sociology the science of studying society. social static- study of social stability social dynamic-...
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SociologyThe Science of studying
society
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• Social Static- study of social stability • Social Dynamic- study
of social change
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• Conflict Perspective- emphasis is on competition, change and constraint within society
• Functional Perspective- looks at the contribution of each part of society (family, economy, religion, etc.)
• Symbolic Interaction Perspective- focuses on the interaction of people based on mutually understood symbols
• Theoretical Perspective- set of assumption about an area of study
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Independent Variable
• A character that causes something to occur
• The independent variable brings about change.
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Dependent Variable
• A character that reflects the change
• It is dependent on the independent variable.
• Reflects the change from the independent variable
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Quantitative Variable
• Can be measured numerically
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Survey• People respond to questions
• It is usually done independently
• Less chance of lying
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Interview• A survey method in which the researcher
asks question and records responses
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Sample
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Representative Sample• Whole Population
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• Open Ended Question– What is your opinion of
the state of education today? • Closed Ended
Question• Education today is in
need of total reform– Agree– Disagree– Strongly Agree– Strongly Disagree– Neutral
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Ethnography- the study of Ethnicities
Texas Youth 2002
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Case Study- investigative study of a group, incident or community
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Field Research
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Participant Observation- the researcher becomes part of the
group
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Auguste Comte 1798-1857Auguste Comte 1798-1857
• Known as the “Father of Sociology”
• Used the scientific method to identify what holds society together (positivism)
• Comte was more of a social philosopher than a true sociologist
• Thought that the study of society could bring about social reform
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Harriet Martineau 1802-1876
• First female sociologist
• “when one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions”
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Herbert Spencer 1820-1903
• Compared Social Stability to the human body
• Used ideas of Charles Darwin and thought that only the fittest societies survived (Social Darwinism)
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Karl Marx 1818-1893
• Believed that the engine of human history is class conflict and economics as a force for social change
• Society was a battle of the have’s (bourgeoisie) against the have not’s (proletariat)
• Struggle could only end through revolution when the workers defeated the capitalists
• The result would be a classless society where people will work according to their abilities and receive according to their needs
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Emile Durkheim 1858-1917
• Studied how social forces effect behavior
• Identified social integration, how people are influenced by their social group, effected peoples behavior.
• Human behavior can’t be understood on individualistic terms, it must always be examined with the effects of social forces
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Max Weber 1864-1920
• Studied religion as a force for social change
• Human beings act on the basis of their own understanding of the situation
• Sociologist must discover personal meaning, values, beliefs and attitudes
• Verstehen- put yourself in the place of others in order to better understand their world
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Jane Addams 1860-1935
• US women social reformer
• Women had a responsibility to clean up their communities and make them better places to live, arguing they needed the vote to be effective
• Role model for middle-class women
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WEB Dubois 1868-1963
• African-American who studied sociology and race relations
• Sociology he used was not theoretical but for social reform
• Studies led him to write books on social reform in America