kalviamuthu.blogspot · socialscience 1. themiddleperiodorthemedievalperiodextended...

SOCIALSCIENCE1. TheMiddleperiodorthemedievalperiodextended

from the8th-18th.2. ThefounderofthePratiharadynastywas

NagabhattaI.3. DharmapalafoundedthefamousUniversityat

Vikrmasila.4. ThemostimportantruleroftheChauhandynasty

wasPrithvirajChauhan.5. ThecapitalofParamaraswasatDhara.6. TheancienthistoryofIndiacomestoanendwith

theendoftheruleofHarsha.7. ThePaladynastystarteddecliningafterthedeathof

Mahipala.8. TheChandelasruledoverBundelkhand.9. MahendraPalaandMahipalapatrionized

Rajesekhara.10. TheLingarajatempleisatBhubaneshwar.

11. Theperiodbetween8-18thcenturyiscalledmedieval.

12. Rajputsbelongstothemedievalperiod.13. Therewereabout36RajputclansinNorth.14. ThecapitalofNagabhattaIwasKanauj.15. ThechieftainsofBengalselectedGopalaasthe

KingofBengal.16. ThelastofthePalaKingwasGopala.17. RanaSangaandMaharanaPratapgaveatough

fighttotheMughalsofIndia.18. ThePrtiharaswerealsoknownasGurjara

Pratiharas.19. GopalaextendedhispowersoverMagadha.20. TheNalandaUniversitywasrenovatedby

Dharamapala.21. RajaBhojaconstructedabeautifullakenearBhopal.22. BhaskaracharyawroteSikkhantaShiromani,abook

onastronomy.23. DharmapalawasthefounderoffamousVikramasila

University.24. TheTripartitestrugglelastedfornearly200years.25. Rajputkingdomsweredividedintoanumberof

Jagirs.26. Khajurahotemplesattracttouristsfrom Indiaand

abroad.27. Themostfamousandacceptedtheoryoftheorigin

oftheRajputsisAgnikulatheory.28. PratiharasbelongedtoGurjararace.29. ThemostfamousPratihararulerwasMihiraBhoja.30. DuringthereignofMahipalathePalasbecame

powerfulagain.31. ThesuntempleisatKonark.32. JayaDevawroteGitaGovindam.33. TheRajputspatronizedBuddhism andJainism.34. TheVirupakshaTempleisbuiltonthemodelof

Kailasanathatemple.35. TheRashtrakutapowerbecomesinvincibleduring

thetimeofDhurva.36. Vishnuvardhana,theHoysalarulershiftedhiscapital

from SasovirtoDwarasamudra.37. TheKakatiyadynastycametoanendwiththedeath

ofVinayakadeva.38. ThemostdistinguishedYadavarulerwasSinghana.39. ThecapitalofEarlyWesternChalukyaswasVatapi.40. Ballala-IIIwasthelastgreatrulerofHoysalas.41. Ganapathiwassucceededbyhisdaughter

Rudrambha.42. KrishnaIIIdefeatedtheCholasatTakkolam.43. HarapalawasdefeatedandkilledbyMubarak.44. TheChalukyarosetopowerinKarnataka.45. PulikesinIIdefeatedthePallavaKingMahendra

VarmaI.46. TailappaIIwasthelastrulerofthewestern

Chalukyas.

47. ThefounderofEasternChalukyaswasVishnuVardhan.

48. Aiholehasbeencalledthe“cradleofIndianTempleArchitecture”.

49. KannadawasthemothertongueoftheRashtrakutas.

50. DevagirifortwasbuiltduringthereignofYadavas.51. ThegreatestkingoftheEarlyWesternChalukyas

PulikesinII.52. KulothungaCholamergedtheChalukyankingdom

withthecholaEmpire.53. ThedescendantsofRathorsofNorthwerethe

Rashtrakutas.54. KrishnaIbuilttheKailasanathatempleatEllora.55. BallalaIIIwasthelastgreatrulerofHoysaladynasty.56. Chalukyashadbuiltaround70VishnuTemplesin

Aihole.57. Amoghavarshawasagreatpatronofliteraturein

RashtrakutaDynasty.58. ThethousandpillaredtempleatHanumakondaisan

exampleofKakatiyaarchitecture.59. SankaraDevawasdefeatedandkilledbyMalik

Kafurin1312A.D60. ThefamousKohinoorDiamondwasunearthedin

Kollur.61. KirtiVarmanIIwasthelastoftheEastern

Chalukyas.62. KulothungaCholawasenthronedasaCholaruler.63. AmogaVarshawroteKavirajamargainKannada.64. BellalaIIIwasdefeatedbyMalikKafur.65. ThelastrulerofHoysalaswasBellalaIV.66. PratapaRudraIshiftedhiscapitaltoWarangal.67. ThePallavasunderSimhaVishnuoverthrewthe

KalabhrasandestablishedtheirsupremacyoverThondaimandalam.

68. NarasimhavarmanIassumedthetitleVatapikondan.69. TheKallanaiacrossriverCauverywasbuiltby

KarikalaChola.70. ParantakaI,thesonofAdityaIdefeatedthePandya

rulerandtookupthetitleMaduraiKondan.71. ThePandyaEmpirewascalledPandyaMandalam.72. AndalcomposedThiruppavai.73. SimhaVishnuwasthefirstrulerofthelaterPallava

dynasty.74. MahendraVarmanwasknownas‘ChitrakaraPuli’.75. DandinwasthecourtpoetofPallavas.76. VaikundaPerumalTempleatKanchiwas

constructedbyNandiVarmanII.77. Rockcutcavetempleswereintroducedby

MahendraVarmanI.78. VijayalayaIlaidthefoundationfortheLaterCholas.79. RajaRajaIconstructedaSivatempleat

Polonnaruvu.80. TheAriyansassistedthePandyarulersintheir

administration.81. DuringtheperiodofNarasimhavarman-IHieun

TsangvisitedKanchipuram.82. MonolithicRathasarefoundatMamallapuram.83. Kulothunga–IwascalledSungam ThavirthaCholan.84. TheCholakingswerepatronsofSalvism.85. Thiruvasagam wascomposedbyManickavasagar.86. ThepaintingsofSrivallabhaPandyaareseeninthe

SittannaVasal.87. DandiwroteDandialankaram (SanskritGrammar

work).88. ThePallavaministerswerecalledGhatika(college

oflearning).89. KiratarJuniayam waswrittenbyBharavi.90. ThePallavaPaintingsareseenatKanchi

KailasanathaTemple.91. MummudiCholawasthetitleofRajarajaI.92. TheSaivistsongsDevaram wascodifiedduringthe

periodofRajaRajaI.

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93. UtharamerurinscriptionofParantakaIgivesdetailedaccountofvillageadministration.

94. TemplesandMattswerethecentresoflearningduringtheCholaperiod.

95. VilliputhurarwriteMahabharatham.96. TheVillageadministrationsofPandyaswerelooked

afterbyVariyams.97. Muhammad-Bin-Qasim wassenttoconquerSind.98. MahmudofGhaznidefeatedJaipalatherulerof

HinduShahidynasty.99. SomnathtemplewasplunderedbyMahmudof

Ghazniin1025A.D.100.InthefirstbattleofTarainMuhammadofGhoriwas

defeatedbyPrithiviraj.101.TheCommanderofMuhammadofGhoriwasQutb-

ud-dinAibak.102.TheArabsimposedJizyaonthenon-muslims.103.SindandMultanremainedaspartofCaliph’sempire

for150years.104.Mohammed-Bin-Qasim namedMultanastheCityof

Gold.105.RaniBai,thewifeofDahirdefendedthefortof

Rewar.106.ManakacuredtheseriousdiseaseofHarun-Al-

Rasheed.107.MahmudofGhazniattackedSomnathTemplein

1025AD.

108.MohammadofGhoriwasthe3rdimportantMuslimrulertoinvadeHindustan.

109.ProphetMuhammadwasthefounderofIslam.110.Muhammad-Bin-Qasim invadedsindin712AD.111.IntheSecondBattleofTarainMuhammadofGhori

killedPrithiviraj.112.Muhammad-bin-BaktiyarKhiljicapturedNadiain

BengalandpartsofBihar.113.MuhammadofGhoriwasconsideredtobethereal

founderoftheTurkishEmpireinIndia.114.MohammedBinQasim wassentasprisonerto

Mesapotamiaandwastorturedtodeath.115.TheconquestofSindsowedtheseedsforthe

comingofIslam intoIndia.116.BrahmaSiddhantaaSanskritworkofBrahmaGupta

wastranslatedintoArabic.117.DhanawasappointedasChiefMedicalOfficerin

thehospitalofBaghdad.118.MahmudofGhaznipatronizedAlbiruniandFirdausi.119.ThesecondBattleofTarainmarkedbeginningof

TurkishruleinIndia.120.Mohammad-bin-BaktiyarKhiljidestroyed

VikramasilaandNalandaUniversitiesin1202-1203AD.

121.MohammadofGhoriwaskilledbyKhokhars.122.TheMamalukrulewasfoundedbyQutb-ud-

dinAibak.123.ThefirstTurkishrulertointroduceArabiccoinage

wasIItutmish.124.Thepoetknownasthe“ParrotofIndia”wasAmir

Khusrau.125.ThefounderoftheSayyidDynastywasKhizrKhan.126.BaburtherulerofKabulwasinvitedbyIbrahim Lodi.127.Theterm MamalukwastheQuranicterm foraSlave.128.Qutb-ud-dinAibakbuiltQuwat-ul-Islam mosqueat

Ajmeer.129.Qutb-MinarwasbuiltinhonourofaSufisaint

Khwaja-Qutb-ud-dinBaktiyarKaki.130.TankawasthesilvercoinintroducedbyIltutmish.131.BalbanwasaIIbariTurk.132.BalbanpatronizedAmirKhuzrau.133.ThemosttrustworthyslaveofAla-ud-dinKhiljiwas

MalikKafur.134.Mohammad-Bin-TughluqestablishedDiwanIKharat

togivefinancialhelptothepoor.

135.SikandarShahibuiltthecityAgrawhichbecamethecentreofAdministrationoftheLodis.

136.Quwat-ul-Islam mosqueatAjmerwasbuiltbyQutb-ud-din.

137.ThefirstwomanruleroftheDelhiSultanatewasRaziya.

138.ThefounderoftheTughluqdynastywasGhiyas-ud-dinTughluq.

139.BahlolLodicapturedthethroneofDelhiin1451AD.140.SikanderShahShahienjoyedSehnaimusic.141.Qutb-ud-dinwascalledtheLakhBaksh.142.Iltutmish’sarmywasmaintainedbyChahalgan(A

corpsofforty).143.ThecopporcoinofIltutmishwasJital.144.GhaziMalikassumedthetitleGhiyas-ud-din

Tughluq.145.Ghiyas-ud-dinwassucceededbyJunakhan.146.FirozTughluqdestroyedtheJeganathtempleat

Puri.147.FirozTughluqwrotehisbiographyFutuhatFiroz-

Shahi.148.TheadministrationofDelhiSultanatewasbasedon

Islamiclaw.149.Landtaxwasthemainsourceofincome.150.TheChiefJusticeofDelhiSultanatewasQazi-ul-

Quzar.151.BahlolLodifoundedLodidynasty.152.TheVijayanagarEmpirewasfoundedintheyear

1336A.D.153.ThebrothersHariharaandBukkaservedunderthe

HoysalaKingViraBallala-III.154.ThemostfamouskingoftheVijayanagarEmpire

wasKrishnadevaRaya.155.TheMuslim kingdom thatrosetoprominenceinthe

Deccanin1347A.D.wastheBahminikingdom.156.MuhammadGawanwastheregentofMuhammad

Shah-III.157.ThecapitalofVijayanagarwasHampi.158.TheGovernorofVijayaNagarempirewasNaik.159.TheVijayanagarEmpirewasruledbyFourdynasties.160.InthebattleofTalikotais1565AD,Ramarayawas

defeated.161.TheCentraladministrationmaintainedcontactwith

thevillagesthroughanofficercalledMahanayakacharya.

162.Landtaxwasthemainsourceofincome.163.TheSupremeJudgeoftheVijayanagarkingdom

wasKing.164.TheBronzeimageofKrishnaDevaRayawasa

masterpieceoftheVijayanagarperiod.165.HasanGanguBahmaniwasTurkishofficerof

Devagiri.166.MadrasaswerethecentresoflearningofMuslims.167.TheofficerinchargeofaTarafwasTarafdar.168.AgroupofeightscholarscalledAshtadiggajas

adornedthecourtofKrishnadevaRaya.169.TheVijayanagarEmpirereacheditesZenithofglory

duringtheperiodofKrishnaDevaRaya.170.RamarayawasdefeatedandkilledintheBattleof

Talikota.171.TheBahmanikingdom wasfoundedbyHasan

GanguBahmani.172.TheBahmaniSultansencouragedArabicand

Persianlearning.173.DomingoPaesaPortuguesetravelervisitedthe

courtofKrishnaDevaRaya.174.KrishnaDevaRayawroteabookcalled

AmuktmalyadainTelugu.175.TheBattleofTalaikotaendedtheVijayanagar

Empire.176.TheVillageassemblycarriedontheadministration

ofvillages.177.Greatattentionwaspaidtoagriculture.









































178.LandtaxwascollectedbasedontheFertilityofthesoil.

