc maagt) [

S d l lk li d di il ith h t t t t


29/36


Widspad plais ad lw ills

Ke FeaturesSap ctast tw sad tpsils ad cla-ic

ssils

Erosio

higl dil. vlal t st, tl ad gll

si d t igl dispsi ssils



On-site drainage should be diverted to reduce water ow


ctls f cas (sad) atials a icld

sediment fences, but ner materials may require sediment


Earthworks

usital f st atw patis

Fertilit ad Plat GrowthGall lw t lw tit stats. Plat aailal

wat is lw.

Plat gwt is ipdd p ssil daiag d t

ig cla ctt, ad is als ipdd tg cla s

Sodosols alkalie ad sodic soils with sharp texture cotrast

Ch l t l t lk li il ith h t t t t


30/36

Chromosols eutral to alkalie soils with sharp texture cotrast






ad rsc maagt) [

Ch l t l t lk li il ith h t t t t


31/36


yllw sils cc gtl dlatig iss t llig

ct. rdd sils cc gtl iclid ad stp

slps i ill ct

Ke Features

Sap txt ctast tw sad tpsils ad cla-ic

ssils

Erosio

higl dil sallw slps. P t st

si. bcas ssils a cla-ic, t a lal

t dispsi





ctls f cas (sad) atials a icldsediment fences, but ner materials may require sediment


Earthworks

Sital f st atw patis. Allw f 30%

sttlig


Gall lw t lw tit stats, ad plat

aailal wat capacit is lw

Chromosols eutral to alkalie soils with sharp texture cotrast

D l t t d b il ith i t t t t


32/36

Dermosols structured subsoils with mior texture cotrast






ad rsc maagt) [



33/36


Widspad id t pp psitis lw

dlatig ills

Ke Features

Cla-ic sils wit wll-stctd ssils

Erosio

higl dil sallw slps w a. bcas

ssils a cla-ic, t a lal t dispsi





ctls a qi sdit asis ad t s f

occulants to settle out clays

Earthworks

T cacig at f ts sils ca a liitati f

atws. Allw f 30% sttlig. Liitd sitailit f

ads ad tacs, w acclati f wat i ts a

wl tacs sld aidd


Psps a lw, ad s sils a a la

salt lls i t ssils wic a iiit gwt


Further Readig


34/36

has, b.P. (1996). Fild maal, i nl. k.e. (d)

udstadig ad maagig Sils i t mt rgi.

Dpatt f Pia Idstis Taiig Sis Qe96003,

bisa.

IeCA (2008). bst Pactic esi ad Sdit Ctl.Itatial esi Ctl Assciati (Astalasia)

Lcal Gt Assciati f Qslad Ic. (2006).

Itdct esi ad Sdit Ctl Gidlis f

Qslad Ccils.

mckzi, n., Jacqi, D., Isll, r. ad bw, k.

(2004). Astalia Sils ad Ladscaps A Illstatd

Cpdi. CSIro Plisig

natial Citt Sil ad Tai (2009). Astalia

Sil ad Lad S Fild had, 3d editi. CSIro

Plisig.

Pattis, T.t al. (2010). Sil alt f gtal pdcti

i Astalia. Stat f Qslad, Dpatt f eplt,

ecic Dlpt ad Iati. Pr104543

Image Attributios

Adapted from: http://saferenvironment.les.wordpr1.

c/2009/08/tp-f-sil-si.jpg.

F: ttp://www.ip.iastat.d/ip/ic/2005/2.

2005/splas.jpg.

Adaptd f: ttp://www.c.g/dia/3.

plaigdc/t_aidp.jpg.

F: ttp://www..cs.sda.g/ws/4.

moptgall/esi/st1.jpg.

Further Readig


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Ipswich City CouncilPhone (07) 3810 6666Fax (07) 3810 6731

i i h ld

soils of ipswich field guide

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