sociology - himalai ias

SOCIETY It is general term it is abstract or imaginary

Society consists family, kins, band, Tribe, village, town, taluk district, state, nation, world

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOCIETY Common territory Eg: Village There should be interaction between the

people, mere existence of individuals is not enough. Eg: Village

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People must to some extent have a common culture and a shared sense of membership (belongingness. in the commitment of the same group Eg: Village

They feel themselves distinct from others Eg: Village

ORIGIN OF SOCIETY THEORY OF DEVINE ORIGIN : As per this,

theory society created by God. FORCE THEORY: As per this society created

by few powerful and strong people.HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS IAS/IPS/IFS/IRS/KAS OFFICER

PATRIARCHAL THEORY : As per this society created by male members

MATRIARCHAL THEORY: as per this society created by female members.

THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTRACT: As per Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau society created through making contract between two or more conflicting groups.

ORGANIC THEORY OF SOCIETY: As per Herbert Spencer, Society is like an organism. Both society and organism consists birth, growth, maturity, death.


GROUP MIND THEORY : As per this, society created as per many people discussions or thinking.

PREREQUISITES OF SOCIETY IT IS SELF PERPETUATING i.e., - society

continue irrespective of an individuals death and birth

IT IS ORGANISED i.e., Society organised as per division of labour or specialisation of work.

SOCIETY CONSISTS norms or culture


CONDITIONS FOR SOCIETY FOR ITS SURVIVAL Society must consists, territory In society group of people must maintain

interaction In society, group of people must maintain,

culture.ELEMENTS OF THE SOCIETY Likeness: i.e., in society, people will maintain

same type of socio-bio-economical-psychological needs.


differences: In society, people will maintain differences.

When compare to differences in society, members will maintain more likeness

Society is an abstract i.e., people will maintain psychological interaction.

Society is a permanent.

HUMAN & ANIMAL SOCIETYHuman beings also like animals in biological needs: But human beings has culture but Animals has culture.


TYPES OF SOCIETYBAND: It is smallest society. It consists group of families, which move from place to place as per season. It is egalitarian society. It is headed by eldest male of female member.

TRIBE: It is group of bands. Here people will live in particular area like forest or hill area with using common dialect and practicing primitive economic activities like hunting and food gathering/pastorlism/horticulture of shifting cultivation


VILLAGE: It is a society. Here 75% of male population engaging in agricultural activities. It consists patrilocal joint family which headed by eldest male member called as Kartha.

TOWN: It is urban area with 75% of male population engaging in trading activities. It consists extend nuclear family. It consists less than One lakh population.


CITY: It is urban area with 75% of male population engaging in trading, manufacturing, service activities. It consists nuclear family. It consists more than One lakh population.

METRO-POLITAN CITY: It is urban area with 75% of male population engaging in Trading manufacturing service activities. It consists nuclear family. It consists morethan Ten lakh population.


INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: It is urban area with 75% of male population engaging in manufacturing. It consists nuclear family. It consists more than Ten lakh population.

POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: It is urban area with 75% of male population engaging in services. It consists nuclear family. It consists more than Ten lakh population.BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE SOCIETYPsychic unity among members in the society Mutual awareness and cooperation among members. Society based on both likeness and differences among members in the society. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS

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COMMUNITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY It is part of the society. Eg; Village is part of

Indian society. It has particular territory. Eg: Village has

particular territory People will maintain fact to face

relationship. Eg: Village People will maintain common life style. Eg:

food habit, dress habit, common culture People will maintain we feeling


One group depending on another group. Eg: Landlords depending on agricultural

labours It grown spontaneously Eg: Village It is permanent

Eg: Village It has particular name. Eg: Rampur in Mysore It has diffused goal It has no legal status. Eg: Filing case against village not possible


TYPES OF COMMUNITY Neighbors in Village

Band Tribe Village

Minorities Monastry Prison Boarding Schools


THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITES GRAS’S THEORY OF ECONOMIC CHANGEAccording to him community developed as per economic activities like hunting and food gathering, pastrolism, horticulture in tribal area or agriculture and pastrolism in rural area.

