SOCIOLOGY

Chapter 3Lecture Questions

Section 1 (pgs. 43-49)Revised September 2015

1. What are the basic values that 1. What are the basic values that form the foundation of American form the foundation of American

culture? Who identified them? How culture? Who identified them? How many are there?many are there?

Personal achievementPersonal achievementIndividualismIndividualismWorkWorkMorality & HumanitarianismMorality & HumanitarianismEfficiency & PracticalityEfficiency & PracticalityProgress & Material comfortProgress & Material comfortEquality & DemocracyEquality & DemocracyFreedomFreedomRobin M. Williams Robin M. Williams identified these values.identified these values.– He said there are at least 15 values that are central to the He said there are at least 15 values that are central to the

American way of life.American way of life.

2. What other values did Williams 2. What other values did Williams list?list?

Nationalism & PatriotismNationalism & Patriotism

Science & RationalityScience & Rationality

Racial & Group SuperiorityRacial & Group Superiority

3. What values did Rushworth 3. What values did Rushworth Kidder identify in his book?Kidder identify in his book?

In his book In his book Shared Values for a Shared Values for a TroubledTroubled WorldWorld, author Rushworth , author Rushworth Kidder interviewed people in 16 Kidder interviewed people in 16 different countries about their different countries about their values.values.

Kidder identified eight values Kidder identified eight values universal to all 16 countries.universal to all 16 countries.These values include: fairness, freedom, These values include: fairness, freedom,

love, respect for life, responsibility, love, respect for life, responsibility, tolerance, truth, and unity.tolerance, truth, and unity.

4. What other values does sociologist James M. Henslin believe are important? Education

Many Americans think that everyone should achieve the highest level of education that his or her abilities will allow.

Religious values Americans do not expect people to belong to a church,

temple, or mosque, they do expect them to live according to basic religious principles.

Romantic love Americans strongly believe that people should marry

primarily because they fall in love with each other.

5. Should morality be taught?Do you think that public schools should teach students social values such as morality?

Concerns that a growing number of American youth no longer place a high value on morality has many public schools embracing character education.This movement involves the use of various techniques to teach students values such as honesty, respect for others, and responsibility.

6. Are values dynamic? Explain.6. Are values dynamic? Explain.

YesYes

Values change over time and new ones Values change over time and new ones emerge.emerge. Some of these new values could include: use Some of these new values could include: use

of leisure time, physical fitness and focus on a of leisure time, physical fitness and focus on a better diet.better diet.

7. What does self-fulfillment mean?

Self-fulfillment is a commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents, and potential.

The emergence of this value can be seen in the large and growing self-help industry.

Seminars, television programs, books, and web sites offer people ideas on how to improve their personal and professional lives.

8. Who is Christopher 8. Who is Christopher Lasch? What did he write? Lasch? What did he write? What is it about?What is it about?

Social historianSocial historian Wrote the book Wrote the book The The Culture of NarcissismCulture of Narcissism.. He considers self-fulfillment a He considers self-fulfillment a personality personality

disorderdisorder.. A long-term and deeply ingrained pattern A long-term and deeply ingrained pattern

of socially unacceptable behavior that is of socially unacceptable behavior that is harmful to the person who displays it and harmful to the person who displays it and to others.to others.

He termed this disorder narcissism.He termed this disorder narcissism.

9. What is narcissism?9. What is narcissism?

Extreme self-centeredness.Extreme self-centeredness.People, whom are narcissistic, believe the People, whom are narcissistic, believe the

world revolves around them and care very world revolves around them and care very little about others.little about others.

10. Who is Daniel Bell?10. Who is Daniel Bell?

Sociologist who also believed that the Sociologist who also believed that the focus on the self weakens the established focus on the self weakens the established values of hard work and moderation.values of hard work and moderation. ““It threatens the stability of the capitalist It threatens the stability of the capitalist

system”.system”.

11. Who is Daniel 11. Who is Daniel Yankelovich and what Yankelovich and what does he believe?does he believe? Psychologist and survey researcherPsychologist and survey researcher He believes that this new value He believes that this new value

(narcissism) indicated Americans (narcissism) indicated Americans believed less in hard work, however believed less in hard work, however he believes this marks a movement he believes this marks a movement away from satisfaction based on away from satisfaction based on material gain.material gain.