179.ThecivilcasesweredecidedonthebasisofHindulaw.

180.OneoftheimportantportsofVijayanagarwasQuilon.

181.GulbargawasthecapitalofBahmaniKingdom.182.MuhammadGawanwassentencedtodeathin1481

ADbyMohammadShah-III.183.TarafwasthenameoftheProvinceunderBahmani

Sultans.184.AhmadShahshiftedthecapitaltoBidar.185.SayanawrotecommentariesonVedas.186.TheBhaktimovementspreadduringthemedieval

periodinIndia.187.ShankaracharyawasbornatKaladiinKerala.188.GurunanakwasthefounderofSikhism.189.Sufism originatedinPersia.190.Nayanmarsare63innumber.191.ApparfollowedJainism initially.192.TheworkofManickavasagarisThiruvasagam.193.Alwarswere12innumbers.194.NalayirDivyaPrabhandam wascompiledby

Nadamuni.195.AdvaitaPhilosophypreachestheworshipofone

God.196.VallabhacharyawasadevoteeofLordKrishna.197.ChaitanyawasborninBengalin1485AD.198.GuruNanakwasadiscipleofTulsidas.199.Ram CharitmanaswaswrittenbyTulsidas.200.SilsilameansChain.201.SufimasteriscalledasPir.202.BaktiandSufimovementpavedthewayforequality

andbrotherhood.203.ShankaracharyapreachedAdvaitaphilosophy.204.Ramanuja,anexponentoftheBhaktimovement

wasbornatSriperumpudurnearChennai.205.BasavawasthefounderofViraSaivism.206.GnanadevawroteacommentaryonBhagavatGita

calledGnaneswari.207.KandhuriUrsfestivalcelebratedatNagoreDargah.208.KaraikalAmmaiyarchangedAppartoSaivism.209.AlwarswerethedevoteesofLordVishnu.210.SekhizarwroteabookcalledPeriyaPuranam.211.BhaktimeansdevotiontoGod.212.BasavafoundedLingayatMovement.213.Kabir’sbookisBijaka.214.DohaswerethepoemsofKabir.215.KabirPanthisarethefollowersofKabir.216.KabirsaidRam andRahim areone.217.MirabaiwasastaunchdevoteeofLordKrishna.218.Baba-FaridpreachedtheunityofGodand

brotherhood.219.Khwauamuin-ud-dinChistiwasalsocalledas

GharibNawaz.220.Earthistheonlyplanetthathasorganismsinit.221.ThePangeaisbrokeninto7majorplates.222.TheCrustoftheEarthisnotstable.223.LargescaleverticalmovementsoftheEarthcrust

arecalledEndogenicmovements.224.ThepointoforiginoftheEarthquakeiscalledFocus.225.ThePacificisthelargestplate.226.Primarywavestravelataspeedof8km/sec.227.Volcanoesareclassifiedinto3types.228.Pwavesarethefirsttoberecordedbythe

Seismograph.229.Dormantvolcanoesarealsocalledsleepingvolcano.230.ThecontinentalcrustiscomposedofGranitelayer.231.Thesiallayerisfloatingonthesimalayer.232.LargescalehorizontalmovementsoftheEarthcrust

arecalledOrogenicmovements.233.Asurfacewaveisalsoknownas‘L’waves.234.AvolcanoisaventoranopeningintheEarthcrust.

235.TheearthquakewavesarerecordedbyaninstrumentknownasSiesmograph.

236.TheRichterscaleisusedtomeasuretheintensityofanearthquake.

237.Thepacificplateisthelargestplate.238.IsaacNewtonwasthefirstscientisttotheorise

aboutthestructureoftheEarth.239.Mantleliesbetweenthecrustandcore.240.TheuppermantleisknownasAsthenosphere.241.Theinnermostlayeroftheearthisthecore.242.Thepangeaisknownassupercontinent.243.InGreekpanthalasameansallwater.244.AnAmercianastronomerEdwinHubbleexplained

thattheexistinguniversehadbeenexpanding.

245.On30thMay2010thescientistsmadeaLargeHadronCollidermachinetotesttheBigBangTheory.

246.TheEgyptiansvisualizedthattheearthwasafloatingsphereonthesea.

247.TheBarrenIslandistheonlyactivevolcanoinIndia.248.MaunaLoainHawaiIslandisthelargestactive

volcanointheworld.249.TheIndo-Australianplateismovingat67mm per

year.250.OxidationprocessisbetterknownasRusting.251.MeandersareformedintheValleycourse.252.BeachesarethefeatureoftheWaves.253.PedestalrockisalsocalledasMushroom rock.254.BarchanisrelatedtoDepositionalfeature.255.Thedisintegrationofrocksintosmallfragments

withoutchemicalchangeisPhysical.256.TheGangesisthelargestriveroftheIndianSub-

continent.257.TheGangesiscalledIndia’sNationalRiver.258.ThecrescentmoonshapeddunesareBarchans.259.Theglacialdepositsareknownasmoraines.260.ThermalstressisalsoknownasPhysical(or)

Mechanicalweathering.261.Twocavesapproachingoneanotherarecalledan

arch.262.Thefanshapedalluvialfeatureformedbyariverat

itslowercourseiscalledasDelta.263.Processofwearingandtearingoftherockiscalled

Frostweathering.264.Winddepositsthematerialsbywindwardsideand

leewardside.265.Rocksaremadeupofacombinationofseveral

minerals.266.Themountainousareasexperiencefrosttypeof

weathering.267.Chemicalweatheringreferstodecompositionof

rocks.268.Thebestexampleforsaltcrystallizationisfrom

YehliuandTaiwan.269.Saltcrystallizationisotherwiseknownas

halocalasty.270.Hydrationisofternreferredtoasabsorptionof

water.271.Hydrolysisisaprocessaffectingsilicateminerals.272.Ameanderisabendinasinuouswatercourse.273.Theaccumulationsofdepositsdroppedonthe

sidesofbanksarecalledLevees.274.Therivercutsthroughthenarrowneckoftheloop

makinganox-bowlake.275.Afanshapedalluvialfeatureiscalleddelta.276.Wavesarethemostpowerfulagentsofmarineor

coastalerosion.277.Averysteeprockfaceadjoiningthecoastformsa

cliff.278.Whentwocavesapproachoneanotheranarchis

formed.279.Abeachisasanddepositionalongthecoast.280.Wheniceisaccumulatedalongthefoothills,itis









































knownaspiedmentglacier.281.Theiceflowiscalledaglacier.282.Glaciersarefoundineverycontinentexcept

Australia.283.Alphineglaciersareformedonthemountain.284.ThePolarRegionsarevastlycoveredwithice.285.Continentalglacierisanextensivetypeoficemass.286.Pluking(or)quarryingneanstheuprootingofrocks

inthecourseoftheglacier.287.Betweentwocirques,aknifelikeelevatedridgeis

formedknownasAretes.288.Whenthreeormorecirquescutbacktogether,they

form aphyramidalpeak.289.TheGreekword‘Klima’referstoinclination.290.Thetemperatureontheearth’ssurfacedecreasesat

therateof6.50Cforevery1000meters.291.ElninomeanstheChristChildinSpanish.292.TheUrbanheatislandisametropolitanareawhich

issignificantlywarmerthanitssurroundingareas.293.Thetropopauseistheboundarybetweenthe

troposphereandstratosphere.294.TheEquatoriallow-pressurebeltiscalledasabelt

ofcalm(or)Daldrums.295.Theairinhorizontalmotioniscalledwind.296.ThenameofthelocalwindwhichblowsoverThar

DesertinIndiaisLoo.297.Thestudyonthescienceoflightningiscalled

Fulminology.298.ThunderstormsareproducedbyCumulonimbus.299.Thewordclimateisderivedfrom theancientGreek

wordKlima.300.Theequatorreceivesverticalsunrayswhichfallover

asmallerarea.301.ThePolarRegionsreceiveslantingsunraysand

theyfalloverawiderarea.302.Theplaceslocatedonhigheraltitudesarealways

coolerthanthoseontheplains.303.Thecoastalareasenjoyequable(or)maritime

climate.304.Theinteriorlandareasexperienceextremeor

continentalclimate.305.Basedontemperaturetheoceancurrentsare

classifiedaswarm andcoldoceancurrents.306.Themeetingplacesofwarm andcoldocean

currentsaresuitableforthegrowthoffishfoodplankton.

307.Industrialrevolutionbroughtchangesinourlifestyle.308.Terrestrialradiationisreferredtoastheheatenergy

emittedfrom theEarth.309.Thesolarradiationtakeseightminutestoreachthe

earth’ssurface.310.Incomingsolarradiationiscalledinsolation.311.TheatmosphereoftheEarth’ssurroundedbyGases.312.Metorologyisthescientificstudyoftheatmosphere.313.TheU.Vraysofthesunareharmfultoallliving

beings.314.Aerologyisthestudyoftheupperlayerofthe

atmosphere.315.Theinstrumentusedtomeasurethetemperatureis

theThermometer.316.Theimaginarylinesjoiningdifferentplaceswiththe

samepressureonmapareIsobars.317.Thewindsblowsfrom aparticulardirection

throughouttheyearareplanetarywinds.318.Themonsoonisderivedfrom ArabicwordMausim.319.Windsblowfrom theseatothelandarecalledSea

breezes.320.Cumuluscloudsaredescribedaspuffyorcotton-

likeclouds.321.Hygrometerisaninstrumentusedtomeasure

rainfall.322.KeralareceivesmorerainfallthanTamilnadu

becauseitliesontheWindwardside.323.Conventionalrainfalliscalledas4’0clockrainfall.324.InthetropicalregionsPaddyisamajorcrop.325.DuringElninoperiodthetemperaturerisesrapidly

onceinthreetoeightyearsalongthecoastofPeruandEcuador.

326.Thedifferencebetweenmaximum andminimumtemperatureofthedayiscalledDiurnalrangeoftemperature.

327.Barometerisaninstrumentusedtomeasuretheatmosphericpressure.

328.Sub-tropicalhigh-pressurebeltiscalledHorselatitudes.

329.InIonospherelayer,thesun’sraysisionized.330.Cumuluscloudsareassociatedwithrainfall,

thunderandlightning.331.Convectionaltypeofrainfallisalsocalledas4’0

clockrainfall.332.Theaverageairpressureatthesealevelis1013

millibars.333.TheNimbuscloudsareverticalclouds.334.Thewindwardslopereceivesheavyrainfall.335.Stratosphereiscalledisothermallayer.336.Afterthestratosphere,thereisabufferlayercalled

theStratopause.337.Barometerisaninstrumentusedtomeasurethe

atmosphericpressure.338.TheFrigidZoneiscoolerthanotherzones.339.TheIonospherelayerreflectstheradiowavesand

electromagneticwavesbacktotheearth.340.Theimaginarylinesthatjoindifferentplaceswith

sametemperatureiscalledIsotherms.341.Anemometerisaninstrumentusedtomeasurethe

velocityandwinddirection.342.Awindwaveisusedtoindicatethedirectionofthe

wind.343.Thewarm localwindofUSAisChinook.344.Thewarm windoftheTharDesertinIndiaisLoo.345.ThecoollocalwindinRussiaiscalledPurga.346.ThecoollocalwindofArgentinaisPampero.347.ThedoollocalwindofCentralAfriceisHarmattam.348.Cirruscloudsarehighcloudsformedabove5,000

metersabovesealevel.349.Stratuscloudsarelowcloudsbecausetheyare

formedwithin2,000metersabovethesealevel.350.Stratuscloudsareoftendescribedas“Puffy”or

“Cotton-like”inappearance.351.Nimbuscloudsareverticalclouds.352.Theimaginarylinesjoindifferentplaceshaving

sameamountofrainfallisIsohyets.353.ThunderstormsareproducedbyCumulonimbus.354.ThemajorreasonforthedroughtistheScarcityof

rainfall.355.TorndoesarecommoninU.S.A.356.LandslidesoftenoccurinHillyregion.357.ThewordTsunamihasbeenderivedfrom Japanese.358.Ofthefollowingwhichisnotanaturaldisaster

nuclearexplosion.359.AgoodexamplefornaturaldisasterisEarthquake.360.Thesuddentremorontheearth’scrustisEarth

quake.361.TheGujaratearthquakeoccurredonJan26,2001.362.Theprocessofmakingdisasterlesssevereiscalled

Mitigation.363.Steam andhotspringsfrom avolcanoisusedto

generategeothermalenergy.364.TherecentvolcaniceruptioninIcelandoccurredon

April14,2010.

365.TheIndiancoastalregionsareamong6thmajorcycloneproneregionsoftheworld.