SOCIETY1) It is wider2) It has less or more

population3) It has no particular area

COMMUNITYIt is part of the societyIt has less population.

It has particular area.


COOLEY’S AND MACKENZIE’S THEORY OF TRANSPORTATIONAccording to him, community developed as per development of transportation system.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOCIETY AND COMMUNITY

SOCIETY4) People maintains

heterogeneity5) People may maintain

close or not close relationship.

6) It has many goals.7) Individual personality

develops in multi way.8) It consists likeness and

differences. Eg: India, World

COMMUNITY People maintains homogeneity. People maintain face to face relationship.

It has less goals. Individual personality develops in narrow way. It consists likeness. Eg: Village, tribe


ASSOCIATIONCHARACTERISTICS OF ASSOCIATION It is concrete form of organisation. Eg: Bar council It is artificially created. Eg: Bar Council It has goal. Eg: Bar Council goal is safeguarding

lawyers. It has written rules and regulations. Here membership is voluntary. It is temporary


SOCIETY COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONIt is wider It is part of the

societyIt is part of the society

Membership is voluntary /Involuntary

Membership is involuntary

Membership is voluntary


DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOCIETY, COMMUNITY, ASSOCIATION

EXAMPLE FOR ASSOCIATION Family Church Trade Union

Commercial organisations

Government

SOCIETY COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONPeople maintains heterogeneity

People maintains homogeneity.

People maintains heterogeneity.

People may maintain close or not close relationship.

People maintain face to face relationship.

People may maintain close or not close relationship.

It has many goals.

It has less goals. It has less goals.


SOCIETY COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONIndividual personality develops in multi way

Individual personality develops in narrow way.

It has less goals.

It consists likeliness and differences.Eg: India, World

It consists likeness.

Eg: Village, tribe

It consists likeliness and differences. Eg: India, World

It may be natural artificially created.

It may be natural created

It may be artificially created.


SOCIETY COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONIt may be natural artificially created.

It may be natural created.

It may be artificially created.

It has written or unwritten norms.

It has unwritten norms.

It has written norms.

It is permanent.Eg: Indian Society

It is PermanentEg: Village

It is temporary.Eg: An industry


INSTITUTIONSInstitution is means or path for achieving goal. It is explained as given below:


INSTITUTION GOAL Marriage For forming family. Agriculture, trade,

industryFulfilling economical needs

Education Changing one’s personality

God, prayer, rituals For attaining salvation Election, political

partyFor forming government.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTITUTION Institutions are means for controlling

individuals. Eg: Law is a means for controlling individuals

in the society Institutions are the result of collective

interaction of individuals Eg: Law in India formed by people

representatives Institutions are formed on the basis of

customs and values: Eg: Family marriage


Institutions are stable means of social control. Eg: Police, Court

According to Oxford dictionary, institutions consists set of mores, folkways, pattern of behaviour that deals with church, family, government etc.

It determining kinship. Eg: Family, marriage

It provide legitimate use of power. Eg: District collector can use power in his district


It regulate distribution of goods and services. Eg: Industry

It transmit knowledge from one generation to another generation. Eg: Education

It regulate man relation to super natural being or God. Eg: Religion.

CONCEPTS IN CULTURE EIDO – THE TERM GIVEN BY KROEBER: It

indicates any aspects which perceivable or observable through sensory organs like eyes. Eat, etc. Eg: Mangala sutra – which using by Married woman in India


ETHO – THE TERM GIVEN BY KROEBER: It indicates any aspects which not observable Through sensory organs but mentally one can analyse. Eg: Sacred feeling which possessed by Indian married woman who wear Mangalasutra. It is not observable

EXPLOIT CULTURE OVERT CULTURE: The term given by Kroeber. It is Eido. It is also called as Etic The term Etic given by Kenneth Pike.

IMPLICIT CULTURE/COVERT CULTURE: The term given by Kroeber. It is Etho. It is also called as Emic. The term Emic given by Kenneth Pike.