Thus he views this shift as a beneficial Thus he views this shift as a beneficial change.change.

SOCIOLOGY

Chapter 3Lecture Questions

Section 2 (pages 50-53)

1. What does internalization of a norm 1. What does internalization of a norm mean?mean?

When people come to believe that a particular When people come to believe that a particular norm is good, useful, and appropriate, they norm is good, useful, and appropriate, they generally follow it and expect others to do the generally follow it and expect others to do the same.same. InternalizationInternalization is the process by which a norm is the process by which a norm

becomes part of an individual’s personality.becomes part of an individual’s personality. This conditions the individual to conform to society’s This conditions the individual to conform to society’s

expectations.expectations. For example, driving on the right side of the For example, driving on the right side of the

street. You automatically do this because you street. You automatically do this because you have have internalizedinternalized this particular norm. this particular norm.

2. What is a sanction?2. What is a sanction?

• Most members of society follow Most members of society follow norms without conscious thought.norms without conscious thought.

• However, not everyone internalizes However, not everyone internalizes all of society’s norms.all of society’s norms.– Some people must be motivated by Some people must be motivated by

sanctions.sanctions.

• Sanctions are rewards or Sanctions are rewards or punishments used to enforce punishments used to enforce conformity to norms.conformity to norms.

3. What is a positive sanction? Give two examples. An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior is

a positive sanction.

• This is usually done early in life.

• Young children are praised for good behavior. Positive sanctions continue into adulthood.

• Employers often give pay raises to workers who show initiative and dedication.

• Cheers from teammates and the crowd are used to push athletes to try even harder.

4. What is a negative sanction? Give two examples.

Positive sanctions are not always enough to ensure conformity.A negative sanction is a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.The threat of punishment is often enough to ensure acceptable behavior.

Negative sanctions can range from frowns, ridicule, and rejection to fines, imprisonment, and even death.

In general, the more important the norm is to social stability, the more serious the negative sanction.

5. What is a formal sanction? Give 5. What is a formal sanction? Give two examples.two examples.

In addition to being positive or negative, sanctions In addition to being positive or negative, sanctions also can be either formal or informal.also can be either formal or informal.

A formal sanction is a reward or punishment given A formal sanction is a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency.by a formal organization or regulatory agency. Schools, businesses, or the government are formal Schools, businesses, or the government are formal

organizations.organizations. Examples include: suspension from school, Examples include: suspension from school,

termination from a job, fines, imprisonment, termination from a job, fines, imprisonment, awards, and even pay raises.awards, and even pay raises.

6. What is an informal 6. What is an informal sanction? Give two examples.sanction? Give two examples.

Formal sanctions play a major role in Formal sanctions play a major role in maintaining social stability.maintaining social stability.

However, the majority of norms are However, the majority of norms are enforced informally.enforced informally.

An informal sanction is a spontaneous An informal sanction is a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval expression of approval or disapproval given by a group or an individual.given by a group or an individual.– These include: a standing ovation, These include: a standing ovation,

compliments, smiles, pats on the back, frowns, compliments, smiles, pats on the back, frowns, gossip, insults, ridicule and even ostracism.gossip, insults, ridicule and even ostracism.

7. Describe life in Singapore.7. Describe life in Singapore. Singapore, the city-state north of Australia and near Singapore, the city-state north of Australia and near

Malaysia, is proud of being tough.Malaysia, is proud of being tough.– Singapore inherited its criminal code from British Singapore inherited its criminal code from British

colonialists, cracks down against anything that smacks of colonialists, cracks down against anything that smacks of a political challenge.a political challenge.

Its heavy fines--$640 for such offenses as using chewing Its heavy fines--$640 for such offenses as using chewing gum, spitting or feeding birds—are legendary.gum, spitting or feeding birds—are legendary.

Singapore’s toughness is one of its greatest selling points Singapore’s toughness is one of its greatest selling points to foreign investors.to foreign investors.– Government corruption is practically nonexistent, Government corruption is practically nonexistent,

contracts are enforced.contracts are enforced. Michael Fay, an American, was “caned” six times for Michael Fay, an American, was “caned” six times for

vandalism in 1993.vandalism in 1993. The death penalty is used against those who smuggle drugs The death penalty is used against those who smuggle drugs

into the country.into the country. With a population of approximately 3 million, Singapore With a population of approximately 3 million, Singapore

averages about 50 murders a year and 80 rapes.averages about 50 murders a year and 80 rapes.– Compared with over 1,000 murders and 2,000 rapes in Compared with over 1,000 murders and 2,000 rapes in

Los Angeles, California.Los Angeles, California.