366.Everyyear,thecyclonescauseafewdeathsalongtheCoromandelareaofIndia.









































367.Ahazardisanexposuretorisk.368.Indiaisdividedintofourseismiczones.369.InIndiaTsunamewarningcentrehasbeensetupat

Hyderabad.370.DebrisflowisalsoknownasMudslide.371.Avalanchesoccuronthehighlatitudesandhigh

altitudes.372.Aneventthatcausesheavydamagetolifeand

propertyiscalledasDisaster.373.Hazardisanexposuretorisk.374.Disasterisathreattolifeandpropertiesof

community.375.Thedisastersarebroadlyclassifiedintonaturaland

man-made.376.Mitigationmeanstomakelesssevere.377.Thetremblingoftheearth’scrustisknownas

Earthquake.378.SwamiNarayantemplewasdestroyedbythe

Gujaratearthquake.379.Themostimportantthingtododuringan

earthquakeistobecalm.380.Volcaniceruptionsmaycauseearthquakes.381.Inareasofavalanchestravellinginanymodeof

transportshouldbeavoided.382.SouthIndiancoastalareasareaffectedmoreby

cyclonesthanbyanyotherdisaster.383.TheIndiancoastalregionsareamongthesixmajor

cycloneproneregionsoftheworld.384.OnOctober29,1999supercyclonewashitthe144

km coastofOrissa.385.Wemustdrinkboiledwatertoavoidspreadof

diseases.386.Floodsanddroughtsarethetwoproblemscaused

duetothevagariesofmonsoon.387.Droughtreferstotheprolongeddrynessofweather

duetolackofrainfall.388.Tornadoesarecausedduetoextremelowpressure.389.Alargestretchofwatercoveringavastareais

calledanOcean.390.TheAtlanticOceaniselongated‘S’inshape.391.Theriseandfallofseawaterduetogravitationis

knownastides.392.AnOceanridgeisatabletopunderwatermountain.393.ThehydrologicalcycleisalsoknownasWaterCycle.394.ThePacificisthelargestandthedeepestocean.395.Oceanscoverabout70%oftheearth’ssurface.396.TheIndianOceanistheonlyoceannamedaftera

country.397.TheAntarcticaOceaniscalledasthesouthernmost

ocean.398.Theaveragedepthofthecontinentalslopeisabout

155metres.399.Theaverageoceansalinityis35gramsperkilogram.400.ThesaltiestwaterisintheDeadSea.401.Theriseandfallofseawaterisoccurringtwicea

day.402.Themixingofwarm andcoldcurrentscausesthick

fog.403.Salinityislowattheequator.404.Thealternateriseandfalloftheoceanwatertwice

in24hoursareknownastides.405.TheEarthisnicknamedaswateryplanet.406.Mariana’strenchisthedeepesttrenchinthesouth

Pacific.407.TheinletsareknownasSeas.408.TheabyssalplainiscoveredwithOoze.409.Windisthemostimportantcauseofwave

generation.410.Theamountofsaltpresentintheseawateriscalled

salinity.411.Thespringtideisalsocalledashightide.412.Tidesarecausedbythegravitationalpullofmoon

andsun.

413.Thestudyofoceaniscalledoceanography.414.Thereare20,000islandsinthePacificOcean.415.TheAtlantictraderouteistheworld’sbusiesttrade

route.416.VictoriaandElizabethislandsareintheArctic

Ocean.417.Theinletsareknownasseas.418.Thecontinentalslopeandcontinentalshelfare

togethercalledascontinentalmargin.419.Theirregularcoastsandthecontinentalslopesare

essentialfortheformationofnaturalharbours.420.Theabyssalplainisflattolowrollinghillsofthe

oceanfloor.421.Seamountsareunderwatervolcanoes.422.Oncetheislandiserodedanditsslipsunderwater,it

iscalledguyot.423.Themidoceanridgeistheunderwatermountain

rangeformedbytheplatetectonicforces.424.Oceanictrenchesarethedeepestfeaturesinthe

ocean.425.Sun’sheatprovidesenergytoevaporatewaterfrom

oceansandlakes.426.Plantslosewaterthroughphotosynthesistotheair

anditiscalledtranspiration.427.Landsurfaceisheatedandcooledquicklybutwater

tendstoheatupandcooldownslowly.428.SpringtideoccursduringtheFullmoondayand

Newmoonday.429.TheexpansionforOTECisOceanThermalEnergy

Conversion.430.Indiaistheseventhlargestcountryintheworld.

431.TheConstitutionofIndiacameintoforceon26th

January1950.432.TheSupremeCourtofIndiaisatNewDelhi.433.TheNationalSongVandeMataram wascomposed

byBankim ChandraChatterjee.434.OurNationaltreeistheBanyantree.435.Indiaisthelargestdemocracyintheworld.436.Thelengthofitscoastlineis7516.5kms.437.TheIndianUnioncomprisesof28states.438.Thereare7unionterritoriesinIndia.439.ThecandidatewhoconteststhePresidential

electionshouldhavecompletedtheageof35years.440.ThenominalheadofourcountryisthePresident.441.ThegreatheadofourcountryisthePrimeMinister.442.Atpresentthereare545membersintheLokSabha.443.Atpresentthereare245membersintheUpper

House.444.SupremeCourtistheguardianofourconstitution.445.Atpresentthereare31judgesintheSupremeCourt.446.TheratioofthelengthtothebreadthofourNational

Flagis3:2.447.TheConstituentAssemblyapprovedtheNational

Flagon22ndJuly1947.448.Thetimedurationforsingingournationalanthem is

approximately52seconds.449.Thesong“VandeMataram”wascomposedby

Bankim Chandrachatterjee.450.OurNationalRiveristheGanga.451.OurNationalfruitisMango.452.TheRepublicofIndiaisgovernedintermsofthe

Constitution.453.TheheadoftheIndianUnionisthePresident.454.TheLokSabhaisalsocalledasLowerHouseof

Parliament.455.“SatyamevaJayate”isinscribedinourNational

Emblem.456.TheNationalbirdofIndiaisPeacock.

457.Indiaisthe7thlargestcountryintheworld.458.Theareaofourcountryis32,87,203sqkms.459.IndiaistheSecondmostpopulouscountrynextto

China.









































460.Thelandfrontierofourcountryisabout15,200Kms.461.Indianconstitutionisthelengthiestwritten

constitutionintheworld.462.Thecouncilofministersisappointedbythe

President.463.ForelectionpurposethestatesandunionTerritories

aredividedintoConstituencies.464.ThePresidentnominates2AngloIndianmembers

totheLokSabhaand12memberstotheRajyaSabha.

465.TheGovernorsofthestatesareappointedbythePresident.

466.TheSupremeCourtofIndiaisthehighestcourtinourcountry.

467.ThewhitecolourinthemiddleofourNationalFlagdenotestruth.

468.Thechakrahas24spokes.469.OurNationalFlagwashoistedfirston15Aug1947.470.Theflagisflownathalfmosttomournthedeathof

ournationalleader.471.TheIndianNationalAnthem wascomposedbythe

greatpoetRabindranathTagore.472.TheNationalEmblem istakenfrom theSaranath

PillarofAsoka.473.ThelionsrepresentPowerandMajesty.474.ThechakrasignifiesDharma&Righteousness.475.Vande-mataram waspublishedinthebookAnand

matt.476.ThePeacockisourNationalbird.477.TheFirstsessionoftheConstituentAssemblywas

presidedoverbyDr.S.P.Sinha.

478.OurConstitutioncameintoexistenceon26th

January1950.479.ThePreambledeclaresthatIndiaasaDemocratic

country.480.ThepeopleofIndiaaregivencompleteauthorityby

theIndianConstitution.481.InaParliamentarysystem,theExecutiveis

collectivelyresponsibletotheLegislature.482.Dr.B.R.AmbedkarwasthechairmanoftheDrafting

committee.483.Dr.B.R.AmbedkarwasthechiefarchitectofIndian

constitution.484.ThefinalsessionoftheconstituentAssemblywas

heldon24thJanuary1950.485.6fundamentalrightsareguaranteedbyour

constitution.486.TheDirectiveprinciplesmaybegroupedinto4

categories.487.Allthecitizensabovetheageof18yearsare

entitledtoparticipateinelections.488.SocialistPrinciplesofdirectiveprinciplesreflect

equalpayforequalworkformenandwomen.489.TheFirstPresidentofIndiawasDr.Rajendra

Prasad.490.TheChiefarchitectoftheIndianconstitutionwasDr.

Ambedkar.491.AnIntroductiontoourconstitutionisfoundinthe

Preamble.492.Asecularstatedoesnothaveareligionofitsown.493.DirectivePrinciplesaimsattheestablishmentofthe

welfarestate.

494.TheDraftingcommitteewasconstitutedon29th

August1947.495.TheconstitutionofIndiaprovidesaParliamentary

form ofgovernment.496.Inaparliamentarysystem,theexecutiveis

collectivelyresponsibletotheLegislature.497.FundamentalRightsareNaturalRights.498.Fundamentalrightsareguaranteedandprotected

bytheconstitution.499.Iftherightsareviolated,thepersoncanapproach

thesupremecourt/Highcourttoclaim his/herrights.

500.RightagainstExploitationprohibitsallformsofforcedlabourchildlabourandtraffickinginhumanbeings.

501.CulturalandEducationalRightsgivesrightstoallcitizenstopreservetheirlanguage,scriptandculture.

502.RighttoConstitutionalRemediesenablesthecitizentoapproachtheSupremeCourtfortheviolationofFundamentalRights.

503.Apoliticalpartycreatespoliticalawareness.504.Bi-partysystem existsinIndia.505.ApartywhichisrecognizedasaStatePartyinFour

StatesisaNationalparty.506.Politicalpartiesform thebackboneofdemocracy.507.Indiahasthelargestnumberofpoliticalparties.508.Partiesaregivenauniquesymbol.509.Thepoliticalpartiesform thebackboneof

Democracy.510.Inademocracythecitizenisboththerulerandthe

ruled.511.Politicalpartieshelpinformingpublicopinion.512.Politicalpartiesserveasalinkbetweenthepeople

andthegovernment.513.Thecountryhavingthelargestnumberofpolitical

partiesintheworldisIndia.514.Largeandestablishedpartieshaveuniquesymbol.515.Apoliticalpartyhashierarchicalstructure.516.ExpansionofUSSRisUnionofSovietSocialist

Republic.517.TheHeadquartersoftheUNOisatNewYork.518.TheGeneralAssemblyiscalledtheParliamentof

mankind.519.OneoftheofficiallanguagesoftheUNOisFrench.520.Thereare5permanentmembersintheSecurity

Council.521.TheprogrammelaunchedbytheWHOhas

successfullyeradicatedsmallpox.522.Theword‘UnitedNationsOrganisation’wascoined

byFranklinD’Roosevelt.523.Atpresentthereare193membersintheUNO.524.TheOlivebranchsymbolizespeace.525.Theterm ofofficeofthenon-permanentmembers

aretwoyears.526.By1994alltheTrustterritoriesattainedself

government.527.Theterm UnitedNationswascoinedbyFranklinD’

Roosevelt.

528.TheUNCharterwassignedby50countrieson26th

June1945.529.TheexecutivebranchoftheUNOisGeneral

Assembly.530.Allthetrustterritorieshaveattainedself

governmentbytheyear1994.531.TheInternationalCourtofJusticeislocatedatThe

HagueinHolland.532.TheSecondWorldWarwasfoughtbetween1939

and1945.533.TheUNCharterwassignedatSanFrancisco.534.TheheadquartersofUNOissituatedatManhattan

inNewYork.535.ThepresentSecretaryGeneraloftheUNOisBan-ki-

moonofSouthKorea.536.Thereare15judgesintheInternationalCourtof

Justice.537.Themembersofspecializedagenciesareelected

foraperiodof3years.538.TheWHOeradicatedsmallpoxfrom India.539.ThechildrenarethefuturepillarsofourNation.540.TheArticle39(f)intheconstitutionprovides

facilitiesforthechildrentodevelopinahealthy









































manner.541.TheGovernmentofIndiaintroducedtheRightto

educationon1stApril2010.

542.The72ndand73rdAmendmentsActshaveprovided33%reservationsofseatsforwomeninthelocalbodies.

543.Swayamsidhadealswiththesocio-economicdevelopmentandempowermentofwomenthroughself-helpgroups.

544.Article24dealswiththerightagainstexploitation.545.TheJuvenileInjusticeActwaspassedin1986.

546.Thechildren’sDayiscelebratedonNovember14th

everyyear.547.Article3prohibitstradeofWomenlikecommodities.548.DowryProhibitionAmendmentActwaspassedin

1986.549.TheJuvenileInjusticeActwasamendedintheyear

2000.550.TheChildLineServicesaimsathelpingchildren

duringtimesofdifficultiesandemergency.551.TheChildMarriageRestraintActof1978has

increasedtheageofmarriageofgirlsfrom 15yearsto18years.

552.TamilNaduLegislaturepassedtheProhitibitonofEve-TeasingLawin1997.

553.Thefamilycounselingcentreswerestartedtogivecounsellingforthevictimsfacingsocialproblems.

554.Article45providesforfreeandcompulsoryeducationforallchildrenupto14years.

555.ChildLineServicesaimsathelpingthechildrenduringthetimesofdifficultiesandemergency.