CULTURAL DETERMINISM: It says that every aspect in the society is determined by culture. Eg: Family system in India is determined by Indian Culture.

CULTURAL COMPLEX: It indicates cluster of cultural traits in particular society. Eg: Hinduism consists it’s own marriage, family, religion, sacredness, symbols, festivals etc. Cluster of above said elements called as Hindu culture.


CULTURAL TRAIT: It indicates elements in particular culture. These are beliefs, values, ways of doing things, which studied separately in particular culture.

Eg: Festivals in Hinduism. It is one cultural trait among many traits in Hindu culture.

DIFFUSION/TRANSCULTURE: It indicates spreading culture. Eg: Due to mass media, western culture found in India also.


BRITISH DIFFUSION THEORY: It is developed by G.E. Smith, Perry, W.H. River. As per this, whatever culture found in all over world now, once upon a time all culture developed in Egypt

GERMAN DIFFUSION THEORY OR KULTUR KRISE SCHOOL: It is developed by Grabner, Ankerman, Schmidth, Leo problems, Ratzel. As per this, different cultures in the world developed in different areas (once upon a time) Different culture, which developed in different areas spread to other areas. Eg: Zero concept developed by Indians. But today in all over the World ‘Zero’ is using.


AMERICAN DIFFUSION THEORY: It is developed by Franzbose, Clark wiser, Kroeber.

As per this, different cultural elements in the world developed in different areas. Cultural elements will not spread to other areas. Eg: Deepavali festival restricted to Hinduism. It is not find anywhere in the world.

EVOLUTION OF CULTURE: It indicates development of culture from simple (in the beginning) to complex (in later.)


AS PER TYLOR RELIGION EVOLVED AS GIVEN BELOW: Animism (once upon a time people used to worship soul. Polytheism (Gradually people used to worship many gods. monotheism (now people worship one God)

MARGINAL AREA: Any area which is between two cultural areas. Eg: Sub urban Areas. It is in between city and village. Person who is living in marginal area called as Marginal persons.


CULTURAL PARALLEL OR CONVERGENT CULTURE OR UNIVERSAL CULTURE: It indicates development of same type of culture in different part of the world. Eg: Monogamy found in all over the world.

ETHNOCENTRISM: It indicates exaggerating one’s own culture. Eg: Indian exaggerate Indian culture. American exaggerate Culture.

XENOCENTRISM: It indicates exaggerating other’s culture. Eg: Indian exaggerate american culture.


TEMPOCENTRISM: It indicates accepting one’s own culture without questioning Eg. A muslim accept his culture without questioning.

CULTURAL SURVIVAL: It indicates some cultural elements will continue long period without having any benefit to the society. Eg: Many religious rituals in Hindu Community.

SYNCRETISM: It indicates giving new meaning for existing culture. Eg: As per Basavanna, Hindu saint ‘Work is God”.


CULTURAL RELATIVISM: The term given by Horskovit – It indicates there is no good or bad culture in line world. Each and every culture developed as per one’s bio, Psychic, social needs. It also indicates culture is to be studied in relation to its location. Culture cannot grow in a vacuum. Eg: Hindu culture developed as per their bio, Psychic and Social needs.

ACCULTURATION: It indicates learning other’s culture/when a whole way of life is in the process of change under the influence of another culture. Eg: Indian learning American Culture.


ASSIMILATION: It means one culture merge itself with the dominant culture. Eg: Jainism in India merging with Hindu Culture.

ENCULTURATION: It indicates learning one’s own culture. Eg: Tamilian learning Tamil Culture

CORE CULTURE: It indicates any culture which used by most of the members in the society. Eg: Caste system found in all over India.


CULTURE SPECIALITIES: Any cultural elements which are restricted to particular group called as cultural specialties. Eg: Politician culture restricted to politicians only.

DOMINANT CULTURE: Any culture which is practiced by Dominant members or many members in the society. Eg: Hinduism in India.

SUB-CULTURE: It is a group that shares in the overall culture of the society, but also, has it’s own distinctive values, norms, lifestyles etc. Eg: Jains in India follow Hindu culture, but also it has it’s own distinctive norms, values, lifestyles which are different from Hindu Culture. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS


CONTRACULTURE: Any culture which is opposite to dominant and subculture.

