software and programming in [email protected] baskent university department of … · 2018. 12....
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PSK308 – Software and Programming in Psychological Sciences
Introduction to Virtual Reality Technology
Res. Asst. Elif Öykü [email protected]
Baskent UniversityDepartment of Psychology
www.eoykuus.weebly.com
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‘‘Being something in essence or effect, though not actually or in fact.’’
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‘‘Not physically existing but made to appear by software.’’
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• Antonin Artaud’s essay, Le Théâtre et son double (1938)
• ‘‘la réalité virtuelle’’
• The Theater and its double (1958)
• Earliest published use of the term ‘‘virtualreality’’
• Artificial reality
• Coined by Myron Krueger in 1970s
• Stanley Weinbaum
• Pygmalion’s Spectatles (1935)
Virtual Reality
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• Attempts to show reality in such a way that it can be perceived as realby the observer
• Panoramic Images• 17th-18th centruies
• The Realist movement• Landscapes, battlescenes…
• Fills the obsever’s entire field of view, often in 360 degrees
The First Usage of Virtual Reality
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• Charles Wheatstone (1938)• His research showed that brain processes
the different two-dimensional imagesfrom each eye into a single object of threedimensions
• Viewing two stereoscopic images sideby side through a stereoscope gives theuser a sense of depth and immmersion.
• View-Master scope (1939)• ‘‘Virtual tourism’’
Stereoscopic Photos & Viewers
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•Link Trainer (1929)• Edward Link
• Electromechanical device• Connected to motors that mimicked
the feel of controls, turbulance anddisturbances
• A safer way to train pilots• During WWII, over 10,000 Link
Trainers were used by over 500,000 pilots for training!
The First Flight Simulator
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•Morton Heilig (1950s)• Cinematographer
• Father of Virtual Reality
•Arcade style theatrecabinet• Stimulates all senses!
• Six short films
Sensorama
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•Telesphere Mask• Morton Heilig (1960)
•The foundation forVR headmask
•Stereoscopic 3D images with sound• No motion tracking
The First VR Head Mounted Display
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•Headsight• Comeau and Bryan (1961),
• The first precursor to the HMD we know today
• A video screen for each eye anda magnetic motion trackingsystem• Not developed for virtual reality,
but for the military!
The First Motion Tracking HMD
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• Ivan Sutherland (1965)• Computer scientist
• Defined a virtual reality conceptwhere the virtual world could not be differed from reality
• Users would interact with thevirtual objects
• His paper was seen as thefundemental blueprint for thevirtual reality
Ultimate Display
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• Ivan Sutherland and Bob Sproull(1968)
• The first VR HMD that wasconnected to a computer and not a camera
• Too heavy to wear• Suspended in the ceiling• User had to be strapped to the
device
• It showed computer generated, primitive graphics• They changed in terms of
perspective as user moved theirhead
Sword of Damocles
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•Myron Krueger• Coined the term ‘‘Artificial Reality’’ (1969)
• VIDEOPLACE – First interactive VR platform (1975)
•MIT• Aspen Movie Map – The precursor of Google Street View (1977)
•McDonnell-Douglass Corp.• -VITAL helmet – Used by military for pilot training (1979)
•Sandin and Defanti• Sayre Gloves – Beginnings of gesture recognition (1982)
Thea Evolution of the VR Marches On…
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•Lanier and Zimmerman: VPL Research (1985)• First company to sell VR equipment
• DataGlove, EyePhone
• Furness• Super Cockpit – A Flight Simulator
(1986)
• Foster• VIEW – VR training for astronauts
(1989)
The Evolution of the VR Marches On…
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•Virtuality Group• Virtuality – First mass produced VR entertainment system (1991)
• SEGA• SEGA VR-1 (1994)
• Nintendo• Virtual Boy (1995)
The Evolution of the VR Marches On…
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•Georgia Tech and Emory University (1997)• The usage of VR in a clinical setting
• Virtual Vietnam
• War zone scenarios for veterans receiving exposure therapy for PTSD
The Evolution of the VR Marches On…
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•Google• Street View (2007)
• Stereoscopic mode for Street View (2010)
• The Creation of Oculus Rift
• Palmer Luckey – The first prototype of Oculus Rift Headset (2010)
• 2014
• A rapid advancement in VR technology
• Steam HTC Vive
• Sony – Project Morpheus
• Google – Cardboard
• Samsung – Samsung Gear
The Evolution of the VR Marches On…
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VR Today
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•How do humansbehave in virtualreality?
•Can it be possible toelicit realisticreactions in VR?
•How can we use VR in psychologicalscience?
VR in Psychology
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• Standford Virtual Human InteractionLab• Has been conducting studies with VR since
it was released to public
• Phobia research and exposure therapy• A safe environment for confronting fears
• A safe space for studying phobias
• SnowWorld• A game which alleviate the pain of the burn
victims
• An escape from pain while getting physicaltreatment
VR in Psychology
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•Proteus Effect• Players get the qualities of their
avatars
• Being Freud in the virtual world…• …and giving your avatar advice
• It works better than giving yourselfadvice as yourself!
VR in Psychology
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•Moral Dilemmas• The trolley problem
• Only %10 said that they would change thecourse, despite %70 of the individualsengaged in action in virtual reality
• New ways to experiment on perception• Creating new illusions
• The perception of illusions
• Manipulation of the body perceptions
VR in Psychology
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•Altruism and helping behavior• We can actually observe the behavior itself in
the virtual world
• Even though there was a time limit, participants were more likely to help if therewere bystanders.
• Would you risk your life for an unknownperson?
• Learning, skill developing and skillassessment• Motor abilities
• Cognitive abilities• Visual processing capabilities
VR in Psychology
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Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?
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