Software,Software, Nano-HardwareNano-Hardware & & EnergyEnergy

Raj Nair, Raj Nair, AnaSIMAnaSIM Corp. Corp. NanoEquity Asia 2008, May 28, 2008NanoEquity Asia 2008, May 28, 2008

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Redefining SoftwareRedefining Software

Intellectual Property (IP) is WARE:Intellectual Property (IP) is WARE:Usually, Usually, wares.wares. (from DICTIONARY.COM) (from DICTIONARY.COM) articles of merchandise or manufacture; goodsarticles of merchandise or manufacture; goods any intangible items, as any intangible items, as services or products ofservices or products of

artistic or artistic or intellectual creativityintellectual creativity, that are salable, that are salable

IP is SOFT IP is SOFT IP is ware, and it is 'soft', in the form of IP is ware, and it is 'soft', in the form of

ideas, concepts, specifications, processes, ideas, concepts, specifications, processes, methods and descriptions of inventions.methods and descriptions of inventions.

SoftwareSoftware is not just code, it is not just code, it is IP, Services, is IP, Services, …!…!

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Manifestation of IntelligenceManifestation of Intelligence

CODECODE Software narrowly construed to imply code and Software narrowly construed to imply code and

applicationsapplications

But code defines everything! But code defines everything! Very similar and simple genetic codes define Very similar and simple genetic codes define

all animate life and determine evolutionary all animate life and determine evolutionary pathwayspathways

Codified language, conduct, material pursuits Codified language, conduct, material pursuits and laws define societies and scienceand laws define societies and science

Code controls all manners of machines & Code controls all manners of machines & systemssystems

Software blurs the distinction between the Software blurs the distinction between the animate and inanimate… a animate and inanimate… a manifestation of manifestation of IntelligenceIntelligence

Turing Test(Wikipedia)

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EvolutionEvolution

Hardware to Software!

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The Future is The Future is SoftwareSoftware

Man-Machine interfacesMan-Machine interfaces Operating systemsOperating systems

Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management Applications & AutomationApplications & Automation

Business Processes, Industry Business Processes, Industry ServicesServices

SAAS (Service, by our definition, is Soft-SAAS (Service, by our definition, is Soft-ware)ware)

Learning & AdaptationLearning & Adaptation Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

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Future’s Closer than we Future’s Closer than we ThinkThink

Honda® ASIMO

The hardware’s great, but it is software that gives personality, drives utility…

Robotics and AI offer unlimited opportunities.

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Why is it Software?Why is it Software?

iPhone™iPhone™ Apple®'s iPhone has shown that great Apple®'s iPhone has shown that great

softwaresoftware on a robust, but not necessarily high- on a robust, but not necessarily high-end hardware system is what differentiates a end hardware system is what differentiates a productproduct

MobilesMobiles Cell phone business shows generally that Cell phone business shows generally that

good good serviceservice, not the underlying hardware, is , not the underlying hardware, is the differentiator. the differentiator.

Is the combination a winner?Is the combination a winner? SAAS? (A recent buzzword…)SAAS? (A recent buzzword…) Picture courtesy: Apple®

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SAASSAAS

Multi-tenant architecture, single code Multi-tenant architecture, single code base… one size fits all? base… one size fits all?

Most suited for low-complexity, enterprise Most suited for low-complexity, enterprise applications such as CRM and HRapplications such as CRM and HR

Predictions point to Predictions point to 25% of business 25% of business software spending by 2011software spending by 2011

SAAS is an alternative to capital-intensive SAAS is an alternative to capital-intensive captive deploymentcaptive deployment

Interesting to vendors too as a more Interesting to vendors too as a more resource-efficient modelresource-efficient model

References: Gartner, Web articles

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Good / Questionable Good / Questionable SoftwareSoftware

“Work expands to fill available capacity” Murphy’s Law

Blurry objects behind…?

Mouse click can close occluded window!

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The Tor of CismThe Tor of Cism

Map of Internet Growth, © 2007 Tim Berners-Lee

Tor of Cism (miCrosofT)

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Browsers: Browsers: SearchSearch FacilitationFacilitation

Netscape® peaked market attention in ’95Netscape® peaked market attention in ’95 IE appearedIE appeared on the scene, tied to a near on the scene, tied to a near

monopoly OS… monopoly OS… killing Netscapekilling Netscape. . Open source brought about Open source brought about FirefoxFirefox… …

generates revenue through default Google® generates revenue through default Google® Search BoxSearch Box

On-track to On-track to 30%30% market share market share Firefox 3 (June ‘08) is Firefox 3 (June ‘08) is evolved, fast, leanevolved, fast, lean

(mem. use), integrates(mem. use), integrates “my finds” search “my finds” search Which browser is Which browser is more energy efficientmore energy efficient??

Browsers are one of the most used software applications…Browsers are one of the most used software applications…Reference: Rory Cellan-Jones’s BBC blog dated 8 May 2008

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Flexible & Inflexible Flexible & Inflexible IntelligenceIntelligence

Hardware processes information in a fixed, Hardware processes information in a fixed, inflexible fashioninflexible fashion

SoftwareSoftware allows intelligence to be allows intelligence to be flexibleflexible Examples abound:Examples abound:

Software definedSoftware defined Radio (a hardware bastion!) Radio (a hardware bastion!) ReconfigurableReconfigurable logic computing (also a hardware logic computing (also a hardware

stronghold)stronghold) Operational mode shifts from Operational mode shifts from performance to energy performance to energy

savings through softwaresavings through software at all levels… at all levels… Hardware moving to interconnected arrays Hardware moving to interconnected arrays

of efficient nano computing elements… of efficient nano computing elements… Multi-core processors are just a start! Multi-core processors are just a start!

