soft physics in relativistic heavy ion...
TRANSCRIPT
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Peking University
Soft Physics in Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collisions
Huichao Song
宋慧超
Hadron and Nuclear Physics in 2017 KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, Jan.7-10, 2017
Jan. 09, 2017
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3
QGP atom nuclei Hadrons
QGP
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4
little bang: the different stage for a relativistic heavy ion collision
S.Bass
QGP Hadron
Gas
RHIC, BNL LHC, CERN
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The QGP was discovered
5
RHIC (2000-- )
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QGP-the most perfect fluid in the world? BNL News, 2005
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S.Bass
QGP
Soft Physics for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
-Correlated fluctuations near the
QCD critical point
-QGP viscosity
-initial state flucutations. &
final state correlations
-Hydrodynamics & hybrid model
-multi-strange hadrons &
early freeze-out
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Hydrodynamics & its Hybrid Model
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Viscous Hydrodynamics
-2+1-d: OSU, INT, Stony Brook, Pudue,
Calcutta (2008), Crakow, Frankfurt(2010) …
-3+1-d: Mcgill(2011), MSU(2012), Crakow(2012),
Nagoya(2013),Frankfurt(2013) … …
Song & Heinz PLB08, PRC08
0)( xT
u
T
T
2
12
u
T
Tu
2
1)(
Net baryon density: Frankfurt (2014) , BNL(2015)
Heat conductivity: Mcgill … … on-going work
Hydrodynamics with thermal fluctuations
Sophia (2014)
2nd order viscous hydro (I-S)
Anisotropic hydrodynamics
Frankfurt(2010), Cracow(2012) , Kent,OSU
(2013)
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Viscous Hydro + Hadron Cascade Hybrid Model
Initial conditions viscous hydro hadron cascade
QGP HRG HRG
H. Song, S. Bass, U. Heinz,
PRC2011
viscous hydro (QGP)
+ URQMD (HRG)
viscous hydro (QGP & HRG)
ideal hydro (QGP & HRG)
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Event-by-event hydrodynamics
Single shot simulations: smoothed initial conditions (before 2010)
E-b-E simulations: fluctuating initial conditions (since 2010)
B. Schenke et al, Phys.Rev. C85, 024901 (2012)
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QGP viscosity from flow data
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MC-KLN MC-Glauber
H. Song,et.al, PRL2011
VISHNU hybrid model & QGP viscosity
-Initial flow, bulk viscosity, single shot vs. e-b-e calculations
-Other uncertainties (much smaller)
)41(5.2)/()41(1 QGPs
(each of them shift V2 by a few percent, partial cancellation among them)
-Main uncertainties come from initial conditions
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Massive Data evaluation
- particle yields
- spectra
- elliptic flow
- triangular flow & higher order
flow harmonics
- event by event Vn distributions
- higher-order event plane
correlations
… ... … …
Exp Observables Theoretical Inputs:
- type of initial conditions
- initial flow
- starting time
- EoS
- shear viscosity
- bulk viscosity
- relaxation times
- freeze-out/switching cond.
… … … …
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An quantitatively extract the QGP viscosity
-An quantitatively extraction of the
QGP viscosity with iEBE-VISHNU
and the massive data evaluation
-/s(T) is very close to the KSS
bound of 1/4
J. Bernhard, S. Moreland, S.A. Bass,
J. Liu, U. Heinz, PRC 2015
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An quantitatively extract the QGP viscosity
-An quantitatively extraction of the
QGP viscosity with iEBE-VISHNU
and the massive data evaluation
-/s(T) is very close to the KSS
bound of 1/4
J. Bernhard, S. Moreland, S.A. Bass,
J. Liu, U. Heinz, PRC 2015
QGP specific
Shear viscosity
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V2, V3, V4 of identified hadrons Xu, Li, Song PRC 2016
-V3 & V4 shows similar mass orderings as V2 for various centrality
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-iEBE-VISHNU (AMPT initial
conditions) nicely describe the
ALICE Vn of pions,kaons and
protons at various centralities
ALICE: 1606.06507
iEBE- VISHNU: Xu, Li, Song PRC 2016
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Strange & Multi-strange hadrons
-Chemical & Thermal freeze-out
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Zhu, Meng , Song,
Liu PRC 2015
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Chemical freeze-out for various hadrons
Statistical Model
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Chemical freeze-out for various hadrons
Zhu, Meng , Song,
Liu PRC 2015
-Earlier Chemical
freeze-out of Xi and
Omega!