Eg: Culture of Terrorists. CULTURAL PATTERN OR CULTURAL

CONFIGURATION: It indicates proper order of cultural elements in the society. Eg: In India, our marriage system, family system, political system, religion system etc. well organised.

CULTURAL THEME: As per Morris Opler, it indicates motivation behind any culture. Eg: Motivation behind any festival is building unity among members.


APPOLEAN CULTURE: The term used by Ruth Benedict. It indicates calm culture. Ruth Benedict did research on Pubelo tribals in New Mexico. Their culture is calm.

DYNOSIAN CULTURE: The term used by Ruth Benedict. It indicates storm culture. Ruth Benedict did research in Dobu tribals in Kwakital islands in Pacific Ocean. Their culture is storm.

CULTURAL CONFLICT: It indicates clashes between different cultural elements found in Different cultural group. Eg: Hindus will worship Idols. Christians will not worship idols.


CULTURAL LAG: The concept given by Ogburn. It is gap between material and non material culture or it is a situation that develops when new patterns of behaviour conflict with traditional values or some times material culture and at other times non-material culture changes faster or it explains that there is faster rate of change in the economic sector of society in comparison to non-economic sector. Eg: 1. Traditional society like India, girl working in call centre in midnight with other male and female employees. 2. The situation where TV commentator continuous to describe a cricket match as a radio commentator.


COMPONENTS OF CULTURE AS PER BIDNEY: As per him culture consists

AGRO FACTS: Knowledge on Agriculture ARTIFACTS: Knowledge on TechnologySOCIOFACTS: Knowledge on people relationship MENTIFACTS: Knowledge on ideologies of the

society

IDEAL CULTURE: Any culture which consists values, beliefs, customs etc. which are ideological nature One may follow / not follow. Eg: Don’t lie.


REAL CULTURE: Any culture which practiced in day today life. Eg: Following traffic rules.

CULTURALOGY : It is study of the culture.

TRANSCULTURE: It is diffusion or spreading of culture from one area to another area.

PLURAL CULTURE: It indicates existence of more than one culture in particular area. Eg: Hinduism, Eg: Islam, Christianity in India


CULTURAL ALTERNATIVE: It indicates alternative values, beliefs, customs practiced in particular society.

Eg: among Hinduism, one can burry dead body or burn dead body.

CULTURAL CAPITAL: It indicates Cultural complex

CULTURAL REPRODUCTION: The term given by Bourdeou. It indicates dominant people or group reproduce their culture on weaker section. Eg: In Ancient period, Brahmanas reproduced their culture on low caste groups.


CULTURAL ACCELERATION: It indicates increasing quantity and quality of culture. Eg: Indian cultural. Eg: Indian cultural elements increasing due to western countries influence.

CULTURAL BLINDNESS: It indicates any culture does not consider other culture.

Eg: Fundamentalists in any religion does not recognise other culture of religion.

CULTURAL DRIFT: It indicates unplanned change in culture. Eg: Caste in India.


CULTURAL FOCUS: It indicates flexibility culture. Eg: America’s culture is flexible

CULTURAL IMPERATIVE: It indicates how culture will fulfill one’s bio, psychic and social needs. Eg: Indian culture developed as per bio-psychic and social needs of Indians It is also called as cultural relativism.

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: It indicates modification of culture as per one’s Geographical requirements. Eg: Dress habit Change as per one’s geographical requirements.


51. CULTURAL MANISM: It indicates cultural minorities assimilating with Dominant culture. Eg: Buddhist and Jains merging with Hindu culture.

52. CULTURAL OBJECT: It indicates any material which related to culture. Eg: Mangalsutra for Hindu married women.

53. CULTURAL INERTIA: It indicates continuation of culture even after loosing it’s importance. Eg: Caste system is continuing in India after loosing it’s importance. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS


54. CULTURAL MOTOR HABIT: It indicates changes in body movement as per culture. Eg: Body movement while worshipping God.

55. CULTURAL RATIONALISATION: It indicates rational meaning behind any culture. Eg: Rational meaning behind prayer is controlling one’s mind.