8. Give two examples of the following:

• Formal negative sanction—court fine, ISS• Informal negative sanction—gossip, stern look• Formal positive sanction—honor roll, reduced

auto insurance rates for good grades• Informal positive sanction—pat on the back,

saying “congratulations” for a deed well done

9. How many states have the death penalty? How many do 9. How many states have the death penalty? How many do not? How many executions have occurred in each year not? How many executions have occurred in each year

since 2010? since 2010? Revised September 2015Revised September 2015

31 states have the death penalty (also US gov’t and military)31 states have the death penalty (also US gov’t and military) This includes Kansas.This includes Kansas.

19 states do not have the death penalty (also includes the District of Columbia)19 states do not have the death penalty (also includes the District of Columbia) Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico,

New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland & Wisconsin.New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland & Wisconsin.

Number of executions a year:Number of executions a year: 2005-----602005-----60 2006-----532006-----53 2007-----422007-----42 2008-----372008-----37 2009-----522009-----52 2010-----462010-----46 2011-----432011-----43 2012-----432012-----43 2013-----392013-----39 2014-----352014-----35 2015-----202015-----20

10. How many people are on death row in the U.S.? What 10. How many people are on death row in the U.S.? What was Furman v Georgia? Name the five states with the was Furman v Georgia? Name the five states with the

largest death row population.largest death row population.

Number of people on death row---3002Number of people on death row---3002 Capital punishment declared “cruel and unusual” in 1972 (Furman v Capital punishment declared “cruel and unusual” in 1972 (Furman v

Georgia).Georgia). All those on death row were given life sentences, with the possibility of parole.All those on death row were given life sentences, with the possibility of parole. Reinstated in 1976 (Gregg v Georgia)Reinstated in 1976 (Gregg v Georgia)

States with the highest numbers of death row inmates:States with the highest numbers of death row inmates: California---746California---746 Florida---401Florida---401 Texas---271Texas---271 Alabama---201Alabama---201 Pennsylvania---184Pennsylvania---184

Kansas---11Kansas---11

11. List the five states with the 11. List the five states with the most executions since 1976.most executions since 1976.

Number of executions since 1976Number of executions since 1976Texas-----528Texas-----528Virginia-----110Virginia-----110Oklahoma-----112Oklahoma-----112Florida-----90Florida-----90Missouri-----86Missouri-----86

Kansas-----0Kansas-----0

12. What was Roper v Simmons? Atkins v 12. What was Roper v Simmons? Atkins v Virginia? List three other facts about the death Virginia? List three other facts about the death

penalty.penalty. FactsFacts 2005-2005-”Roper vs Simmons”, ”Roper vs Simmons”, juvenile death penalty declared unconstitutionaljuvenile death penalty declared unconstitutional

22 defendants have been executed since 1976 with crimes committed 22 defendants have been executed since 1976 with crimes committed before the age of 18.before the age of 18.

Since 1973, over 130 people have been released from death row with Since 1973, over 130 people have been released from death row with evidence of their innocence.evidence of their innocence.

There have been 2054 executions in the U.S. since 1976.There have been 2054 executions in the U.S. since 1976. 2002-”2002-”Atkins vs. VirginiaAtkins vs. Virginia”, unconstitutional to execute individuals who are ”, unconstitutional to execute individuals who are

mentally handicapped.mentally handicapped. There are 56 women on death row right now.There are 56 women on death row right now.

15 have been executed since 197615 have been executed since 1976

Regional numbers of people executed in the U.S. since 1976:Regional numbers of people executed in the U.S. since 1976: South—1148South—1148 Midwest—177Midwest—177 West—85West—85 Northeast—4Northeast—4 Texas & Oklahoma—640Texas & Oklahoma—640

13.Which countries around the world still 13.Which countries around the world still have the Death Penalty?have the Death Penalty?