-Different hadrons may
have different effective
chemical freeze-out
temperature
VISHNU
hybrid model
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Thermal freeze-out of various hadrons
-Earlier thermal freeze-
out of Xi and Omega!
Zhu, Meng , Song,
Liu PRC 2015
-thermal freeze-out time
distributions widely
spread for various
hadrons
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EbE-Simulations
-Initial state fluctuations and final state correlations
)......]3cos(),(2
)2cos(),(2)cos(),(21[2
1
3
21
3
bpv
bpvbpvdpdyp
dN
ddpdyp
dN
pd
dNE
T
TT
TT
TT
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-fluctuations of color charges (in the framework of CGC):
IP-Glasma: B. Schenke et al., Phys.Rev. C85, 024901 (2012).
Correlated Fluctuation: B. Muller & A. Schafer, Phys.Rev. D85,114030 (2012).
-fluctuations of local gluon numbers (in the famework of MC-KLN):
Multiplicity fluctuations: A. Dumitru and Y. Nara, Phys. Rev. C 85, 034907 (2012).
-fluctuations of nucleon positions: MC-Glauber, MC-KLN
Initialization & Pre-equilibrium
-Pre-equilibriums:
URQMD initialization: H.Petersen & M. Bleicher, Phys. Rev. C81, 044906, (2010).
AMPT initialization: L. Pang, Q.Wang & X.Wang, Phys.Rev. C86, 024911(2012).
EPOS/NEXUS initialization: K. Werner et al., Phys. Rev. C83:044915, (2011).
… … … …
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More flow data & constraints of the initial conditions
-Correlations of Flow
Harmonics
-Decorrelation of flow vector
-Vn distributions
ALICE, 1604.07663
Qiu & Heinz, PLB 2012
Gale, et al, PRL2013
-Event Plane correlations
… …
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Gale, et al PRL2013
Vn distributions prefer the IP-Glasma initialization and ruled-out the MC-
Glauber and MC-KLN initial conditions
Vn distributions
IP-Glasma
MC-Glauber
MC-KLN
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-SCv(3,2) and SCv(4,2) are sensitive to
both initial conditions and /s
Zhu, Xu, Zhou, Song, 2016
-provide strong constraint on )(/ TsNiemi et al, PRC 2016
-V2 and V4 are correlated
-V3 and V4 are anti-correlated
-hydrodynamic simulations correctly
capture the sign of SCv(3,2) and
SCv (4,2)
Vn Vm correlations
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Correlated fluctuations near
the QCD critical point
Fluctuations near the critical point
-dramatically increase near Tc
-Strongly correlated
Initial State Fluctuations
-QGP fireball evolutions smear-
out the initial fluctuations
-uncorrelated (in general)
RHIC BES
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STAR BES: Cumulant ratios
PT=(0.4-2) GeV PT=(0.4-0.8) GeV
Xiaofeng Luo
CPOD 2014
STAR PRL 2014
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Critical Fluctuations
of particles :
22~)( N
Finite size & finite evolution time: 3fm)-O(2
5.43~)( N
74~)( N
2~ 5.4
~
7~
Theoretical predictions on critical fluctuations
Stephanov PRL 2009
Static critical fluctuations vs. dynamical critical fluctuations
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Static critical fluctuations on the freeze-out surface
Jiang, Li & Song, PRC 2016
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Particle emissions near Tcr with external field
Hydro freeze-out surface
),(2
33pxf
dp
pd
dNE
Particle emissions in traditional hydro
Particle emissions near Tcr
ff
Txgpxfpxf
0
0 )]/()(1)[,(),(
)(xgM
Jiang, Li & Song, PRC 2016
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CORRELATED particle emissions along the freeze-out surface
-- Static critical fluctuations along the freeze-out surface
Hydro
freeze-out
surface
For simplicity: We assume that the correlated sigma field only influence the
particle emissions near Tc, which does not influence the evolution of the
bulk matter
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Comparison with
the experimental data
Xiaofeng Luo CPOD 2014
-Cumulants & cummulant ratios
-Acceptance dependence
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STAR Data
Static critical fluctuations
Notes from Jiang & Song
36
Acceptance dependence
Poisson Baselines
-Static critical fluctuations can qualitatively explain the acceptance
dependence of the STAR data
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Cumulants of net protons
Net Protons 0-5%
Static critical fluctuations give positive contribution to C2 , C3; well above the
poisson baselines, can NOT explain/describe the C2 , C3 data
PT=(0.4-2) GeV PT=(0.4-0.8) GeV
Jiang, Li & Song, PRC2016
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Dynamical Critical Fluctuations
38
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Effects from dynamical evolutions
S. Mukherjee, R. Venugopalan,
Y. Yin, PRC92 (2015)
sign of non-Gaussian
cumulants can be different
from equilibrium one
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Dynamical critical fluctuations of the sigma field