56. CULTURAL POSSIBILITIES: It indicates cultural alternatives.

57. CULTURAL SYSTEM: It indicates comparing culture with human body.


CULTURAL TRANSMISSION: It indicates transmission of culture from one generation to another generation Eg: In India caste system is transmitting from generation to generation.

CULTURAL ADOPTING: It is cultural landscape

CULTURAL ACCUMULATION: It is cultural acceleration

CULTURAL ADHERSION: It indicates association of people of groups


CULTURAL BASE: It indicates total values, beliefs, customs etc, found in Particular society in a given time. Eg: Culture during ancient period in India i.e., upto 800 AD.

CULTURAL GRADIENT: It indicates decline in any cultural element. Eg: Day by Day caste system is declining in India.

CULTURAL UNIVERSAL: Some cultural elements found in all the societies or Striking Uniformity among the culture. Eg: Marriage, family, division of labour, incest taboo, rite de passage, ideologies. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS


CULTURAL ISLANDS: It indicates any distinct culture which a prevailing in Particular area. Eg: Islam in Mecca, Christianity in Vatican city.

CULTURAL SHOCK: It indicates experiencing strange cultural element in particular area. Eg: Main land in Indian experiencing shock, if he observe naked Zarwas in Andaman & Nichobar Islands.

AS PER RICHARD T. LAPIERE: Culture consists 3 elements i.e.,

IDEOLOGICAL CULTURE: It consists ideologies of the society, Eg: Honesty, Kindness.


TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE: It consists knowledge on technology and materials. Eg: Computer, Software.

ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE: It consists knowledge on human relationships

As per Malinowski “Culture developed as per one’s bio-psychic and social needs”.

LINTON divided culture as universal culture, special culture, alternative culture.

THE TERM CULTUROLOGY GIVEN BY WHYTE.HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS IAS/IPS/IFS/IRS/KAS OFFICER

TECHNOLOGICAL LAG: When technology fail to adjust with other elements in the society called as Technological lag. Eg: Even though lot of technological development in family planning programmes like contraceptives, vasectomy etc, it is unable to adjust with Indian’s traditional thinking

CULTURAL REVITALISATION: It is giving new meaning for declining culture with the intention of its continuity. Eg: Giving new meaning for caste system with the intention of Its continuity.


Macalver has talked about culture and Civilisation. By culture he refers to morals, spiritual and intellectual aspects while with Civilisation he refers to secondary, technology and material part.

Malinowski and Raddiff Brown gave instrumental humanistic view on culture. i.e., culture will fulfill human’s bio and psychic and also social needs in particular group.

CIVILISATION: The term given by Alfred Weber. It indicates material, technology which are universally acceptable. Eg: Computer, Software etc. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS


AUTONOMOUS CULTURE: The term Autonomous culture given by Robert Redfield. According to Robert Redfield this the culture which has no or even meagre contact with outside world. Eg: Zanwas tribals in Andaman and Nicobar island, have no idea about wearing cloth.

ETIC OR EXPLICIT AND EMIC OR IMPLICIT CULTURE by Kenneth and Pyke.


CULTURAL BASELINE: It is stage were two or more cultural contact initiate. Eg: Aryan culture and Dravidian culture started contacting in 1,500 B.C. when Aryans came from Central Asia and attacked Harappans.

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION: It indicates avoiding processing some cultural elements by poor class people.


LEVIS H. MORGAN: says invention of alphabets, phonetics and writing distinguishes civilisation from preceding stages in the evolution of human society. Eg: Because of English alphabets in India call centres and BPO’s are developing.

P.A. SOROKIN: divided culture as ideational ideologies and Sensate (facts) As per Sorokin idealistic culture characterised by partly supernatural intuition and partly sensory experience. Eg: Religion.

LINTON: divided culture as universal culture, special culture, alternative culture.


