soil--lithosphere mrs. b-z. soil--definition complex mixture of eroded rock, mineral nutrients,...
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Soil--LithosphereMrs. B-Z
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Soil--definition
Complex mixture of eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air, and billions of living organisms
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Indirect resources from soil Provides us with wood, paper,
fiber, and medicines
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Direct benefits of soil
Purifies water Decomposes biodegradable
waste
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We Study Soil Because It’s A(n)
Great integrator
Producer andabsorber of gases (CO2 and others)
Medium for plant growth
Medium of crop production
Home to organisms(plants, animals and others)
Waste decomposer
Snapshot of geologic, climatic, biological, and human history
Source material for construction, medicine, art, etc.
Filter of water and wastes
Essential natural resource
Medium of heat andwater storage
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Hydrologic Cycle and the Soil
Color
Structure
Bulk Density
Texture
pH
Temperature
Moisture
HorizonDepths
Soil Properties that are part of the hydrologic cycle.
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Soil Forming Factors
Parent Material
Topography
(The first four factors over) Time
Climate
Biota
These five factors work together to create a unique soil profile made of layers called horizons.
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Soil Characterization
Ways to Describe soil:•Zones or Layers of Soil
•Material contained in Soil•Soil Texture
•Soil Structure •Soil Color
•Soil Permeability•Soil pH
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Soil horizons
Zones of mature soil layers
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Finding and Describing HorizonsSoil Pit Technique
Arid climate soil in New Mexico, USA
Forest soil in Florida, USA
First, obtain permission to dig a pit. Obey any and all safety precautions requested, and ask about power and water lines.
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Soil profile
Cross sectional view of the horizons
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Forest soil in Florida, USA Forest soil in Tallinn, Estonia
Soil profiles in different geographic regions will be similar if the five soil forming factors act on those soils in the same way.
Soil Profile Comparison
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Humus
Partially decomposed matter found in top soil
Organic layer
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A horizon
Top-most layer Top soil
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B-horizon
Subsoil Soil’s inorganic material
broken down Clay, sand, silt, and gravel
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C horizon
Parent material Usually bedrock or some type
of rock
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Soil texture
Determined by different sizes and types of minerals
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Horizon PropertiesSoil Texture (continued)
To Determine Soil Texture
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loams
Soils with roughly equal amount of clay, sand, silt, and humus
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Horizon PropertiesSoil Texture (continued)
To Determine Soil Texture
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Soil structure
How particles are organized and clumped together
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Horizon Properties
With StructureGranular Blocky
Prismatic
Columnar
Platy
Soil Structure
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Single Grained Massive
Horizon PropertiesSoil Structure (continued)
Without Structure
Pencil is 19 cm
See hands for relative size
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Soil porosity
Measure of the volume of pores or spaces per volume of soil and average difference between spaces
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Soil permeability
Average size of spaces or pores
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Horizon Properties
Soil Color
Munsell Notation
Hue Value Chroma
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Horizon Properties
Soil Color (continued)1
2
3
4
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Horizon PropertiesSoil Consistence
Loose*
Extremely FirmFirm
Friable
* Soils with “single grained” structure always have loose consistence.
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Horizon PropertiesSoil Texture
Relative Size Comparison of Soil Particles
barrel
plate
Sand (feels gritty)
Silt(feels floury)
coin
Clay(feels sticky)
(2.00 - 0.05 mm, USDA)
(2.00 - 0.02 mm, ISSS)
(0.05 - 0.002 mm, USDA)
(0.02 - 0.002 mm, ISSS)
(< 0.002 mm, USDA)
(< 0.002 mm, ISSS)
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Horizon PropertiesTest For Free Carbonates
This is strong effervescence.
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Infiltration
Downward movement of water through soil
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leaching
Water dissolves materials in the upper layers and the solution is carried to the lower areas
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pH
Acidity or alkalinity in water solutions
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Environmental Problems with Soil Soil ErosionFamine/Hunger
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Soil erosion
Movement of soil components especially surface litter and top soil
Caused by Water Wind How much soil is there?
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/app_soil/hmsoil.htm
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Problems with erosion
Feed millions more people with billions metric TONS less of top soil each year
75 billion metric tons of soil erodes every year
How long does it take for one inch of top soil to form?
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/inch/soiltime.htm
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Soil Conservation
Reducing erosion Restoring fertility
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Conservation-tillage farming Disturbing the soil as little as
possible when planting This holds in more moisture as
well.
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Contour Farming
Planting crops in rows according to the contour of the land
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Strip Cropping Alternating a crop that needs to be
in rows (like corn) with one that does not (like grass).
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Windbreaks Long rows of trees are planted to
partially block the wind from eroding the soil
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Alley Cropping
Several crops are planted in strips or alleys between trees or shrubs (wind breaks).
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Restoring Fertility
Organic Fertilizer—from plant and animal materials
Commercial Fertilizer—produced from minerals
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Crop Rotation
Corn, tobacco, and cotton deplete soil nutrients so farmers rotate these from growing in the same plot of land two seasons in a row. The next season a legume will be planted instead like barley, rye, or soybeans.
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How is food produced
Industrial Agriculture—uses large amounts of fossil fuels, water, commercial fertilizers and pesticides
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How is food produced
Plantations—industrialized in tropical, developing countries (coffee & bananas)
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How is food produced
Traditional—enough for yourself and your dependents
More human labor
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Green Vegetation
More energy is given off than was used to produce it
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Livestock
Three units of energy put into every unit of energy produced.
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World Food
Under-nutrition—enough food to survive but not the right food groups
Malnutrition—not enough food to survive
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World Food
From 1950-90, food production rose 3x and per capita rose 36%.
88 Developing countries are behind with food for population. But this fell from 36% to 14%.
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World Food
It is surprising to note that there really is enough food to feed everyone, but it is not equally distributed.
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Protecting Food
Pesticides—chemicals used to kill organisms that are undesirable
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Pesticides
Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Nematocide
s Rodenticide
s
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Which uses more pesticides—a lawn or a farm?
Surprisingly a LAWN—A lot more!
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Argument for Pesticides Saves human lives (malaria and
bubonic) Increases food supply Lowers cost 55% of food supply is lost 37% of US food is lost Work faster and better than
alternatives Risks are outweighed by benefits
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Against pesticides
Genetic resistance Broad spectrum could hurt
unharmful organisms Wiping out natural predators
unleashing new pests previously held in check
Harm wildlife Harm humans
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Alternatives to Pesticides Crop rotation Plant crops to draw pests to
them Genetic modification Biological predators Biological pesticides Radiating food
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Integrating Pest Management See pests as part of the
ecosystem Find harmony between crops
and pests
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Sustainable Agriculture
Combine traditional polyculture and modern monoculture
More perennial crops Minimize soil erosion Reduce deforestation Reduce water waste Reduce overuse of fossil fuels Use organic fertilizers Use biological pesticides