Langevin dynamics:
with effective potential from linear sigma model with constituent quarks
-The sign of C3 is
different from the
equilibrium one
due to the memory
effects
Work in the near future
Coupling sigma field
with particles; Study
the dynamical critical
fluctuations of net
protons
Preliminary Jiang & Song, in preparison
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Summary
Hydrodynamics & its hybrid model
Dynamical modeling near the QCD
critical point
-Correlated fluctuations
-QGP viscosity
-initial state flucutations. &
final state correlations
-Ever increasing/precise experimental data at different colliding systems
provide valuable information on the properties of the QGP and the QCD
phase diagram
-Sophisticated dynamical model are need to be further developed
-chemical & thermal freeze-out
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Thank You
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spectra
HBT
elliptic flow
Spectra
R. Soltz, et al., PRC2013
Massive data evaluation
(Comprehensive Heavy Ion Model
Evaluation and Reporting Algorithm)
Early CHIMERA Results
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Fluctuations and Correlations
in smaller systems
Pb+Pb
-p+Pb collisions at 5 TeV
p+Pb
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Collective flow -- Experimental Observations
PLB 2013
in p+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
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G.-Y. Qin, B. Muller.
PRC2014
P. Bozek, W. Broniowski, G.
Torrieri, PRL2013
K. Werner, et. Al.,
PRL2014
Collective flow? -- Hydrodynamics Simulations
P. Bozek, W. Broniowski,
G. Torrieri, PRL2013
in p+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
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Dusling & Venugopalan PRD 2013 in p+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
Correlations from initial state
Including final state re-scattering via
CYM evolution generates a positive v3
on the time scale of a single scattering
Schenke, Schlichting,
Venugopalan, PLB2015
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Where dose the correlations (collective flow) in 5.02 TeV
p-Pb collisions come from?
-Initial State?
-QGP ?
-Hadronic matter ?
UrQMD Baseline Calculations
Assumption: p-Pb collisions only produce hadronic systems
without reach the thresh hold of the QGP formation
Zhou, Zhu, Li, Song, PRC 2015
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Zhou, Zhu, Li,
Song, PRC2015
-The UrQMD
systems are largely
influenced by non-
flow effects
-To reproduce the
flow data, effects
from initial state
and/or QGP are
needed
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V2 mass ordering in p+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
V2 mass ordering is produced by UrQMD, similar to the ALICE data
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Hadronic interactions & v2 mass ordering Zhou, Zhu, Li, Song, arXiv: 1503.06986
-Hadronic interaction can generate a mass ordering for 2- particle correlations
-Additive quark model: different M-M M-B cross-sections
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-What is the solid flow signal?
-Why hydrodynamics work well for such small system
Many many related flow measurements for different small colliding system,
Fluctuations and Correlations in small systems
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Boltzmann approach with external field
Stationary solution for the Boltamann equation with external field
Stephanov PRD 2010
Effective particle mass:
-analytical solution with perturbative expansion, please refer to
Stephanov PRD 2010
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Extracting from Vn in ultra-central collisions s/
-In most central collisions, fluctuation effects are dominant (Geometry
effects are suppressed)
Viscous Hydro
-can not simultaneously fit V2 and V3 with single (MC-Glauber & MC-KLN) s/
Luzum & Ollitrault, NPA 2013 Shen, Qiu and Heinz 2013
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Ultracentral Collisions: bulk visc. & NN correlations
-MC-Glauber & MC-KLN: can not simultaneously fit V2 and V3
Shen, Qiu and Heinz 2013
-IP+Glasma + NN correlations + bulk viscosity nicely reproduces Vn in
ultra-central collisions
G. Denicol, QM2014
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Event Plane Correlations
-qualitatively reproduce the measured event plane correlations
Pure e-b-e viscous hydro simulations :
Qiu & Heinz, PLB(2012)
EXP. data:[ATLAS Collaboration],
CERN preprint ATLAS-CONF-2012-049
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C1 C2 C3 C4: Pt-(0.4-2) GeV ( Model + Poisson baselines)
Net Protons 0-5%
3ppg
The contributions from STATIC critical fluctuations to C2 , C3 are always
positive (Both this model & early Stephanov PRL09 framework)
PT=(0.4-2) GeV