SOCIETAL MULTILINGUALISM

ByGroup 2

Lira Nurjanah 122122011

Widia Amelia N122122013

Winda Widia 122122019

Susi N Alifah122122020

6.A

What is multilingualism ?

Multilingualism refers to the knowledge or use of more than one language by an individual or a community.

Reasons for Multilingulism

Migration

Cultural contact

Annexiation

The commercial,scientific,technological

Speech Communities

A speech community is defined as a community sharing a knowladge of the rules for the conduct and interpretation speech.

SPEECH COMMUNITY ARE FORMED BY

The same ethnic

religion

area

The norms of

Monolingual vs Multilinguals

Verbal Repertoire

The total range of linguistic resources available to an individual or a community.

Monolingual(range of regional, social, functional, and

stylistic varieties) Multilingual(encompasses not only varieties of the

same language but also different languages)

Characteristics of multilingualism:

Do not have a perfect or nativelike command

Might be called selective functionality

Language Choice

Language based on domain :Intimate styleUtilitarian style

Languange levels in Javanese:Kromo Ngoko

Pattern of Use

Asymmetri principle of multilingualism

= some languages are more valued than others.

Ex. of Tulu Speakers

Although it is spoken by about two millions persons, the Tulu language is restricted in its functional range.

Kannada (local state language) which serves as their mediumof instruction through the secondary school.

- as the languageof education administration commerce, media, literature, regional identity, and statewide mobility.

DiglossiaFerguson = to the specialization of

two varieties of the same language.

- variety as high (H)- variety as low (L)Ex. In Arab classical Arabic as

(H), colloquial Arabic as

(L) In Switzerland standar Zerman (H)

Swiss German (L)

Ex. of Arabic, Shows that H is used in

Church, Mosque sermons, political speeches, university lecturer, news broadcasts, newspaper editorials, and poetry.

L variety is usedFor giving instructions to waiters,

servants, clerks, personal letters, in conversations with friends and family, etc.

Code Switching

When two or more languages exist in a community, speakers frequently switch from one language to another.

• Situational code switchingThe switch is in response to a

change situation.• Metaphorical code switchingThe switch has a stylistic or textual

function.

Oberwaert, an Austrian town.- German language (H)- Hungarian (L) grandfather is calling his two grandchildren

to come and help him.

Grandfather : Szo ! Ide dzsiini ! Jeszt jeramunyi !

(Well, come here! Out all this way ! )Mind e kettuotok, not hat akkor ! ( both of

you, well now ! )Kum here ! Nem koapsz vascsorat !( come here ! You don’t get supper ! )

The grandfather first calls his grandchildren in Hungarian, but when they do not answer him, he switches to german. Since the German Language is associated with more formal settings, it gives the grandfather’s word more force.

CODE SWITCHING OR CODE MIXING?

Is there code switching or code mixing?

For example: Hindi-English“Dial enumber naa, n’uniform’en Mr.Oseni ighe

approve encontraacti nii ne. But khamaa ren ighe o gha ye necessary n’o submit-e photostat copies oghe estimate n’o ka ya apply a ke pa ere. You understand?”

(“Dial this number, and inform Mr oseni that we approved the contact already. But tell him that it will still be necessary for him to submit photostat copies of estimate that he firts applied with before we pay him. You understand?”)

Is there code switching or code mixing?For example: English/ItalicsSarah : I think everyone is here except Mere.

John : She said she might be abit late but actually I think that’s her arriving now.

Sarah : You’re right. Kia ora Mere. Haere mai, kei tapehen koe? (hi mere, come in how are you?)

Mere : Kia ora e hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started yet? (hello my friend. I’m fine)

Patterns in Structure

ConvergenceTransfer

Implications for Language Teaching1. Revise their attitude to the status of bilingualism.2. The other language is additive not replacive.3. Unnecessary to expect like native competence

( style, function) but english as what learners’ need to learn.

4. Teachers need to be familiar with the other language in the learners’ repertoires

5. For teacher, mix code is appropriate for in group but monolingual is just for monolingual interlcutors.

6. Multilingualism is not only a division of labor but also a great deal of give and take between language.