18 countries carried out executions in 2009.18 countries carried out executions in 2009. Six countries are documented:Six countries are documented:

Iran---388+Iran---388+ Iraq---120+Iraq---120+Saudi Arabia---69+Saudi Arabia---69+United States---52United States---52China---1000+??????China---1000+??????Pakistan---???Pakistan---???

14. What are the issues that 14. What are the issues that make capital punishment so make capital punishment so

controversial?controversial? Deterrence???Deterrence???

The south region of US has the highest murder rate (5.3 per 100,000) The south region of US has the highest murder rate (5.3 per 100,000) yet accounts for 87% of all executions.yet accounts for 87% of all executions.

Mental illness—should Mental illness—should they be accountable for their actions?they be accountable for their actions? InnocenceInnocence—death penalty is final !!!—death penalty is final !!! RaceRace—423 African-Americans have been executed since 1976, even —423 African-Americans have been executed since 1976, even

thought they comprise only 12% of the population.thought they comprise only 12% of the population. Number of whites executed in the same time is 686.Number of whites executed in the same time is 686.

Cost—Cost—it is more expensive to execute someone than to keep them in prison it is more expensive to execute someone than to keep them in prison for the rest of their lives.for the rest of their lives.

Life without parole—Life without parole—preferred by most Americans.preferred by most Americans. Morality---Morality---Do we have the right to do this?Do we have the right to do this? Application---Application---Who gets the death penalty vs who doesn’t. Rich vs Poor?Who gets the death penalty vs who doesn’t. Rich vs Poor?

15. What are the modern methods of 15. What are the modern methods of execution used in America? How often have execution used in America? How often have

they been used since 1976?they been used since 1976?

HangingHanging 3 since 19763 since 1976

ElectrocutionElectrocution 158 since 1976158 since 1976

Gas chamberGas chamber 11 since 197611 since 1976

Firing squadFiring squad 3 since 19763 since 1976

Lethal injectionLethal injection 1139 since 19761139 since 1976

16. List 5 key facts of the 16. List 5 key facts of the Kansas Death Penalty.Kansas Death Penalty.

Number of executions before 1976---57.Number of executions before 1976---57. Life without parole is now an option in Kansas.Life without parole is now an option in Kansas. Execution method---lethal injection.Execution method---lethal injection. Location of death row---El Dorado for men and Topeka for women.Location of death row---El Dorado for men and Topeka for women.

Lansing Correctional Facility houses the death chamber.Lansing Correctional Facility houses the death chamber. Prior to 1976, method of execution was by hanging.Prior to 1976, method of execution was by hanging. Kansas reinstated the death penalty in 1994.Kansas reinstated the death penalty in 1994. The last executions in Kansas were at the Kansas State The last executions in Kansas were at the Kansas State

Penitentiary when the serial killers George York and James Latham, Penitentiary when the serial killers George York and James Latham, were executed for murder in 1965. were executed for murder in 1965.

Except for John Coon executed in 1853 by firing squad, all federal Except for John Coon executed in 1853 by firing squad, all federal and state executions in Kansas have been by hanging.and state executions in Kansas have been by hanging.

17. What does social control 17. What does social control mean? What does internal and mean? What does internal and

external enforcement mean. Give external enforcement mean. Give examples.examples.

Social control is the enforcing of norms either Social control is the enforcing of norms either internally or externally.internally or externally.Self-control, which is learned through the Self-control, which is learned through the internalization of norms, is the process of internalization of norms, is the process of socialization.socialization.External enforcement involves various agents of External enforcement involves various agents of social control including, authority figures, the social control including, authority figures, the police, the courts, religion, the family, and public police, the courts, religion, the family, and public opinion.opinion.

18. What would happen if a 18. What would happen if a society did not have an effective society did not have an effective

system of social control?system of social control?

►Social stability is lost. Social stability is lost. ►No society can survive for long without No society can survive for long without

an effective system of social control.an effective system of social control.

Sociology

Chapter 3Lecture Questions

Section 3 (pages 54-61)

1. What determines how 1. What determines how fast a culture will fast a culture will change?change?

The pace of change is closely related to The pace of change is closely related to the total number of culture traits that a the total number of culture traits that a culture has at a particular time.culture has at a particular time.