556.Childrenof4-15yearsarehonouredwithawardsontheRepublicDayeveryyear.

557.TheDowryProhibitionActof1961bansthegivingandreceivingofDowry.

558.73rdand74thAmendmentsprovides33%reservationsofseatsinPanchayatRajandUrbanlocalbodies.

559.EconomicsisaSocialscience.560.Therearefourfactorsofproduction.561.Labourcannotbeseparatedfrom Labourer.562.IngeneralCapitalmeansMoney.563.AnorganizerwillalwaysmakeRisks.564.TherewardpaidtocapitalisInterest.565.InvestmentineducationiscalledHumancapital.566.Therewardpaidtolabourasafactorofproduction

isWages.567.InUnitedStatesmorethan80%oflabourforceis

tertiaryworkers.568.AgricultureisclassifiedunderPrimarysector.569.ThefatherofEconomicsisAdam smith.570.“Welfare”wasdefinedbyMarshall.571.“Scarcity”wasdefinedbyLionelRobbins.572.GrowthwasdefinedbyPaulA.Samuelson.573.EfficiencyoflabourisdeterminedbyPersonal

qualities.574.Landistotallyimmobile.575.Investmentineducation,trainingandhealthcareis

calledHumancapital.576.Investmentonallmandmadephysicalassetslike

buildingsandmachinesPhysicalcapital.577.Investmentmadeintheform ofmoneyiscalled

Moneycapital.578.InIndiaalargeportionofthepopulationremainsin

thissectorPrimary.579.Secondaryisalsocalledasmanufacturingsector.580.Tertiarysectorprovidesservicestothegeneral

populationandtobusinesses.581.Productionmeanscreationofutility.582.Utilitymeanswantssatisfyingpower.583.LandandLabourarecalledoriginalfactors.584.CapitalandOrganizationarecalledDerivedfactors.

585.Landisafreegiftofnature.586.TheconceptofDivisionoflabourwasintroducedby

Adam Smith.587.Anentrepreneuristhechangingagentofthe

society.588.SecondarysectorisalsocalledManufacturing

sector.589.Tertiarysectoroftheeconomyistheservice

industry.590.Anenquiryintothenatureandcausesofwealthof

nationswaswrittenbyAdam Smith.591.Inadvancedcountriesnationalincomesareat

higherlevel.592.UtilitymeanswantsSatisfyingpower.593.Eachfactorplaysauniqueroleintheproduction

process.594.Theaim ofeveryproduceristogetmaximum profit

ataminimum cost.595.CapitalandOrganisationarederivedfactors.596.Intheordinarylanguagelandmeansearth.597.Therewardtothelandasafactorofproductionis

calledrent.598.Labourreferstoanyworkundertakenforsecuring

anincomeorreward.599.TheworkdonebyacookisPhysicalLabour.600.TheworkofateacherismentalLabour.601.Therewardpaidtolabourasafactorofproduction

iscalledwages.602.Labourisanactivefactorofproduction.603.Labourcannotbestoredlikecommodities.604.Labourpoweroncelosecannotberegained.605.Labourpowerdiffersfrom persontoperson.606.IndividualLabourhasweakbargainingpower.607.TheemergenceofTradeunionshasimprovedthe

bargainingpower.608.EfficiencyofLabourmeanstheproductivecapacity

oflabourtodomoreworkorbetter.609.DivisionofLabourhelpstoemployrightmanforthe

rightjob.610.Repetitionofthesameworkmakeslabourtofeel

monotonous.611.Therewardpaidtocapitalasafactorofproduction

iscalledinterest.612.Capitalisapassivefactorofproduction.613.Thewheelsofeconomicactivityarewhirlingaround.614.Themovementofgoodsandservicesfrom one

sectortoanotheriscalledaschainofproduction.615.Agricultureisthelargestandmostsignificant

sectorintheIndianeconomy.616.Tertiaryisbecomingincreasinglyimportantisthe

worldeconomy.617.InUnitedStatesmorethan80%ofthelabourforce

istertiaryworkers.618.ThefirstBattleofPanipatwasfoughtinAD1526.619.Shershahhasbeencalledasthe“Fore-runnerof

Akbar.620.Jahangirsetupa“chainofJustice”.621.GuruArjundevwastheFifthSikhGuru.622.Baburwasbornin1483ADatKandahar.623.BaburlaidthefoundationfortheMughalEmpirein

India.624.HumayunwasbornatKabulin1508AD.625.HumayunmeansFortunate.626.ShershahfoundedSurdynasty.627.ShershahintroducedRyotwarisystem.628.AkbarwasunderthecontrolofhisregentBairam

Khan.629.AbulFaiziwroteAin-i-AkbariandAkbarnama.630.EverycultivatorwasgivenaPatta.631.JahangirmeansconqueroroftheWorld.632.ShahjahaniscalledthePrinceofbuilders.633.ShivajiwastheconstantenemyoftheMughals.634.WazirwasthePrimeMinisterduringtheMughal









































period.635.MansabmeansRank.636.NandirshahgaveaseriousblowtotheMughals.637.IntheSecondBattleofPanipat,Akbardefeated

Hemu.638.ThereignofShahjahanhasbeencalledasthe

“GoldenAgeoftheMughals”.639.TansenlivedinthecourtofAkbar.640.MediniRaiwasdefeatedinthebattleofChanderiin

1528AD.641.Babur’sautobiographyisknownasMemoirsof

Babur.642.AkbarwasbornatAmarkot.643.ShershahrevivedtheDakchaukitheespionage

system.644.ShershahdidnotlistentotheadvicesofUlemas.645.Daghsystem wasthesystem ofbrandingthe

horses.646.AkbarabolishedJizyathetaxonnon-muslims.647.AbulFaizitranslatedRamayanaandMahabaratha

intoPersian.648.Din-i-llahimeansDivineFaith.649.1/3ofthetotalproducewascollectedaslandtax.650.NurMahalmeansLightofthePalace.651.AsafKhanplacedShahJahantothrone.652.ShahJahan’sreigniscalledtheGoldenAgeofthe

Mughals.653.ThecrowningexampleofMughalJewelleryartis

ThePeacockthrone.654.TheMughalemperorwascalledasPadshah.655.EachsubawasplacedunderSubedar.656.DuringMughalperiodthecasesweretried

accordingtoQuaranicLaw.657.WhowastheUlemasMuslim?Religiousleaders.658.Whowasinchargeofincomeandexpenditure

duringShershah’speriod?Diwan-i-wizarat.659.WhointroducedRyotwarisystem?Shershah660.WhoassistedShershahinissuingJustice?Chief

Qazi661.Whoiscalledthefatherofmoderncurrency?

Shershah.662.WhotranslatedBhagavataPuranaintoPersian?

RajaTodarmal.663.NamethemusicianwhoadornedthecourtofAkbar

Tansen.664.NametheBrain-childofAkbarDin-i-llahi.665.WhatdoesDin-i-llahimean?DivineFaith.666.NamethedeedofagreementQubuliyat.667.Namethestoneusedtobuildbuildingsduring

Akbar’speriodRedsandstone.668.WhowastheeldestsonofAkbarPrince

Salim?Jahangir669.Whoobtainedpermissionfrom Jahangirtotrade

withIndia?SirThomasRoe670.WhatwastheoriginalnameofNurJahan?Mehr-Un-

Nisa?671.Towhom wasNurjahanmarriedatfirstSherAfghan.672.Whosereignhasbeencalledasthe‘Goldenageof

theMughals’ShahJahan?673.Whatisconsideredtobeoneofthelargest

Mosquesintheworld?JamaMasjid674.Thedream inmarble-whatdoesitrefertoTajMahal?675.Whoassumedthetitle‘Alamgir’?Aurangazeb

676.Namethe9thGuruoftheSikhsGuru-TeghBahadur.677.Nametherevenuesystem introducedbyAkbar-

Zabtisystem.678.ThetutorofShivajiwasDadajiKhondaDev.679.Shivajihadacouncilofeightministerscalled

“Ashtapradhan”.680.ThefirstPeshwawasRajaJaisingh.681.DadajiKhondaDevwastheGuruofShivaji.682.AfzalKhanwastheSultanofBijapur.

683.ShivajiabolishedZamindarisystem.684.JusticewasadministeredaccordingtoHinduLaws.685.MarathasconsideredFortsas‘mothers’.686.SambajiwastheeldestsonofShivaji.687.TheterritoryunderShivajiwasknownasSwarajya.688.NadirShahwasoneofthegreatestwarriorsof

Persia.689.BalajiViswanathwasthefirstPeshwaofthe

Marathas.690.BajiRaofollowedforwardpolicy.691.ThePeshwasarethePrimeMinistersof

Maharashtra.692.TheMarathasadoptedGuerillawarfare.693.TheSultanofBijapursentAfzalKhantosubdue

Shivaji.694.ThePrimeMinisteroftheMarathaEmpirewas

calledPeshwa.695.AfterAurangazeb’sdeathBahadurShahIbecame

theMughalEmperor.696.ShahjiBhonsleworkedundertheSultanofBijapur.697.GuruDadjiKhondaDevwastheTutorofShivaji.698.Baghnakhmeanstigerclaws.699.AurangazebcalledShivajiasMountainRat.700.Landtaxwasthecouncilofeightministersof

Shivaji.701.2/5oftheproducewascollectedaslandtax.702.ChauthandSardeshmukiwerethetaxescollected

byShivaji.703.Patelisanofficeequaltothatofthepresentday

Tahsildar.704.SahuwasthegrandsonofShivaji.(SonofSambaji).705.NadirShahisone,thegreatestofthePersian

warriors.706.NadirShah’sinvasiongaveadeathblowtothe

MughalEmpire.707.NadirShahwaskilledbyhisownsoldierin1747A.D.708.AhmadShahAbdalimetSadasivaRaoatPanipatin

1761A.D.709.TheforeignInvasiononIndiapavedthewayforthe

Sikhstoform theirempire.710.In1739thearmyoftheMughalsandNadirShah

metatKarnal.711.ThegreattradingcentreConstantinoplewas

capturedbyOttomanTurksin1453A.D.712.Francisco-de-AlmeidawasthefirstViceroyofthe

PortuguesepossessionsinIndia.713.TheEnglishEastIndiaCompanywasstartedin1600

A.D.714.PondicherrybecametheheadquartersoftheFrench

settlementsinIndia.715.HenryofPortugalhasbeencalledas“The

Navigator”.716.BartholomeuDiaznamedthesoutherntipofAfrica

as‘CapeofStorms’.717.ThePortuguesesailorVasco-da-amareached

Calicutin1498AD.718.AlbuquerquecapturedGoafrom theSultanof

Bijapurin1510.719.AlbuquerquebuilttheFortofOrmuzin1515inthe

PersianGulf.720.GoawastheheadquartersofthePortugese.721.In1602ADtheDutchEastIndiaCompanywas

established.722.TheDutchandtheEnglishfaughtatAmboyana.723.In1759theEnglishcaptuturedChinsurafrom the

Dutch.724.In1788ADtheEnglishdefeatedtheSpanish

Armada.725.TheFrenchEastIndiaCompanywasstartedin1664.726.In1615SirThomasRoearrivedatthecourtof

Jahangir.727.Aurangazebgavepermissiontosetupafactoryat

Calcutta.









































728.ThepeopleofDenmarkweretheDanish.729.ColbertwastheministerofLouisXIV.730.TherivalrybetweentheEnglishandtheFrenchled

totheCarnaticwars.731.ThePortuguesecapturedGoafrom theSultanof

Bijapur.732.CaptainWilliam Hawkinsvisitedthecourtofthe

MughalemperorJahangir.733.SirThomasRoearrivedatIndiain1615.734.DupleixcametoIndiain1742astheGovernorofthe

Frenchpossessions.735.ConstantinoplewascapturedbyOttomanTurksin

1453AD.736.KingZamoringreceivedthePortuguesesailor,

Vascodagama.737.TheBluewaterpolicywasfollowedbyAlmeida.738.AlmeidawasdefeatedandkilledbytheEgyptians.739.AlbuquerquewastherealfounderofPortuguese

powerinIndia.740.AlbuquerquediedinGoain1515A.D.741.TheDutchfoundedPulicatin1610andbuiltaFort

there.742.TheDutchkilledtheEnglishmerchantsatAmboyna

in1623A.D.743.In1759theEnglishcapturedChinsurafrom the

Dutch.744.TheSpanishArmadawasdefeatedbytheEnglishin

1588A.D.745.TheEnglishEastIndiaCompanywasstartedby100

merchantsofLondon.746.KingJamesIsentHawkinstothecourtofJahangir.747.In1615ThomasRoecametotheCourtofJahangir.748.In1639,FrancisDayboughtapieceoflandfrom the

KingofChandragiri.749.In1640,theEnglishbuiltthefortSt.Georgeat

Madras.750.CharlesIImarriedCatherineandgotBombayas

dowry.751.TheDanishestablishedtheirtradingcentreat

Tranquebar.752.In1664theFrenchEastIndiaCompanywas

established.753.TheFrenchheadquartersinIndiawasPondicherry.754.TheFrenchgotMahein1725A.D.755.TheCarnaticwarswerefoughtin1744-1763.756.ThebattleofPlasseywasfoughtin1757.757.ThefounderoftheBritishEmpireinIndiawas

