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Module 6 Module 6 COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL MOVEMENT and SOCIAL CHANGES

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Page 1: SOCIETY - Collective Behavior

Module 6Module 6COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL MOVEMENT and SOCIAL CHANGES

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Definition of Collective BehaviorDefinition of Collective Behavior

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIORSpontaneous transitory of

emotions and unpredictable events that involves crowd behavior, riots and panics and social movements.

The level of institutionalization is low. Involves large number of people that doesn`t have to conform an established norms.

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There is no stable and predictable event but it’s changeable and episodic. People tend to act spontaneously on an unstructured ways.

Behavior change in direction and form more quickly when people become emotional and uninhibited.

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According to STORER 1980- its temporary, relatively undifferentiated patterns of behavior that are not guided by shared norms. It is considered collective for it involves actions of a group of people.

According to LOFLAND, 1985- it`s a non-routine action of an emotionally aroused gathering of people who face and ambiguous situation. These are unplanned actions or relatively spontaneous actions were concerned individuals and groups improvised joint response to an unusual and problematic situation.

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DETERMINANTS of COLLECTIVE DETERMINANTS of COLLECTIVE BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR

When the existing pattern of social organization is inadequate and irrelevant for coping with the challenges of life. Situations changed or modified. The prescribed patterns of behavior become inadequate and also the pattern of stimulus-response will also be altered. It occurs when people strive to look for alternative patterns.

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When people are faced with new and different situation which they have never encountered before. This new situations are brought about by the introduction of new ideas from other cultures or a result of the modifications of some of the social institutions within. 

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When there is an increasing indicates that the social control is becoming weaker to check on the deviation committed by the members

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CHARACTERISTICS of GROUP CHARACTERISTICS of GROUP INVOLVED in COLLECTIVE INVOLVED in COLLECTIVE BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR

It is composed of relatively large number of people

Relative anonymity prevailsThey are usually temporary in

natureThey lack formal organization in

terms of an established system of differentiated positions.

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TYPES of COLLECTIVE TYPES of COLLECTIVE BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR

CROWDtemporarily a large number of

people gather around reacting on the same stimulus on a particular period or duration. When that stimulus is gone the crowd disappears and the people return to their normal routine and activities.

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TYPES of CROWDTYPES of CROWDIdentified by Identified by BLUMER, 1951BLUMER, 1951- the following - the following are different types of crowd:are different types of crowd:  

CASUAL CROWDcluster of people who are

gathered together because of an event or happening. It is a loose collection of people who interact a little.

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CONVENTIONAL CROWDpeople gathered because of

prearranged activity. It is a result of deliberating planning of an event. This type of crowd there are simple rules that guide the behavior of the people.

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EXPRESSIVE CROWDthis is formed around in an event

that has an emotional appeal. People join expressive crowds to show and share their excitement caused by that certain event. It is characterized by rhythmic activity, intense emotional contagion and emotional release.

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Lesson 1Lesson 1Collective BehaviorSPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:DEFINE COLLECTIVE BEHAVIORIDENTIFY THE DETERMENANTS of

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIORDISCUSS THE DIFFERENT TYPES of

CROWDGIVE EXPLANATIONS FOR

CROWDBEHAVIOR.

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ACTING CROWD- Members are actually involved in

the event. They actively participated in the pursuit of their goals and often united by a strong emotions the sometimes reach the high intensity that provokes the people or the participants to violence.

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THREE FORMS of THREE FORMS of ACTING CROWDSACTING CROWDS  RIOTSA disorderly, violous and

lawless action of the participant on a certain event, their actions are directly against one another.

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MOBSA highly emotional crowd in

common pursuit of some violence or destructive goals. The participants cooperate with the crowd against another stimulus. To crowd around and harass or attack.

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ORGYThe participant finds means to

release the suppressed emotions and tensions. A party characterized by or having numerous sexual patterns on a casual basis.

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EXPLANATION for EXPLANATION for CROWD BEHAVIORCROWD BEHAVIOR  Crowd behavior has been

explained in various ways. There under on some theories explaining about crowd behavior.

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CONTAGIOUS THEORYCONTAGIOUS THEORY

GUSTAV LE BON an early French thinker formulates this theory. He believes that when people are in crowds a collective consciousness emerges this collective consciousness formulates individual consciousness. Le Bon perceived this process as the ``law of mental unity of crowds``.

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CONVERGENCE THEORYCONVERGENCE THEORY

According to VANDER ZANDEN, 1990- this theory refers to the idea that participants in a crowd are basically revealing their true selves. The crowd functions as a pretext to translate latent impulse to view out an action, the convergence of people to share the same disposition and identify a category of people as `` crowd prone``.

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EMERGENT-NORM EMERGENT-NORM THEORYTHEORYRALPH TURNER and LEWIS KILLIANS

developed this theory. They pointed out that crowd behavior is like other collective and group processes that should be incorporated within a common theoretical framework of structure and processes. They believed that in a crowd situations are defined, sanctioning behavior develops and action patterns agreed upon and justified.

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HYSTERIA and PANICHYSTERIA and PANIC

Panic and Hysteria are related form of collective behavior. It is characterized by heightened emotions among people dispersed over a wide area.

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PANIC Is a form of localized collective behavior by which people react on some emotional, irrational stimulus and often self-destructive behavior. The stimulus that provokes panic is a threat and people respond by taking radical steps.

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HYSTERIAIs a form of dispersal collective

behavior by which people respond to a real or imagined event with irrational, frantic behavior. Commonly respond to a perceived threat. This can be form of fear or excitement depends to the situation. This threat might spark to a crowd that causes hysteria may or may not be real.