The more culture traits a culture has, the The more culture traits a culture has, the faster the culture can change since more faster the culture can change since more possibilities for change exist.possibilities for change exist. American culture is in constant change.American culture is in constant change.

2. What else can accelerate 2. What else can accelerate cultural change?cultural change?

The rate of change can also The rate of change can also accelerate because each change accelerate because each change brings about other changes.brings about other changes.– AutomobileAutomobile

3. What changes did the car bring with it?

The invention of the automobile did more than furnish Americans with a new form of transportation.

It also provided employment and affected the way people shopped, where they lived, and what they did with their leisure time.

4. How do changes in values and 4. How do changes in values and beliefs bring cultural change?beliefs bring cultural change?

As functionalist sociologists have noted, As functionalist sociologists have noted, society is a system of interrelated parts.society is a system of interrelated parts.A change in one aspect of society produces A change in one aspect of society produces

change throughout the system.change throughout the system.Changes in values and beliefs, therefore, Changes in values and beliefs, therefore,

can have far-reaching consequences for can have far-reaching consequences for society.society.

5. What is an ideology? How 5. What is an ideology? How are ideologies spread?are ideologies spread?

An ideology is a system of An ideology is a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, political, or social, moral, political, or economic interests held by a economic interests held by a group or by society.group or by society.

Ideologies are often spread Ideologies are often spread through a social movement.through a social movement.

6. What is a social movement? 6. What is a social movement? Give several examples.Give several examples.

• A social movement is a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.

• Examples include:– Women’s rights movement (19th amendment

in 1920)– Prohibition (1920-1933 18th & 21st

amendments)– Civil Rights movement of the 1950s & 1960s

7. How did the Civil Rights Movement change the United States?

African Americans are no longer treated as second-class citizens, particularly in the South.

– Laws limited where they could live, go to school, sit on buses, and eat lunch.

– Through legal and illegal means, African Americans were denied the right to vote or hold public office.

Transformed the American political landscape. – The number of African American elected officials has

jumped from fewer than 1,500 in 1970 to nearly 9,000 by the end of the 1990s.

8. What is technology?8. What is technology?

Social change also occurs when Social change also occurs when people find new ways to manipulate people find new ways to manipulate their environment.their environment.

The knowledge and tools that people The knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment use to manipulate their environment are called technology.are called technology.

9. What is the difference between 9. What is the difference between discovery and invention?discovery and invention?

Discovery occurs when people recognize new Discovery occurs when people recognize new uses for existing elements in the world or begin to uses for existing elements in the world or begin to understand them in new ways.understand them in new ways.

Examples of discoveries include atomic fission, Examples of discoveries include atomic fission, chewing gum, and oil shale.chewing gum, and oil shale.

Invention occurs when people use existing Invention occurs when people use existing knowledge to create something that did not knowledge to create something that did not previously exist.previously exist.

Examples of invention include a machine to take Examples of invention include a machine to take the pits out of cherries or a computer so small it the pits out of cherries or a computer so small it fits in the palm of your hand.fits in the palm of your hand.

10. HOW CAN CHANGES IN POPULATION BRING ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE? A change in the size of the population may bring about changes in the culture.For example, the population of the U.S. has increased rapidly since the early 1900s.

The arrival of new groups of people with their own unique cultures and values have influenced American culture.

Population increases and decreases affect the economy. An increase in the general population also means that there are more people occupying the same amount of space, which creates more crowded conditions.

11. What is diffusion?11. What is diffusion?

People often borrow ideas, beliefs, and People often borrow ideas, beliefs, and material objects from other societies.material objects from other societies.

This process is called diffusion.This process is called diffusion. The more contact a society has with other The more contact a society has with other

societies, the more culture traits it will borrow.societies, the more culture traits it will borrow. Today, with mass transportation and instant Today, with mass transportation and instant

communication through radio, television, the communication through radio, television, the telephone, and the Internet, diffusion takes telephone, and the Internet, diffusion takes place constantly.place constantly.

12. What is reformulation?

Societies often adapt the culture traits they borrow to suit their own particular needs.

For example, many of the societies in Africa, Asia, and South America that have adopted Christianity have blended Christian beliefs with elements of their traditional religions.