RobertClive.758.Count-de-LallywasdefeatedbySirEyreCooteatthe

battleofWandiwash.759.CarnaticwasoriginallyundertheMughals.760.DupleixsentanappealtoLaBourdonnaisthe

governorofMauritius.761.TheNizam ofHyderabadin1747wasAsarShah.762.Anuwar-ud-dintheCarnaticnawabwasdefeated

andkilledinthebattleofAmbur.763.SalabatJungtheNizam ofHyderabadgave

NorthernCircarstoFrench.764.Durpleixwasrecalledin1754.765.MohammadAliwasrecognizedastheNawabof

ArcotafterIICarnaticwar.766.TheTreatyofPariswassignedin1763AD.767.AlivardiKhanwasanindependentrulerofBengal.768.ThebattleofPlasseywasfoughtin1757AD.769.ThebattleofBuxarendedwiththetreatyof

Allahabad.770.ThefirstMysorewarendedinfavourofHyderAli.771.HyderAliwasknownforhisimpartialjustice.772.TheCapitalofCarnaticwasArcot.773.TheHeroofArcotwasRobertClive.774.TheBattleofBuxarmadetheEnglishEastIndia

CompanyasoverieghpowerinIndia.775.LaBourdonnaiswastheFrenchGovernorof

Mauritius.776.Anwar-Ud-dinwastherulerofCarnaticregion.777.ThefirstCarnaticwarwasanechoofAustrianwar

ofsuccession.778.ThefirstCarnaticwarendedwiththeTreatyofAixla

-Chappelle.779.ThebattleofAmburwasfoughtin1749A.D.780.TheFrenchmadeSalabatJungastheNizam of

Hyderabad.781.InCarnaticregionsMohammmadAliwasmadethe

Nawab.782.DupleixwassucceededbyGodeheu.783.InEuropetheSevenyearswarstartedin1756AD.784.SirEyreCootedefeatedtheFrenchGeneralat

Wandiwash.785.TreatyofParisendedtheIIICarnaticwarin1763AD.786.TherulerofBengalin1757ADwasSiraj-ud-daulah.787.ShahAlam IIwastheMughalruler.788.AftertheBattleofBuxarRobertClivebecamethe

governorofBengalin1765AD.789.RobertCliveintroducedDyarchy/dualgovernmentin

India.790.WarrenHastingswasappointedastheGovernorof

Bengalof1772.

791.The1stChiefJusticeofBritishIndiawasSirElijahImpey.

792.UndertheRegulatingact,theSupremeCourtwassetupatCalcutta.

793.TipuSultanwasthesonofHyderAli.794.TheRegulatingActwaspassedbyTheBritish

parliament.795.TheSupremeCourtwasestablishedbythe

Regulating.796.TheBritishPrimeMinisterin1784ADwasLord

William Pitt.797.TheBoardofcontrolhadsixmembers.798.Thetreasurywasshiftedfrom Mushidabadto

Calcutta.799.EnglishCollectorswereappointedineverydistrict.800.In1772aterriblefamineaffectedBengal.801.TheBritishPrimeMinisterWilliam Pitttheyounger

passedthePitt’sIndiaActin1784.802.WarrenHastingsputanendtotheDualGovernment

introducedbyRobertClive.803.TheSecondAnglo-MysoreWarcametoanendby

thetreatyofMangalore.804.Thedualgovernmenthadruinedtheeconomyof

Bengal.805.TheBritishgovernmenthasbeenaskedforaloan

bythecompany.806.TheRegulatingActwaspassedin1773A.D.807.TheExecutiveCouncilofthegovernorhad4

members.808.ThePittsIndiaActwaspassedin1784A.D.809.In1774SupremeCourtwasestablishedatCalcutta.810.BoardofRevenuewassetupatCalcutta.811.Thelandwasgivenfor5yearstothehighestbidder.812.TheRohillaswereAfghanpeople.813.In1781HyderAliwasdefeatedatPortoNovoand

Arni.814.LordCornwallisbecametheGovernorGeneralof

Bengalin1786.815.DuringtheThirdAnglo-MysoreWar,Tipuattacked

TravancoreaHindustateinSouthIndia.816.CornwallisiscalledtheFatherofIndianCivilService.817.TheFourthAngloMysorewarwasfoughtin1779.818.Cornwallisintroducedpermanentrevenue

settlementinBengal.819.Before1793,landwasgiventothehighestbidder

for5years.820.Zamindarsweremadeastheowneroftheland.821.AllthehighpostswerereservedfortheEnglish.









































822.ThedistrictsweredividedintoThanas.823.Thecollector’swererelievedfrom judicialduties.824.TheCornwalliscodewascompiledin1793AD.825.TipuattackedTravancoreafriendofBritish.826.TipuSultanwasbornin1753AD.827.TipuwasdefeatedatMalavalliinFourthMysorewar.828.Tipu’sfamilywassenttoVelloreFort.829.Thepermanentlandrevenuesettlementwas

introducedin1793.830.LordCornwalliscreatedapermanentpoliceforcein

India.831.AnewcodeofregulationsknownasCornwallis

codewascompiledbyGeorgeBarlow.832.LoreWellesleybecametheGovernorGeneralin

1796.833.PermanentRevenueSettlementsecuredastablein

cometothecompany.834.Allhighpostswerereservedforthestableincome

English.835.CornwallisdividedthedistrictsintoThanas.836.CornwalliscodewascompiledbyGeorgeBarlow.837.TipuSultanwascalledtheTigerofMysore.838.TipuSultanwasburiedatSrirangapatnam.839.LordCornwalliswassucceededbySirJohnshore.840.LordWellesleyintroducedSubsidiaryalliance.841.Thecompanymaintainedalargearmyatthe

expenseoftheIndianrulers.842.PeshwaGajiRaoIIenteredintosubsidiaryalliance.843.TheMarathasweredefeatedbyArthurWellesley.844.LordHastingscompletedtheworkstartedbyLord

Wellesley.845.TheCharterActwaspassedin1813.846.ThefourthAnglo-Marathawarbeganin1817.847.TheRyotwarisystem ofrevenuewasintroduced

duringtheperiodofLordHastings.848.ThecharterActof1813allottedRs.Onelakhevery

yearforeducation.849.Thecompany’sCharterwasrenewedforanother20

years.850.WesterneducationwasprovidedtotheIndians.851.TheEnglishdefeatedtheGurkhaleaderAmarSingh.852.ThePindarisweretheRobbersofCentralIndia.853.ThefirstVernacularnewspaperwastheSamachar

Patrika.854.TheBengalTenancyActwaspassedin1822.855.ThewarbetweentheGurkhasandtheEnglishcame

toanendbythetreatyofSagauli.856.TheCharterActof1813allowedthemissionariesto

preachChristianityinIndia.857.TheGurkhasweretheinhabitantsofNepal.858.DuringtheperiodHastingstheCharterActof1813

waspassed.859.Themonopolyofthecompany’stradecametoan

end.860.ThemissionariespreachedChristianity.861.HastingsexterminatedthePindarisfrom Central

India.862.BengalTenancyActwaspassedbyHastings.863.Ryotwarisystem wasintroducedinMadras

Presidency.864.LordAmherstwassucceededbyWilliam Bentinck

astheGovernorGeneralofIndia.865.LordWilliam Bentinkisfamousforhisreforms.866.TheuseofPersianascourtlanguagewasabolished.867.HumansacrificewaspracticedbytheWildtribesof

Orissa.868.LordHastingswassucceededbyLordAmherst.869.TheTreatyofYandaboowassignedin1826AD.870.William Bentinckregulatedtheopium trade.871.William Bentinckcombinedtheofficeofthe

collectorandMagistrate.872.SatiwasprevalentamongtheRajputs.873.TheThugsweresuppressedbySleeman.

874.ThefirstBurmese,warcametoanendbytheTreatyofYandabooin1826.

875.William BentinckisconsideredtobeoneofthegreatestGovernorGeneralsofIndia.

876.MacaulaywasmadeasthefirstlawmemberintheexecutivecounciloftheGovernor,General.

877.TheevilpracticethatprevailedintheIndiansocietywasSati.

878.RajaRam MohanRoywasasocialreformerofBentinck’speriod.

879.DoctrineofLapsewasintroducedbyLordDalhousie.880.OudhwasannexedbyLordDalhousiedueto

misgovernment.881.TheHinduWidowRe-marriageActwaspassedin

1856.882.ThefirstrailwaylinewaslaidbetweenBombayand

Thana.883.MulrajtheSikhleaderrevoltedagainsttheBritish.884.TheIIBurmesewarbrokeoutin1852A.D.885.WajidAliwasthenawabofOudhin1852A.D.886.Thefirstrailwaylinewaslaidin1853.887.DirectorGeneralwasappointedtosupervisethe

workofPostandTelegraphinallpresidencies.888.Grand-TrunkRoadwasrepairedbyDalhousie.889.LordDalhousiebecametheGovernorGeneralof

Indiain1848.890.Satarawasthefirstkingdom tobeannexedbythe

BritishundertheDoctrineofLapse.891.Gangacanalwasconstructedduringthereignof

LordDalhousie.892.ThesecondAnglo-Sikhwarwasfoughtduringthe

reignofLordDalhousie.893.LordDalhousiesentanarmytoattackBurmain

1852.894.OudhwasannexedwiththeBritishEmpirein1852

A.D.895.In1856A.D.MadrastoArakonam railwaylinewas

laid.896.In1856theHinduwidowremarriageActwas

passed.897.AnengineeringcollegewasestablishedinRurkee.898.Armyheadquarterswereshiftedfrom Calcuttato

Simla.899.TheGreatRevoltof1857tookplaceduringthe

periodofLordCanning.900.ThesepoymutinyfirstbrokeoutinBarrackpore.901.MangalPandeywasthefirstsoldierwhorefusedto

usethegreasedcartridge.902.ThemainpoliticalcausefortheGreatRevoltof

1857wasDoctrineofLapse.903.LordWellesleyintroducedSubsidiaryalliance.904.TheGeneralServiceEnlistmentActwaspassedin

1856A.D.905.TheSikhsnevertrim theirhair.906.ThecowwassacredtotheHindus.907.MangalPandeywasaBrahminSoldier.908.BahadurShahIIwasdeclaredastheemperorof

India.909.TheEnglishtroopsunderJohnNicholsonseized

Delhi.910.BahadurShahIIdiedinRangoonin1862.911.NanaSahibmanagedtoescapetoNepal.912.ARoyalDarbarwasheldatAllahabadonNov.1.

1858.913.TheGreatRevoltof1857wasaculminationofthe

accumulatedgrievancesoftheIndianpeopleagainsttheBritishRule.

914.TheGreatRevoltof1857isalsoknownastheIwarofIndianindependence.

915.Theimmediatecauseoftherevoltof1857wastheintroductionofGreasedCartridgesandEnfieldrifles.

916.TheEnglishtroopsunderSirJohnNicholsoncapturedDelhi.









































917.TheEnglishhistoriansregardedtheRevoltof1857asamereSepoyMutiny.

918.HinduLawofpropertywaschargedwiththeviewtofacilitatetheconversiontoChrisianity.

919.LordCanningpassedGeneralServiceEnlistmentActin1856.

920.Thesoldier’sturbanswerereplacedwithLeatherHats.

921.BothHindusandMuslimsrefusedtousethegreasedcartridges.

922.ThefirstsoldiertoprotestagainstthegreasedcartridgeswasMangalpandey.

923.BahadurShahIIwassenttoRangoon.924.NanaSahibledtherevoltatKanpur.925.Begum HazratMahalledtherevoltatLucknow.926.SirHughRoseLaidthesiegetotheFortofJansi.927.LordcanningreadtheQueen’sProclamationof

1858.928.Poligarsystem wasintroducedbyVishwanatha

Nayak.929.TowerofArunachaleswaraTemplewascompleted

byAchutappa.930.“WaroftheNoses”tookplaceduringthereignof

ThirumalaiNayak.931.UmarupulavarwroteSeerapuranam.932.NayakmeansChieforGeneral.933.TheNayaksrulestartedinMaduraiin1529A.D.934.VishwanathaNayakwasthefounderofNayaksof

Madurai.935.AriyanathahelpedVishwanathaNayakinNew

administrativesystem calledPaligarsystem.936.SevappaNayakwasthefounderoftheindependent

Nayakkingdom atTanjore.937.AchutapparepairedthebanksoftheriverKaveriand

improvedagriculture.938.RagunathaNayakwasthemostpopularamongthe

NayaksofTanjore.939.KrishnappaNayakIIwastherealfounderofNayak

ofSenji.940.ThebiggopuraofSrivilliputhurreceivedthe

patronageoftheNayaksofMadurai.941.QueenMangammalbuiltaMangammalPalaceat

Madurai.942.VishwanathaNayakintroducedataxcalledKaval

Pitchai.943.Mangammalactedastheregentofthreeyearold

VijayarangaChokkanathar.944.RaniMeenakshiwasimprisonedChandaSahibat

thepalaceatTrichy.945.AchutappaNayakhelpedVijayanagarrulerinthe

battleofTalikotta.946.VishwanathaNayakwassenttoMaduraito

suppressarebellionbyKrishnaDevaRaya.947.KavalwasthemostimportantworkofPoligars.948.UnniKeralaVarmanwastherulerofTravancoreand

acontemporaryofThirumalaiNayak.949.SriRangaIIItheVijayaNagarrulermarchedagainst

Madurai.950.‘WarofNoses’-occurredduringthereignof

ThirumalaiNayak.951.ThirumalaiNayakshiftedhiscapitalfrom Trichyto

Madurai.952.ThirumalaiNayakpatronizedaSanskritscholar

NeelakandaDikshidar.953.‘UyyakkondanCanal’speaksaboutMangammal’s

contributiontoirrigation.954.TheNayak’sruleinMaduraicametoanendin1736

AD.955.ThimmappaNayakwasappointedinchargeof

Tanjore.956.TheNayaksofSenjibelongtoManinagapuram in

NorthIndia.957.EkojiwasthesonofShajiBhonsle.

