soil testing on organic and ecological farms · •soil testing is a useful tool to evaluate...
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Soil testing for Organic and Ecological Farms
Rob Dunn, FarmWise Inc., Lethbridge
403-382-8154
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Why soil test?
“Can’t manage what you don’t measure.” (Drucker)
• Evaluate soil fertility status• Characterize soil properties• Diagnosing poor growth areas, problem
soils• Baseline to track mid to longer term soil
improvement
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What should we be testing for …?
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Limitation to any test (disclaimer)
• At best, only a snap shot into the physical, chemical or biological condition at a given point in time
• Sample timing and depth is important (especially biology)
• Challenge: What does it mean for my situation?
➢Is the test calibrated against a “management response”
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Before you head to the field
Think about the purpose for sampling …1. Nutrient status to inform fertility inputs?
2. Evaluating benefits of soil treatments or green manures?
3. Diagnosing unproductive field areas?
4. Benchmarking to inform management strategies and track longer term soil health improvement?
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Google Imagery is a great tool before you head to the field
Call before you dig&
Don’t forget about sanitation
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From: CARA soil health sampling protocol
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Benchmark
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2
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Standard soil testing for nutrients and soil characteristics• Conventional farms test to determine fertilizer
needs, usually in late fall/winter
• More complex for organic/ecological farms• Need to account for nutrients contributed through
covers, green manures and organic amendments
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In what way are organic farms different?
From: Tools for Assessing Nutrient Status on Organic Farms. J.T Martens, U of M
To address the challenge and account for nutrients within green manures, U of M developed an innovative approach
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Principle:✓ Plant will take up as much of each nutrient from soil
unless a nutrient is deficient
Soil nutrient can be supplied by:Soil Organic MatterDecomposing plant residuesSoil biological processes
Then the concentration in above ground biomass will be lower than normal
If the soil nutrient supply is deficient
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Strategy:Couple a soil and
green manure biomass sample
• Biomass nutrient content at termination
• Quantifies N fixed
• Did the soil supply adequate P, K and S?
• Soil test for available nutrients at time of biomass sampling
• Indication of soils functional fertility level
Plant biomass x Plant nutrient concentration
= Plant nutrient uptake
Next level: used as a tool to do a budget for field or farm level nutrient budgeting
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Standard soil test• Representative sample!
• Key is an appropriate sampling plan (imagery helps!)
• Composite of at least 15 to 20 sample sites
• Sample depths• Best is 0-6, 6-12 and 12-24 inch
• Most common approach is 0-6 and 6 to 24
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Labs for standard soil testing:
• Down to Earth Labs - Lethbridge
• Biovision – Edmonton
• Element (formerly Exova) - Edmonton
• Farmers Edge - MB
• A&L Canada – ON
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Tests for evaluating physical soil characteristics
• Compaction (penetrometer resistance)
• Aggregate stability
• Water infiltration
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From: CARA soil health sampling protocol
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Justin Duban farm – Coalhurst, AB
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Steps for a water infiltration test(from: CARA soil health testing protocol)
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Justin Duban farm – Coalhurst, AB
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Other approaches for soil assessment or benchmarking soil quality
Direct and indirect methods
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Organic AB soil quality toolkit
• Part of an initiative that includes both research and extension
• User friendly toolkit for collecting baseline soils information
• 16 farmers participating in a pilot this past year• Soil Quality Card – “self assessment of soils”
• Soil samples sent to the CARA Soil Health Lab
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•Chinook Applied Research Assn. (Oyen)
•Main goal: • To allow producers to have access to
biological and physical assessments to build the bridge for improving their soil health base on localized and side specific constraints.
CARA Soil Health (CARA-SHealth)
Laboratory Initiative
Slide provided by Yamily Zavala, CARA
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What soil indicators should be measured ?
Compaction
Infiltration
StructureTexture …..
Soil Aggregation
Respiration (CO2)Active Carbon
C to N ratioMicrobial activitiesSoil Food Web
Fungi, bacteria, nematodes, etc…..
Physical Chemical
Biological
Soil health: Integration of biological chemical & physical functions
Slide provided by Yamily Zavala, CARA
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Residues from a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) green manure crop grown with phosphate rock influence bioavailability of soil phosphorusArcand, M. M., D. H. Lynch, R. P. Voroney and P. van Straaten. 2010. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 90:257-266
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AFFIRM – Manure nutrients
▪ Manure source (beef, dairy, poultry, etc.) and form (solid or liquid)
▪ Considers application timing, method and rate
▪ Nutrient levels (book values or input if test results available)
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Summary
• Soil testing is a useful tool to evaluate nutrient status, diagnose problem field areas or benchmark for long term soil quality monitoring
• Innovative approaches (eg., U of M Biomass assay) are new approaches for organic/ecological farms
• Several approaches for assessing soil physical characteristics and biology (direct or indirect)