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CRAZE, FADE and CRAZE, FADE and FASHIONFASHION  According to STORER, 1980- This

behavior are the least destructive since they do not really disrupt nor modify the system as a whole. It varies in lifestyles, behavior and in use of certain objects or habits. These forms of behavior are longer in duration than the crowd and considered to be more responses to opportunities rather than threats.

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CRAZEDevelops when a particular

object is given an unusually high value and as a result it serves as one of the obsession of individuals. It depends on the shared beliefs of the members.

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FADEIs an unconventional social

pattern that is enthusiastically embraced by a large number of people for a short time. Once a new object are made known to people and become popular, people become interested in having the object or engaged immediately in the hobby.

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FASHIONSocial pattern favored for a

time by a large number of people. It can be in a form of changes in style of clothing, hairstyle etc. it is transitory, sometimes lasting only for months. The changes are cyclical.

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RUMORS and GOSSIPSRUMORS and GOSSIPS

Collective behavior is not limited to people in physical proximity, sociologists use the term mass behavior to refer to collective behavior among people dispersed over a wide geographical area.

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RUMORSRUMORSRUMORSIs unsubstantiated information spread

informally, often by word of mouth. Always been an element of social life, but the means of transmitting them have changed dramatically in the last century. It was transmitted by means of face-to-face communication and more rapidly by means of media, computers, telephones any communicating object used by an individual.

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THREE ESSENTIAL THREE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS of RUMORSCHARACTERISTICS of RUMORS

RUMORS THRIVES IN A CLIMATE OF AMBIGUITY

Rumors grow when people are deprived of definite information about a certain topic. According to ROSNOW and FINE 1976-it is an effort to define reality in a particular way in the absence of substantiated facts.

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RUMORS IS CHANGEABLEAs a rumors circulate it is altered the

certain information and add confusion which details change depends to the numbers of individual interest to the topic.

RUMORS IS TYPICALLY DIFFICULT TO STOP

Once the information is transmitted and it gets more interested people the spreading of it is unstoppable.

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GOSSIPGOSSIP

GOSSIPIs idle talk or rumors about private affairs of others. CHARLES HORTON COOLEY points outs, while rumors involve issues or events of interest are largely segmented to the public.

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PUBLIC OPINIONPUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC OPINION It is a form of highly dispersed

collective behavior which is defined as widespread attitudes towards one or more controversial issues. According to HORTON and HUNT defined public opinion as a number of people who are concerned over, divided upon and in discussion about an issues. Media is the most important instrument in this behavior. When a particular issue is raised people reacts on it either be opposing or not.

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Lesson 2Lesson 2Social MovementUNDERSTANDING THE MEANING of

SOCIAL MOVEMENTIDENTIFY and DISCUSS THE

DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONIDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT STAGES

of SOCIAL MOVEMENT

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Meaning of Social Meaning of Social MovementMovementAccording to TURNER and KILLIAN, 1972- social movement is collectively acting with some continuity to promote or resist a change in the society or group of which is a part.

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FOUR STAGES IN DEVELOPING a FOUR STAGES IN DEVELOPING a SOCIAL MOVEMENT SOCIAL MOVEMENT   

STAGE 1.EMERGENCE

Social movement is driven by the perception that all is not well. Some movement is born of wide spread dissatisfaction. Other emerge only as a small group that increase public awareness of some issues.

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STAGE 2.COALESCENCE

Social movement must identify it clearly and formulate a strategy to be exposing in public. Leaders made tactics and policies and recruit new members. At this point they form rallies and demonstrations that promote them in public that made be aware and also it can have alliances with other organization to gain resources if it’s necessary.

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STAGE3. BUREAUCRATIZATION

To become established, it assumes bureaucratic traits and become routinized. It depends less in charisma and talent of few leaders and more on capable staff.

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STAGE 4.DECLINE

According to WRIGHT, 1987 social movement is inherently dynamic so decline is not necessarily demise but some social movement reach at the point it decline. This may attribute to the following:

Accomplishment of its goalsPoor leadership and lost of interest to their

goalExhausting of resourcesSelling out or briberyRegression of members by the authoritiesIt become established and accepted as part

of the system.

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Lesson 3Lesson 3SOCIAL CHANGES

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:DEFINE SOCIAL CHANGES INDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN TWO

IMPORTANT WAYS WHICH SOCIETY CHANGE

COMPARE AND DIFFERENTIATE THREE EXPLANATIONS OF SOCIAL CHANGES

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Meaning of Social Meaning of Social ChangesChangesAccording to DENEDSOFF, 1983-it

involves alternation or modification of social institution and society over a period of time,

According to PERSEL, it`s a significant and major changes patterned by social behavior at the institutional societal level.

According to MACIONIS, it`s a transformation of culture as social institution over time.

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THE PROCESS of SOCIAL THE PROCESS of SOCIAL CHANGESCHANGESINVASION and DISCOVERYInvention involves the creation

of new things. Through invention societies grow and change. Discovery is a shared human experience of an element of reality which altered exists. Additional to the world`s store of verified knowledge.

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DIFFUSIONThe transfer of cultural elements

from one society to another, involves borrowing and adopting cultural patterns or traits from other groups or societies. It occurs directly through communication with one another and indirectly through the mass media.

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  MODERNITYMODERNITYModernity is the key concept

of the study of social changes. It is a pattern of social life linked to industrialization and through it social changes initiated.

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PETER BERGERN, 1977 note four general characteristics of modernization:

The decline of all traditional communities

Expansion of personal choicesIncreasing diversity in beliefsFuture orientation and growing awareness of time