958.SaraswathyMahahlwasestablishedbySerfoji-II.959.PanchalamkurichiwasruledbyKattabomman.960.ViraPandyaKattabommanwashangedat

Kayatharu.961.ShivajiledaSouthIndiaexpeditionandcaptured

GolkondaandSenji.962.ShivajiappointedShantajiastheviceroy.963.ShahjiIIopenedhospitalsandinvitedphysicians

from HyderabadandArabia.964.In1856TanjorewasannexedwiththeBritishEmpire.965.SouthIndianrebellionwastheoutburstofthe

accumulatedhatredandangeragainstthecompanyrule.

966.MaruthuPandiarhidhimselfintheSingampuneriforest.

967.DalhousieannexedThanjavurbypplyingDoctrineofLapse.

968.TuljajipatronizedthegreatTelugupoetAluriKuppanna.

969.ViraPandyaKattabommanwashumiliatedbytheBritishcollectorJackson.

970.Intheyear1799Kattabommanwashanged.971.ChokkanathaNayakofMaduraiappointedAlagirias

thegovernorofTanjore.972.BijapurSultansentVenkajitocaptureTanjore.973.ShajiIIwasthesonofVenkaji.974.PratapSinghascendedthethroneofTanjorewith

thehelpoftheNawabofArcot.975.TheGovernorofMadrasrestoredTuljajiastheking

ofTanjore.976.SerfajiIIwasreducedasapensioner.977.SaraswathiMahalisalibrary.978.TheancestorsofKattabommanbelongedtoAndhra.979.PanchamkurichiwasthecapitalofViraPandya

Kattabomman.980.MaruthubrothersruledSivaganga.981.ThondaimanofPudukottaicapturedMaruthu

PandiarandhandedovertotheBritish.982.TheVelloreMutinytookplaceintheyear1806.983.ThesepoyswereinfluencedbyTipu’sfamily.984.TheGovernorofMadrasPresidencyatthetimeof

VelloreSepoyMutinywasWilliam Bentinck.985.JohnCradockwastheCommanderinChiefofthe

MadrasPresidency.986.VelloremutinywasapreludetotheGreatRevoltof

1857.987.Muslimswererequiredtoshavetheirbeardsand

trim theirmoustache.988.TheimmediatecauseoftheVelloremutinywas

Agnew’sTurbans.

989.On9thJuly1806,Tipu’sdaughter’sweddingwascelebrated.

990.Morethan800Sepoyswereshotdeadintherevolt.991.Tipu’sfamilywastakentoCalcutta.992.TheIndianSepoysrefusedtoweartheAgnew’s

Turbanwhichledtothemutiny.993.MajorCootswasoutsidethefortwhenthemutiny

started.994.TheMutinywassuppressedbyGen.Gillesby.995.Hinduswereprohibitedfrom wearingornaments

andcastemarks.996.Thesepoys,whorefusedtheturban,werepunished

by500-900lashes.997.OnJuly9,1806,Tipu’sdaughter’swedding

celebrationsweregoingon.998.ThemutineersproclaimedFatchHyderastheking.999.Gen.Gillesbybroughtanendtotheuprising.1000.ThedeathofPaligarsleftthescarsintheheartof

therebels.1001.Amaterialwhichisfoundinnatureandisusefulto

humaniscalledaResource.1002.Mineralsonceextractedcannotbereplaced.









































1003.Resourcesplayaveryimportantroleintheeconomicdevelopmentofacountry.

1004.Uranium isanuclearmineral.1005.Tropicalregionhaveenormouspotentialtodevelop

solarpower.1006.Thethreespherescombinedtogetherarecalledas

Biosphere.1007.Biospheresprovidehumans,withalltheirmaterial

requirements.1008.Anymaterialfoundinthethreespheresanduseful

tomanisaresource.1009.Resourcesplayanimportantroleintheeconomic

developmentofacountry.1010.Potentialresourcesarenotyetbeenutilizedby

human.1011.Developedresourcesareusedbyhuman.1012.Resourcesareclassifiedonthebasisof

Renewability.1013.Nonmetallicmineralsareamineralisthatdonot

containmetalsintheiroreform.1014.MineralsaregroupedintometallicandNonmetallic

minerals.1015.Amongthemineralspowermineralsplayavery

importantroleintheeconomicdevelopmentofacountry.

1016.Coaliscalledafossilfuel.1017.InTamilNaducoalisminedatNeyveli.1018.InIndiamostofthemajoroilfieldsarefoundon

shoreinAssam.1019.India’slargestoffshoreoilfieldisinMumbai.1020.MineralslikeUranium andthorium areusedto

generatenuclearpower.1021.USAistheworld’slargestproducerofnuclearpower.1022.Franceisthelargestuserofnuclearpower.1023.Renewableresourcesareconstantlyrenewedby

native.1024.Hydroelectricpowerisgeneratedfrom fallingwater.1025.Hydroelectricpowerisusedextensivelyintheworld.1026.Gobargasisgeneratedfrom cowmanure.1027.Biofuelsareproducedfrom sugarcaneand

Jetropha.1028.ResourcesusedbyhumanarecalledDeveloped.1029.Mineralsarenon-renewable.1030.AmajoruserofwindenergyintheworldisEurope.1031.TypeofcoalminedinourstateisLignite.1032.ThelargesthydroelectricpowerprojectinIndiais

BakraNangal.1033.ThelifesupportingsphereisBiosphere.1034.Windisarenewableresource.1035.BhakraNangalDam isthelargestsourceofHydro-

electricpower.1036.Germanyistheworld’slargestproducerofsolar

power.1037.Europeisamajoruserofwindenergy.1038.Accordingtothestageofevolutionofactivity,

economicactivitiesaregroupedintofivemaintypes.1039.Inprimaryactivity,peoplearedirectlyinvolvedwith

theresourcesofnature.1040.Processingandconvertingrawform toafinished

form iscalledsecondaryactivity.1041.Theworkersinvolvedwithtertiaryactivitiesare

calledaspinkcollarworkers.1042.Indevelopingcountriesprimaryandsecondary

activitiesaremorethanthetertiaryandquinaryactivities.

1043.Inprimaryactivitieshumanwereinvolveddirectlywiththeresourcesofnature.

1044.Primaryactivitiesareageoldactivities.1045.Grazingandfishingaretheprimaryactivities.1046.Trade,Transportandcommunicationarethe

serviceswhichpromotesecondaryactivities.1047.Servicesrenderedbyprofessionalscomeunderthe

categoryofquaternary.

1048.Lumberingisaprimaryactivity.1049.PeopleworkinginTertiarysectorsarecalledwhite

collarworkers.1050.Servicewhichhelpstopromotetheindustriesis

transport.1051.QuinaryactivitiesaremoreinMetropolitancentres.1052.Policymakersbelongtothefollowingcategory

Quinaryactivity.1053.Theworkersinvolvedinprimaryactivitiesarecalled

Red-collarworkers.1054.Workersinvolvedinsecondaryactivitiesarecalled

Pink-collarworkers.1055.Theworkersinvolvedwithtertiaryactivitiesare

calledasPink-collarworkers.1056.PeopleworkinginquarternaryactivitiesareWhite-

collarworkers.1057.Decisionmakers,policymakersandadvisorsare

calledGold-collarworkers.1058.Activitiesforwhichhumansdependdirectlyon

natureareknownasprimary.1059.Herdingisanactivityinwhichpeoplegrazealarge

numberofanimalsonnaturalpastures.1060.Themostprimitiveform ofprimaryactivityisfood

gatheringandHunting.1061.Temperateforestsaremoreextensivelyusedfor

Lumbering.1062.Fishinginoceansisusuallyamorecomplexactivity.1063.Agriculturewasamajorlandmarkinthelifeof

humansettlement.1064.Agricultureisthecollectionoffruitsandrootsfrom

forests.1065.Agricultureisakindofactivityprevalentamong

remote,isolatedtribalgroupsofpeople.1066.Huntingisstillprevalentamongremoteisolated

groupsofpeople.1067.Herdinginvolvesseasonalmigrationofthenomads

andtheirflockforfreshpastures.1068.Herdingdependsonclimaticseasontheavailability

ofNaturalpastures.1069.SouthAmericaandAustraliahavelargeranches,

whereanimalsarenotdependentonnaturalvegetation.

1070.Ranchesareabletosupportverylargeherdsofanimals.

1071.TonleSapistheworld’slargestinlandfishinglakeintheworld.

1072.Planktonisafishfoodavailableinthecontinentalshelves.

1073.Timberisusedforfuel,furnituremaking,andpaperandpulpindustry.

1074.JaravasareaboriginesofAndamanandNicobar.1075.EskimosofCanadaareHunters.1076.Abundantfoodsforfishesareavailablenear

Continentalshelf.1077.Two-thirdsofindustrialwoodoutputisobtained

from temperateforests.1078.Primaryactivitythatispracticedonalargerscaleis

mining.1079.Gatheringisanactivityinwhichpeoplegathertheir

requirementsfrom nature.1080.Huntingisaprimaryactivityinwhichpeoplehunt

animalsfortheirmeatandskin.1081.Herdingisaprimaryactivityinwhichpeoplegrazea

largenumberofanimalsonnaturalpastures.1082.Lumberingisaprimaryactivitythatextractswood

from forestsforvarieduses.1083.Tropicalforesthasvaluablehardwoodtreeslike

teakandrosewood.1084.Hippocrateswascalledas“Fatherofmedicine”.1085.TheEgyptiankingwascalledasPharaoh.1086.TheSumeriancalendarisbasedonSevendaysina

week.1087.GunpowderwasinventedbyChinese.









































1088.TheEgyptiancivilizationgrewalongwiththeNileRiver.

1089.TheBronzeAgecivilizationsflourishedindifferentpartsoftheworldbetween5000BCand500BC.

1090.ThepyramidsandthesphinxarethespecimensofEgyptianarchitecture.

1091.“ThegiftofNile”isEgypt.1092.Nomesmeanpriests.1093.“NapoleonofEgypt”wasThutmoseIII.1094.ThegreatpyramidofGizehis481feethigh.1095.SarcophagusmeansStonebox.1096.HerodotuswasaGreekhistorian.1097.ThetempleatKarnakisafineEgyptianmonument.1098.HieroglyphicsisaGreekword.1099.TheEuphratesandTigrishavetheirsourcefrom the

mountainArmenia.1100.ThewordSumerianmeansblackheaded.1101.AmoriteswerecalledBabylonians.1102.PatesiswerethePriestKingsinSumerian

Civilization.1103.ThepowerfulkingoftheBabylonianswas

Hammurabi.1104.“HangingGarden”wasbuiltbyNebuchadNezzar.1105.NinevehwasoneofthechiefcentresofAssyrian

power.1106.EpicofGilgameshisaBook.1107.KidinnuwasagreatAstronomer.1108.TheWorld’sFirstLawgiverwasHammurabi.1109.Hammurabi’scodeofLawwasengravedinSemitic

language.1110.ThetowertempleswerecalledZiggurat.1111.ThemostinfluentialreligioninChinawasBuddhism.1112.FuxiwasthefirstknownChineseking.1113.Guildswereformedtoprotecttheinterestofthe

merchants.

1114.TheChineseinventedpaperinthe2ndCenturyA.D.1115.TheChinesepencilsweremadeofBamboo.1116.TheearlyGreekscamefrom Danuberivervalley.1117.TheAtheniandemocracyreacheditszenithduring

theruleofPericles.1118.OneoftheimportantcitystatesinancientGreece

wasAthens.1119.AlexanderbuiltthefirstGreekEmpire.1120.Homerwasagreatpoet.1121.Thebook‘TheRepublic’waswrittenbyPlato.1122.SocrateswasafamousGreekPhilosopher.1123.PhidiaswasagreatGreekSculptor.1124.TheriverbasinsofPoandTiberwerethecentersof

Romancivilization.1125.ThecoldpolarwindsarepreventedbyAlpsfrom

penetratingintoItaly.1126.PlebianswereCommonpeople.1127.Augustusmeansmagnificent.1128.OneofthemostpopularRomandramatistswas

Seneca.1129.OneofthegreatRomanarchitectswasPompey.1130.Freemedicinewasgiventopoorpeoplebythe

Romans.1131.Anumberofmedicaltreatiesonrespiratorysystem

werewrittenbyGalen.1132.Whichperiodhadwitnessedagreatintellectual

awakeningintheworld?6thCentury.1133.HowmanyyearsthePhilosophyofConfucius

mouldedanddominatedtheChinesemind?2000years.