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Energy ManagementEnergy ManagementPic: Portelligent.com

SoftwareSoftware energy/function optimization and energy/function optimization and controlcontrol NanoelectronicsNanoelectronics needs/uses this in all partitions of needs/uses this in all partitions of

chips! chips! Battery technologies are improving…Battery technologies are improving…

Silver-Zinc, Fuel-Cell systems have ~3X or more energy densitySilver-Zinc, Fuel-Cell systems have ~3X or more energy density

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Energy Efficient SoftwareEnergy Efficient Software

Algorithmic efficiencyAlgorithmic efficiency ExponentialExponential, , LinearLinear and and LogarithmicLogarithmic complexity complexity Abstraction and Symmetry greatly improve efficiency*Abstraction and Symmetry greatly improve efficiency*

Functional efficiencyFunctional efficiency Get the task done with least-energy-cost system Get the task done with least-energy-cost system

resource usage and shortest usage times possible resource usage and shortest usage times possible

System Resource ManagementSystem Resource Management ““Analog” control of resources; Ramp up/down Analog” control of resources; Ramp up/down

permitted by hardware and managed by software permitted by hardware and managed by software

Data ManagementData Management Context RecognitionContext Recognition

Reference * Information Theory and Entropy studies (Kolmogorov, Lin’s and Shannon’s laws of information theory etc.)

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Resource & Data Resource & Data ManagementManagement

Data movementData movement Reduce frequency and amount of data movementReduce frequency and amount of data movement Minimize DISK accesses, buffer data and spin disks Minimize DISK accesses, buffer data and spin disks

downdown11

ComputationComputation Specialized hardware/cores - Specialized hardware/cores - matrix manipulations with matrix manipulations with

Matrix Processors…Matrix Processors…

Resource ManagementResource Management Use all available energy statesUse all available energy states11

Ramp down unused modules Ramp down unused modules

DVD PlaybackDVD Playback Stopped optical drive=70% EStopped optical drive=70% E11

Reference 1: Intel® Software & Solutions Group 2007 study

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Nanoelectronics VectorsNanoelectronics Vectors

Nanoscale CMOS not ‘energy efficient’Nanoscale CMOS not ‘energy efficient’ Scalable, low-cost integration technology, but…Scalable, low-cost integration technology, but… At a definite “WALL”, At a definite “WALL”, PowerPower, , POWER INTEGRITYPOWER INTEGRITY As much (or more) energy is wasted in leakage as is spent As much (or more) energy is wasted in leakage as is spent

in useful work! Estimates are in useful work! Estimates are another decadeanother decade of scaling… of scaling…

Software MUST implement Software MUST implement Algorithmic efficiency, Functional efficiency and Resource Algorithmic efficiency, Functional efficiency and Resource

ManagementManagement at all levels of system hardware at all levels of system hardware Needs to be Needs to be leaner in computational and memory leaner in computational and memory

complexitycomplexity

ParallelismParallelism is Key is Key For multi-core processors, must parallelize compilers, For multi-core processors, must parallelize compilers,

code!code!

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Other Interesting VectorsOther Interesting Vectors

Century for “Intellectual Estate” Century for “Intellectual Estate” transactionstransactions

IPIP (Soft-ware, by our def.) is (Soft-ware, by our def.) is the next gold rushthe next gold rush…… Nanotechnology is very broad, and applications Nanotechnology is very broad, and applications

are almost innumerable…are almost innumerable… IP Creation, ProtectionIP Creation, Protection Development & DefenseDevelopment & Defense IP AggregationIP Aggregation? ? IP Clearing, BrokeringIP Clearing, Brokering?? Opportunity for eminent Tech.+Mktg.+Legal Opportunity for eminent Tech.+Mktg.+Legal

teamsteams

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Connecting CommunitiesConnecting Communities

Social & Professional Social & Professional networking networking

Ning® etc. facilitate…Ning® etc. facilitate… Google® is on it tooGoogle® is on it too

Open-SourceOpen-Source software software communities around communities around for agesfor ages

Leveraging benefits Leveraging benefits of open-source is a of open-source is a cost and TTM cost and TTM minimizer…minimizer…

Verizon® backs Verizon® backs LiMoLiMoCredit: Google®

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Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

Memristor, missing link?Memristor, missing link? Remembers charge Remembers charge

conveyedconveyed

Neural nets possibleNeural nets possible Time and energy-efficient Time and energy-efficient

solutions for NP-Completessolutions for NP-Completes

AI using such hardware AI using such hardware and software could and software could begin to approach begin to approach biological energy biological energy efficienciesefficiencies……

Credit: Hewlett Packard® Labs

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SummarySummary

Software will take its place as a true Software will take its place as a true manifestation of intelligence manifestation of intelligence

Focusing upon energy and cost Focusing upon energy and cost efficiency, software development will efficiency, software development will emulate natural processesemulate natural processes

Leading to accelerated evolution in Leading to accelerated evolution in machines aiding lifemachines aiding life

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