RACE: It is dividing human beings as per different biological characteristics like Nigros have wooly hair, Europeans have smooth curly hair, Mongoloids have straight hair. Inter mixture of races are universal. Racial inter-mixture not leads to de-generation. The concept of pure race is myth. Inter mixture of races is a universal phenomena. No race is superior or inferior to any other race.

RACISM: When inner and superiority of a people over another is Legitimized in terms of biological attributes. Eg: Europeans will think their body structure superior than others. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS


RACIAL PREJUDICE: It refers to an attitude that pre-disposes people of racial group to think or act negatively towards other racial group Eg: Europeans will think their race is superior when compare to all races in the world. It arises from unfounded beliefs in racial superiority and inferiority.

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CULTURAL ABSOLUTES: These are norms which are fixed do not differ from culture to culture. Eg: Incest Taboo i.e., avoiding marriage between brother and sister or parents and children. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS


CULTURAL ALTERNTIVES: The forms of behaviour recognised by a society as valid which cut across class, occupational or sex lines. These are alternatives in the culture. Eg: One can marry through arranged or registered in Government

PRONATALISM: Some societies have strong positive value for having more children.


MARCINAL AREAS: It is area between two cultures. It is any border areas. CLARK WISLER demonstrated that in each restricted area of culture, a central point of dispersal could be identified. People living on the borders of the two cultural areas, share the features of both. Eg: People living in India and Pakistan border.

DIACHRONIC ORIENTATION: It consists analysing culture in 2 societies. Eg: Comparing casteism in present and past (It called as historical particularism. or analysing birth to growth to maturity of particular culture. Eg: Caste. (It is called as evolutionism.


COUNTER CULTURE: It is sub-culture adheres to set of beliefs and values, radically rejects the societies dominant culture and prescribes alternative one. Eg: Jainism divided into two

Dighambara (Original Jainism) Swethambara (wearing white colour dress) Here

swethambara is counter culture.

EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEING:

Ramapithecas: Here man was like ape without speaking skills. He lived irrearly Pleistocene period i.e., whole world covered with ice.


Austrolopithacas – Here man was in between ape and Chipanji without speaking skills, He lived in middle Pleistocene period. i.e., part of the world covered with ice.

Neaderthaloid- Here man was between modern man and chimpanji with speaking skills. He lived in late pleistocene period i.e., some part of the world covered with ice.

Cromagnan or Homosapiens: He was modern man. Homosapiens developed at the close of early warm climate. The evolution and Development of earliest homoerectors into existing races to place when he entered into the stage of Mousterian tool making industry i.e., making tools with iron. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS


CULTURAL CONTACT: It is adopting new cultural patterns. Eg: Indian adopting American culture.

CULTURAL PLURALISM: It refers co-existence of many cultures without evaluating each other. Eg: In India Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Buddhist, Christians.

MODERNIZATION: The term given by Yogendra Singh. It indicates Indians adopting any progressive culture. It is product of diffusion and Acculturation


CULTURAL EXPANSION: Cultural expansion means when the innovation of one society are learned adopted or borrowed by another society. It is also called as Cultural diffusion.

CULTURAL BASE: It means one generation hands down its experience, invention, borrow culture to the next generation. Eg: Marwadi’s transfering their business knowledge to their children.


MASS CULTURE: The term given by H.D. Lass well. It indicates urban culture or modern culture.

CULTURAL CONSTRUCT: The term given by Ralph Linton. Cultural Construct means basic elements in the culture. Eg: Traditionality in Indian Culture

CULTURAL TAXONOMY: The term given by J.H. Steward. It indicates Classification of culture. HIMALAI– WILL SEE YOU AS


Dube says Culture passed in six stages. a. Old Paleolithic Age – Here man started making crude stone equipments for hunting b. Meso Paleolithic Age – Here man started using ornaments and arms. Man also started burying dead body. c. Neopaleolithic Age-Here man started using tools which cutted like knife. Man also started agricultural activities. d. Copper Age – Here man started making copper tools. e. Brown Age – Here man started using tools through Bronze. f. Iron Age – It is modern Age

DE-CULTURATION: Deculturation means forgetting one’s identity. Eg: Indian origins in USA forgetting India’s identity.