1134.WhowasthefounderofZoroastrianism?Zoroaster.

1135.Whowasthe23rdThirthankara?Parsavanath.1136.InwhichplaceBuddhagotenlightenment?Bodh

Gaya.1137.InPersiaZoroasterlaunchedhisprotestagainstthe

prevailingreligioussuperstitionsZoroaster.1138.ZoroasterbelongedtoPersia.

1139.ChinesewelcomedtheteachingsofConfucius.1140.SramanaswereTeachers.1141.Confuciusspokeabouthealthysocialrelations.1142.EarlyChinesereligionwasessentiallyaworshipof

spiritsandancestors.1143.ThePhilosophyofConfuciusmouldedtheChinese

mind.1144.InPersia,thesocialunitywasobstructedby

polytheisticfaith.1145.TheZoroastrianAhuraMazdacultdidnotinvolve

costlyrituals.1146.Jainism believedthatmancanseeksalvation

throughrightconduct.1147.Zoroastriansworshippedfire.1148.TheJainpreceptorsarecalledThirthankaras.1149.VardhamanaaftainedtheKevalaGnanam attheage

of42.1150.Mahavirameansgreathero.1151.ThekingAjatasatrugavepatronagetoJainism.1152.Attheageof72,MahaviradiedtoPava.1153.Mahavirahadstrongfaithinahimsa.1154.AccordingtoMahavira,mokshacanbeattainedby

followingTriRatnas.1155.Yapperumkalam wasauthoredbyJainscholars.1156.ThetempleatMt.AbuisapieceofJainarchitecture.1157.SiddharthawasbornatLumbiniinNepal.1158.Gautamaspent6yearsasawanderingascetic.1159.GautamawenttoUruvelaonthebanksofNiranjana

River.1160.TheRoyalfamiliesofKapilavastu,Magadhaand

KosalawereattractedtoBuddhism.1161.Buddha’steachingswereconveyedtothemassesin

Palilanguage.1162.TheBuddhaemphasizedthespiritoflove.1163.ThefourthcouncilofBuddhism washeldduringthe

reignofKanishka.1164.PitakasareBuddhistscriptures.1165.Buddhalaidstressonmorality.1166.HinayanaandMahayanawerethetwosectsof

Buddhism.1167.EarlymedievalperiodhasbeentermedasDarkAge.1168.Feudalism wasasocialsystem basedonLand.1169.ProphetMohammadfoundedthereligionofIslam.1170.ThetitleofLionheartwasgiventoRichard.1171.HolyLandofChristiansisJerusalem.1172.Thehistoriansdividedthemedievalperiodintotwo

parts.1173.InEuropeanhistory,themedievalageisbetween

600ADand1500AD.1174.Thebeginningofthemedievalageismarkedbythe

falloftheRomanEmpire.1175.TheRomansprovedthemselvestobegreatwarriors.

1176.Towardstheendof14thcenturyEurope’spoliticalmaphadundergonemanychanges.

1177.ThedeathofMarcusAureliuswasaturningpointinthehistoryofRomanEmpire.

1178.Inthemedievalperiod,Romebegantobegovernedbyemperors.

1179.Thefeudalsystem wasopposedtotheemergenceofastrong___________government.

1180.Theageofreasonresultedinvictorytothefarmers.1181.Feudalism wasapoliticalarrangementinitsorigin.1182.Intheestablishmentofpapalsupremacy,

monasteriesplayedaverysignificantrole.1183.Intheearlymedievalperiod,thechurchesgave

educationtothepeople.1184.TheUniversityofBolognawasfamousforthe

learningoflaw.1185.TheCambridgeUniversitycameintoexistenceinthe

12thCentury.1186.ArabiaisavastdesertlandinthesouthwestofAsia.1187.ThefirstcrusadewaspurelyaFrenchdominated









































expedition.1188.Richardearnedthetitle‘LionHeart’inthethird

crusade.1189.Asaresultofthecrusadesthepowerandprestige

ofthePopeincreased.1190.Theextensivetravelsundertakenduringthe

crusadespromotedtheknowledgeofGeography.1191.TheorderofTeutonicknightswasfoundedduring

thethirdCrusade.1192.WhichwasthebirthplaceofRenaissance?Italy.1193.WhowasresponsibleforReformation?Martin

LutherKing.1194.InwhichyearConstantinoplewascapturedbythe

Turks?1453A.D.1195.Whopaintedthefamouspainting‘ManoLisa’?

LeonardodaVinci.1196.WhofoundedareligiousorderSocietyofJesus?

IgnatiusLoyala.1197.InwhichyearVascodaGamareachedCalicut?1498.1198.TheancientperiodinEuropeanhistorycametoan

endin476AD.

1199.Atthebeginningofthe16thcentury,arenewedinterestinthestudyofGreekandLatinbroughtthe

ageofreason16th.1200.Thetitle“theSchoolofEurope”wasgiventoItaly.1201.Thecrusadessoundeddeathknelltofeudalism.1202.DantewastheauthorofDivinecomedy.1203.TheRenaissanceperioddevelopedaspiritof

enquiry.1204.TheRenaissancescholarswroteinVernacular

languages.1205.ThediscipleofPetrarchwasBoccaccio.1206.In1453,theTurkscapturedConstatinople.1207.RaphaelwasfamousforhispaintingsofMadonnas.1208.Renaissancehelpedtheemergenceofsecular

music.1209.LorenzodeMediciwastherulerofFlorence.1210.LorenzodeMediciencouragedhumanists.1211.“SevenBooksonthestructureoftheHumanBody”

waswrittenbyAndrewVesalius.1212.Thediscoveryoftheearthmovingroundthesun

wasmadebyCopernicus.1213.Galileoperfectedtelescope.1214.TheLawofGravitationwasdiscoveredbyNewton.1215.MartinLuthernailedhisprotestagainstthe

indulgencesin1517.1216.EveryChristianhadtoperform sevensacramentsin

hislifetime.1217.CharlesV,theHolyRomanEmperorsummoned

LutheratWorms.1218.Lutheranism reducedthesacramentsfrom sevento

three.1219.ZwinglibelongedtoSwitzerland.1220.BytheActofSupremacytheBritishkingbecamethe

supremeheadoftheAnglicanChurch.1221.IgnatiusLoyolawasaSpanishman.1222.TheCouncilofTrentaimedatreformingthe

CatholicChurch.1223.ThePortuguesePrinceHenrystartedaschoolfor

navigators.1224.Vasco-da-gamadiscoveredanewsearoutetoIndia.1225.ChristopherColumbuswasthefirsttosailacross

AtlanticOcean.1226.JohnHuss,ahereticwasburntatthestakein1415

AD.1227.TheheadquartersofCatholicChurchwasRome.

1228.Inthe15thcentury,occupyingtheCanaryIslandsthePortugueseexploredthewesternsideofAfrica.

1229.MexicowasdiscoveredbyFernandoCortez.1230.DuringIndustrialRevolutionproductionbecame

faster.1231.EnglandisthebirthplaceoftheIndustrial

Revolution.1232.GreatBritainisanIsland.1233.CottonginwasinventedbyEliWhitney.1234.In1830theFirstPassengerRailwaywasoperated.1235.TheIndustrialRevolutionwascompletelyeconomic

innature.1236.TheFrenchwriterBlanquifirstcoinedtheterm

IndustrialRevolution.1237.IndustrialRevolutionincreasedallthethree.

1238.IndustrialRevolutiontookplaceinthe18thcentury.1239.IndustrialRevolutiontookplacefirstinEngland.1240.JohnKayinventedFlyingshuttle.1241.Thepennypostsystem wasinventedbySirRowland

Hill.1242.Cloverisoneoftheplants.1243.Thefirstelectrictelegraphcameintoexistencein

1835.1244.Colonialimperialism wasencouragedbyIndustrial

Revolution.1245.Theemergenceofbigtownsnecessitated

parliamentaryreforms.1246.Thesloganofsocialism wasraisedbythelabour

classes,asaresultofIndustrialRevolution.1247.Astheindustriesdeveloped,theEuropeancountries

wereforcedtosetuptheircoloniesintheothercontinents.

1248.In1825,tradeunionswereformedtofightforrights.1249.AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolutionCottage

industrycouldnotcompetewithfactories.1250.RobertOwenwasthefirstpersontocointheword

Socialism.1251.KarlMarxwasasocialistfrom Germany.1252.DuetoIndustrialRevolution,manbecametheslave

tomachines.1253.TheFrenchRevolutiontookplaceintheyear1789.1254.“StateGeneral”wastheParliamentofFrance.1255.“SocialContract”waswrittenbyRousseau.1256.DuringtheFrenchRevolutionthekingofFrancewas

LouisXVI.1257.ThePrisonofBastillewasthesymbolof“Royal

Despotism”inFrance.1258.The“ReignofTerror”cametoanendin1794.1259.NapoleonBonapartewascalledthe“Childofthe

FrenchRevolution”.1260.ThePrinciplesEquality,‘SovereigntyandNationality’

weretheoutcomeofFrenchRevolution.1261.“DivineRightTheoryofKingships”wassupportedby

thechurch.1262.The“StatesGeneral”wasnotconvenedsince1614.1263.Thenobilitywereexemptedfrom manytaxesand

compulsorylabour.1264.OnethirdoflandsinFrancewereheldbyclergy.1265.InFrance,theexpensivewarsledtofinancialcrisis.1266.TheFrenchRevolutionwasinspiredbyeminent

philosophers.1267.KingFredrickofPrussiahonouredVoltaire.1268.Montesquieuheldabsolutism responsibleforthe

miseriesofpeople.1269.Agroupofthinkerscalledphysiocratssuggested

economicremediestoFrance.1270.TheStatesGeneralwasrevivedafter175years.1271.ParisCommunewasthegovernmentestablishedby

therevolutionaries.1272.BillofRightswaspassedbytheBritishParliament

in1689A.D1273.ThenewConstitutionforFrancewasdraftedin

1791.1274.TheReignofTerrorcametoanendwiththe

executionofRobespierre.1275.NapoleonBonapartebelongedtoCorsica.1276.AftertheFrenchrevolution,theeducationsystem

wasbuiltonsecularfoundations.









































1277.Tamillanguagehasacontinuoushistoryofatleast2500years.

1278.TheKalabhraswerereplacedbythePallavasatkanchiinnorthTamilnadu.

1279.ThePallavainscriptionatKudimianmalaireferstoagreatmusicianRudracharya.

1280.ThePallavagaveimportancetoSanskrit.1281.Tholkappiam describesthesocialconditionsofthe

sangam Tamils.1282.InthePre-VedicIndiaaDravidianCivilization

flourishedwithitsnucleusinIndusValley.1283.TheoldestoftheDravidianlanguagesofSouthIndia

isTamil.1284.MamulanarwasaSangam poet.1285.Veliarswerethepettychieftainsrulingover,hilly

tracts.1286.Nedunchezhianwasoneoftheprominentmonarchs

ofsangam age.1287.TheKalabhrasuprootedtheTamilkingdomsinthe

secondphase.1288.TheJainmonkVajranandhiestablishedaDravida

SanghaatMadurai.1289.ThemostpopularKalabhrasrulerAchyutaVikrantha

ruledfrom Uraiyur.1290.InNorthTamilNadu,theKalabhraswerereplaced

byPallavas.1291.TheKalabhraswerereplacedbythePandyasin

SouthTamilNadu.1292.MahendravarmanIwasaPallaveruler.1293.ExpeditionsweresenttoBengalandKadaram by

Rajendra.1294.HoysalasbelongedtoDwarsamudra.1295.KarikalausedhisnavytoattackSinhalese.1296.Theterm Anthanarreferredtowisemen.1297.Kavyadarsam waswritteninSanskrit.1298.Bhaktimovementgainedmomentum duringthe

Pallavaperiod.1299.Yaazhwasastringinstrument.1300.MonolithicRathasatMahabalipuram were

contributedbythePallavas.1301.IntheSangam PeriodKaniyanswereboth

astrologersandastronomers.1302.TheCholashadtradecontractwithChina.1303.IntheSangam agethevillageadministrationwas

carriedonbyanassemblyofelders.1304.Theheirapparentwasotherwiseknownas

Komahan.1305.TheGoldenageoftheMahasabhaswastheChola

period.1306.Sangam Tamilsstressedmoreonethicalconduct.1307.Nannulwasasecularwork.1308.Elavenilreferstooneoftheseasons.

1309.TamilNaduisthe11thlargeststateofIndia(asregardsarea).

