soil properties essential standard 5.00- explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers
TRANSCRIPT
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Soil Properties
Essential Standard 5.00- Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers.
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Objective 5.01
• Discuss Horticulture soils
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Soils and growing media
• Soils and growing media are made up of two types of materials– Organic matter– Inorganic compounds
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Organic Matter
• Dead plant or animal tissue• contains carbon• usually has diseases or insects
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Types of organic matter
• Compost• bark-particles too large to use in
seed germination media• mulch-used to cover soil to help
hold moisture and prevent weeds• straw• peat moss
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Composting
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Types of Organic Matter
• Sphagnum• Sawdust-high carbon to nitrogen
ratio makes nitrogen unavailable for plant use
• Wood shavings- high carbon to nitrogen ratio makes nitrogen unavailable for plant use
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Inorganic compounds
• Do not contain carbon• usually sterile
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Types of inorganic compounds
• Soilless media-artificial soil• Vermiculite-mica mineral matter
used to start seeds and cuttings, helps hold moisture, has neutral pH
• Perlite-natural volcanic material that helps aeration and water-holding capacity
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Vermiculite
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Perlite
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Advantages of horticultural soils
1. Sterile.2. pH is neutral.3. Disease and weed free.4. It is good for starting disease sensitive
seeds• Tomato
5. It is easy to control the nutrient content 6. Improves crop uniformity.7. It is easy to create a horticulture soil for
particular plant needs.
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Disadvantages
1. Expensive
2. It is light weight
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Carbon : Nitrogen
• Materials with a high carbon to nitrogen ratio– Sawdust– Wood shavings
• Makes nitrogen unavailable for plant use
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Soil Profiles and Sampling
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Objective 5.02
• Discuss the soil profile and soil sampling for surface and subsurface layers
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What is the physical make up of soil?
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Soil Profile
• Layers of soil are called horizons• Typical profile
– A Horizon-topsoil• most fertile• most organic matter• top or first layer
– B Horizon-subsoil– C Horizon-bedrock
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Soil Profile
A Horizon
B Horizon
C Horizon
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Soil Profile
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Soil Structure
• How particles cluster together– single grain– granular (best for most plants)– blocky– platy– massive
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Soil Structure
Single Grain
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Soil Structure
Granular
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Soil Structure
Blocky
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Soil Structure
Platy
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Soil Structure
Massive
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Soil Structure
• Soil structure is more important to producers who grow plants in natural soils
• Producers of container grown plants add ingredients to make growing media desirable
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Soil Texture
• Size of particles• Types of textures
– clayey– loamy– sandy
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Clayey Texture
• Small particles• Has a high water-holding capacity• most common texture in western
NC
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Loamy texture
• About equal parts of sand, clay and silt
• Ideal texture for most non-container outside plants
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Sandy texture
• Large particles• Low moisture-holding capacity• Most common in eastern NC
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Soil pH• Measurement of acidity or
alkalinity from 0 to 14– Acid-less than 0-6.9– Alkaline-more than 8-14
• Most organic matter is acid• Most artificial media is neutral• Ideal pH for most gardens is 5.5 to
7.0
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Physical Properties of Soils
• Permeability– rate at which water moves through
the soil• Water holding capacity
– ability of a soil to hold water for plant use
• Porosity– amount of air space between soil
particles
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Physical Properties of Soils
• 50% of soil should be pore space– 25% water space– 25% air space.
• 50% of soil should be soil particles – 45% mineral matter– 5% organic matter
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Soil Makeup
Solid particles
Pore Space
Water
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Soil Sampling
• Soil sampling and testing is essential for an accurate fertilizer recommendation for growing plants.
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Soil Sampling Procedures
1. Create a visual grid of the area to be planted.• For gardens and landscapes, take 5-10 sub-samples • Sample before the growing season.
2. Use a stainless steel soil-sampling probe.3. Take the surface sample to tillage depth
1. about 4inches for lawns2. 6-8 inches for crops
4. Mix the soil samples together.
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Soil Sampling Procedures
5. Remove any grass, rocks or other material besides soil.
6. Avoid unusual spots • Problem areas need to be sent in a separate
box.7. Place soil samples in a box
• Obtain from the County Extension Office along with Soil Sample Information sheet
8. Send the box and information to:• Agronomic Division Soil Test Lab in Raleigh
for a free soil test.
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FFA Land Judging CDE