13. Describe how Sesame Street has been reformulated in other countries.

The childrens’ television show Sesame Street centers around humans and Muppets along a city neighborhood street.As the show has gone global, this format has been adapted to fit other cultures.The South African version incorporates all of the country’s 11 official languages and replaces the brownstone buildings of the American set with round mud huts.The Chinese version of Sesame Street is set in an urban Chinese neighborhood with a bicycle and noodle shop.

Instead of Bert and Ernie, Muppets such as Puffing Pig and Little Plum entertain children and teach Chinese values and traditions.

14. How does the physical 14. How does the physical environment affect social change? environment affect social change?

Give examples.Give examples.The environment provides conditions that may The environment provides conditions that may encourage or discourage cultural change.encourage or discourage cultural change.Food sources, whether grown locally or imported can Food sources, whether grown locally or imported can bring cultural change.bring cultural change.A change in the supply of natural resources may bring A change in the supply of natural resources may bring about social change.about social change.– 1970s—high fuel prices and fuel shortages caused long lines at 1970s—high fuel prices and fuel shortages caused long lines at

American gasoline stationsAmerican gasoline stations– Began the development of fuel-efficient carsBegan the development of fuel-efficient cars

Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, and tidal waves can also produce social and tornadoes, and tidal waves can also produce social and cultural change.cultural change.– Hurricanes Katrina (New Orleans) and Rita (Texas/Louisiana)Hurricanes Katrina (New Orleans) and Rita (Texas/Louisiana)– Can destroy whole communities.Can destroy whole communities.

Greensburg, KansasGreensburg, Kansas

15. What brings about the 15. What brings about the greatest change in the least greatest change in the least amount of time? Why does it amount of time? Why does it

do that?do that? Wars and conquests are not as common as other Wars and conquests are not as common as other

sources of social change.sources of social change. However, they probably bring about the greatest However, they probably bring about the greatest

change in the least amount of time.change in the least amount of time. War can also promote advances in technology War can also promote advances in technology

and medicine that can have civilian applications.and medicine that can have civilian applications. War may also result in changes in government as War may also result in changes in government as

new rulers come to power.new rulers come to power. War causes the loss of many lives.War causes the loss of many lives.

– It brings about the destruction of property.It brings about the destruction of property.– Leads to the rise of new cities.Leads to the rise of new cities.– Changes the economyChanges the economy

16. What is ethnocentrism? How 16. What is ethnocentrism? How does it resist social change? Give does it resist social change? Give

an example.an example.

Cultural change, regardless of its source, rarely Cultural change, regardless of its source, rarely occurs without some opposition.occurs without some opposition.

For each change introduced in society, there are For each change introduced in society, there are usually people who strongly oppose it.usually people who strongly oppose it.

Change that comes from outside a society often Change that comes from outside a society often meets with a particularly strong resistance.meets with a particularly strong resistance.

People tend to believe that their own ideas and People tend to believe that their own ideas and ways of doing things are best.ways of doing things are best.

This tendency to view one’s own culture or group This tendency to view one’s own culture or group as superior to other is called ethnocentrism.as superior to other is called ethnocentrism.

Extreme ethnocentrism can make cultural Extreme ethnocentrism can make cultural borrowing difficult or even impossible.borrowing difficult or even impossible.– The “Buy American” campaign of the 1970s, 1980s, & The “Buy American” campaign of the 1970s, 1980s, &

present.present.

17. What is cultural lag? What does James M. Henslin use as an example? Why?

Not all cultural traits change at the same rate.

Some traits change rapidly, and the transformation of others may take considerable time.

This situation is called cultural lag. Traditional school year

Based on an agrarian society Amish

Refusal to use basic technology (electricity, cars)

18. What are vested 18. What are vested interests? Give an example.interests? Give an example.

A person who is satisfied with the way things are A person who is satisfied with the way things are now is likely to resist change.now is likely to resist change.

They will resist any change that threatens their They will resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living.security or standard of living.

In other words, they have a vested interest to In other words, they have a vested interest to protect.protect.

For example, workers may oppose the introduction For example, workers may oppose the introduction of new technology because they fear that technology of new technology because they fear that technology may replace them and cost them their jobs.may replace them and cost them their jobs. American oil companiesAmerican oil companies Health insurance companiesHealth insurance companies Banks & financial institutionsBanks & financial institutions