1310.Thereare32districtsinTamilNadu.1311.Nagapattinam districtliesontheeastcoast.1312.TamilNaduliesintheSouthEastpartofIndia.1313.TamilNaduaccountsfor4%ofthetotalareaofthe

country.1314.ThestateAndhraPradeshisonthenorthernpartof

TamilNadu.1315.TamilNaduisborderedbyKarnatakaonthewest

side.1316.TamilNaduissurroundedbyBayofBengal.1317.Tamilhasbecometheofficiallanguagewitheffect

from January14,1958.1318.TheStateofTamilNaduisatriangularlandmassat

thesoutheasternendofthemaincontinent.1319.TamilNaduisthesixthmostpopulousstateofthe

IndianUnion.1320.TamilNaduisthehomeofDravidianculture.1321.TheinstituteforthegrowthofTamilLanguagewas

Sangam.1322.Thesecondsangam tookplaceatKapadapuram.1323.Tholkappiam belongedtotheLastSangam period.1324.TheholysaintofTamilNaduwasThiruvalluvar.1325.ThefirstTamilPrintingpressatTarangambadiwas

establishedbytheDanish.1326.WhatisthetotalareaofTamilNadu?1,30,058

sq.km.1327.TamilNaduisoneofthemosturbanizedstatesof

India.1328.ThesouthernmostpointoftheIndianunionisIndira

point.1329.Inwhichyear,duringtheTsunamiIndirapointgot

submergedundertheseawater?2004.1330.Thereare39LokSabhaseatsinTamilNadu.1331.HowmanytownpanchayatsarethereinTamilNadu?

611.1332.HowmanyvillagepanchayatsarethereinTamil

Nadu?12618.1333.NamethestatebirdofTamilNadu-EmeraldDove.1334.Palm treeisthestatetreeofTamilNadu.1335.Whichoneofthefollowingisthestateflowerof

TamilNadu?Gloriosalily.1336.NilgiriTahristhestateanimalofTamilNadu.1337.ThenumbersofassemblyconstituenciesinTamil

Naduare234.1338.ThenumbersofCityCorporationsinTamilNaduare

10.1339.KalvarayanhillislocatedinEasternGhats.1340.DoddabettaisthehighestpeakinTamilNadu.1341.TheriverChittarisanimportanttributaryof

TamirabaraniRiver.1342.ThelongestriverflowinginTamilNaduisKaveri.1343.TheNoyyalandtheAmaravathiaretributariesof

Kaveri.1344.‘GeographicallyTamilNadumaybedividedinto4

physicaldivisions.1345.TheWesternGhatsentersthestatethroughthe

Nilgirisdistrict.1346.TheWesternGhatsandtheEasternGhatsmeetat

NilgiriHills.1347.VarshanaduisintheSouthofthePalanihills.1348.TheGreenvalleyofTamilNaduisKambam valley.1349.GingeehillsarelocatedinThiruvannamalaidistrict.1350.Agaram isatributaryofPalar.1351.TheriverKollidam branchesofffrom Kaveriat

GrandAnaicut.1352.KothaiyarriverislocatedinKanyakumari.1353.TamilNaduisboundedbyBayofBengal.1354.MukuruthiisapeaklocatedintheWesternGhats.1355.DoddabettaisthehighestpeakofTamilNadu.1356.VarshanaduandAndipatihillsrunparalleltothe

Cardamom hills.1357.InSalem districtShervarayanhillsarelocated.1358.ThehighesthillofEasternGhatsisChitteri.1359.ThehighesthillofWesternGhatsisAnaimalai.1360.TheBramahalplateauislocatedinDharmapuri.1361.TheBramahalplateaumergeswiththeMysore

plateauintheWest.1362.OneoftheisolatedhillslocatedinErodein

Chennimalai.1363.Marinabeachextendsuptoadistanceof13km.1364.TheKavari,theKollidam andtheVellarjointlydrain

thecentralpartofTamilNadu.1365.SuruliyarRiverdrainsapartofMaduraidistrict.1366.TamilNaduhasTropicalclimate.1367.Tropicalcyclonesoccurduringthemonthof

November.1368.TeakandEbonybelongtoTropicalevergreenforest.1369.TamilNadureceivesmoderaterainfallduring

southwestmonsoonseason.1370.NortheastmonsoonwindsblowduringOctoberto

Novembermonths.









































1371.MangroveforestisfoundinVedaranyam.1372.Thetreesofdeciduousforestshedtheirleaves

duringdryseason.1373.AgniNakshatram referstothehottestpartofthe

summerseason.1374.Theaveragehumidityoftheairisabout68%inthe

monthofMayinTamilNadu.1375.ThewesternpartsofTamilNadureceiveabout

150cm rainfallfrom thesouthwestmonsoon.1376.Duringthenortheastmonsoonseasontheamount

ofrainfalldecreasesfrom Easttowest.1377.ThedistrictKanyakumarigetsrainfallfrom allthe

rainyseasons.1378.TamilNaduhasonly17%ofitslandunderforest.1379.JavadihillsarenotedforFruits.1380.RubberplantationsarelocatedinKanyakumari.1381.ThehardwoodpaddockisfoundinMonsoonforests.1382.Thestateoftheatmosphereoveranareatany

particularpointoftimeiscalledweather.1383.TheverticalraysofthesunfallonTamilNadutwice

inayear.1384.Theweatherrecordingstationofthecoastalregions

islocatedatChennai.1385.TheweatherrecordingstationatVellorerecordsthe

weatherofinteriorplains.1386.TherelativehumidityinTamilNaduisfoundtobe

highinwinterseason.1387.TherateofevaporationismoreinsummerinTamil

Nadu.1388.TheSouthwestmonsoongivesraintothedistrictof

Kanyakumari.1389.CyclonicRainfalloccursinthemonthofNovember.1390.ThedistrictofTamilNadu1391.GermanyandItalybecameunifiedcountriesin1870.1392.Agreatdemandfortherawmaterialswascreated

byIndustrialRevolution.1393.Thepolicyofimperialism followedbytheEuropean

countriesfrom 1870-1945wasknownasNewimperialism.

1394.ChinawaspoliticallyindependentundertheManchurule.

1395.ThemovementofgoodswasspeededupbythedevelopmentofWaterways.

1396.The‘SphereofInfluence’wasadoptedbytheEuropeancountriesinPersia.

1397.TheEnglishEastIndiaCompanywasformedin1600.

1398.TheFrenchEastIndiaCompanyestablishedbyColbert.

1399.ThesecondOpium warcametoanendbytheTreatyofPeking.

1400.ThepolicyformulatedbyEnglandandUSAforChinawasOpenDoorpolicy.

1401.TheMughalemperorwhogavepermissiontoEnglishEastIndiaCompanytosetuptradingpostatSuratwasJahangir.

1402.TheRepublicofChinawasestablishedunderDr.SunYatSen.

1403.Theterm Imperialism denotescontrolbyacountryoverthepoliticalandeconomiclifeofanothercountry.

1404.GermanyandItalybecameunifiedcountriesin1870.1405.Thepolicyofimperialism followedbytheEuropean

countriesfrom 1870-1945wasknownasNewimperialism.

1406.ThepolicyadoptedbyEuropeannationsfrom 1492to1763iscalledImperialism.

1407.Oneamongthecountriesthatestablishedcoloniesduringcolonialism wasSpain.

1408.TheEuropeancountrieswereinvolvedmoreinwarsandunificationmovementsduring1763-1870.

1409.AgreatdemandfortherawmaterialswascreatedbyIndustrialRevolution.

1410.ThemovementofgoodswasspeededupbythedevelopmentofWaterways.

1411.The‘SphereofInfluence’wasadoptedbytheEuropeancountriesinPersia.

1412.Britishimperialism wasestablishedinIndia.1413.TheEuropeanandAmericancountriesimposed

economicimperialism onChina.1414.Thenationthatfeltthatitwasessentialtohave

coloniestoruletheworldwasBritain.1415.TheFrenchEastIndiaCompanywasestablishedin

theyear1664.1416.ColbertwasaministerintheCabinetofKingLouis

XIV.1417.TheCarnaticwarsrepresentedthestrugglefor

powerintheDeccanbetweentheEnglishandtheFrench.

1418.TheBritishestablishedtheirsupremacyinBengalafterTheBattleofBuxar.

1419.TheFrenchEastIndiaCompanywasformedintheyear1664byColbert.

1420.Thesystem ofSubsidiaryAlliancewasintroducedbyLordWellesley.

1421.ThepolicythatDalhousieintroducedtoannexmanystatesinIndiawasheDoctrineofLapse.

1422.IndiansrevoltedagainsttheBritishruleforthefirsttimeintheyear1857.

1423.TheProclamationthatendedtheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyinIndiawascalledQueenVictoria’sProclamation.

1424.TheManchuKingsconqueredChinaintheyear1644.

1425.TheManchuKingscontinuedtoruleChinatill1912.1426.TheoccupationthatChineseconsideredinferior

wastrading.1427.TheEuropeanswerenotfavouredbytheChinese

becausetheyrefusedtoacceptChineseculture.1428.ThefirstEuropeantraderstoreachChinawere

Portuguese.1429.ThePortuguesereachedChinaintheyear1516.1430.TheManchuKingsrestrictedtheforeigntradein

ChinatothecityofCanton.1431.TheEuropeanssmuggledOpium intoChina.1432.ThemainEuropeantraderswithChinesewerethe

British.1433.TheothernamefortheOpium WarsisTheAnglo-

ChineseWar.1434.TheFirstOpium Warwasfoughtintheyear1840.1435.Asperthe‘TreatyofNanking’Britainreceivedthe

cityofHongkong.1436.ThecombinedEuropeanpowersdefeatedChinain

theyear1856.1437.Opium tradeinChinawaslegalizedaftertheSecond

Opium War.1438.TheTaipingRebelliontookplaceinChinaintheyear

1854.1439.TheFirstSino-Japanesewartookplaceintheyear

1894.1440.AftertheSino-JapanesewarChinagaveawaythe

IslandofFormosatoJapan.1441.TheEmpressTzuHiswasalsoknownasOld

Buddha.1442.TheBoxerRebellionwasleadbyEmpressTzuHsi.1443.TheIndustrialRevolutionleadtoEconomic

Imperialism.1444.Thetwocontinentsthatcontainedmostoftheraw

materialswereAfrica&Asia.1445.ThepolicyadoptedbytheEuropeannationsfrom

1492-1763iscalledImperialism.1446.Oneamongthecountriesthatestablishedcolonies

duringcolonialism wasSpain.1447.TheEuropeancountrieswereinvolvedmoreinwars

andunificationmovementsduring1763-1870.1448.Thepolicyofimperialism followedbytheEuropean









































countriesduring1870-1945isknownasnewimperialism.

1449.ThenationsthatjoinedtheEuropeannationsinthecolonialracewereAmericaandJapan.

1450.Britishimperialism wasestablishedinIndia.1451.TherevolutioninEuropethatledtotheeconomic

imperialism wastheIndustrialRevolution.1452.TheEuropeanandAmericancountriesimposed

economicimperialism onChina.1453.TheneedofRawmaterialswascreatedbythe

Industrialrevolution.1454.TheMughalEmperorJahangirgavepermissionfor

theEnglishtotradeinIndia.1455.TheEnglishEastIndiaCompanywasformedinthe

year1600.1456.TheBritishestablishedtheirsupremacyinBengal

afterthebattleofBuxar.1457.TheFrenchEastIndiaCompanywasformedby

Colbert.1458.TheFrenchEastIndiaCompanywasestablishedin

theyear1664.1459.Thesystem ofSubsidiaryAlliancewasintroduced

byLordWellesley.1460.TheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyruleendedinIndia

intheyear1858.1461.ColbertwasaministerintheCabinetofKingLouis

XIV.1462.TheCarnaticwarsrepresentedthestrugglefor

powerintheDeccanbetweentheEnglishandtheFrench.

1463.ThepolicythatDalhousieintroducedtoannexmanystatesinIndiawastheSubsidiaryAlliance.

1464.IndiansrevoltedagainsttheBritishruleforthefirsttimeintheyear1857.

1465.TheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyruleendedinIndiaintheyear1858.

1466.TheproclamationthatendedtheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyinIndiawascalledQueenVictoria’sProclamation.

1467.TheManchuKingsconqueredChinaintheyear1644.

1468.In1516,thePortuguesereachedChinaandestablishedtradingpost.

1469.TheManchukingsrestrictedtheforeigntradeinChinatothecityofCanton.

1470.TheFirstOpium Warwasfoughtintheyear1840.1471.AspertheTreatyofNankingBritainreceivedthecity

ofKongkong.1472.TheTaipingRebelliontookplaceintheyear1854.1473.AftertheSino-JapanesewarChinagaveawaythe

FormosaIslandtoJapan.1474.TheEmpressTzu-HiswasalsoknownasOld

Buddha.1475.TheRepublicofChinawasestablishedunderDr.

SunYatSen.1476.TheSecondOpium WarforcedChinatolegalisethe

importofOpium.1477.ThedynastythatruledChinawastheManchu

Dynasty.1478.TheEuropeanssmuggledOpium intoChina.1479.TheothernameofOpium WarsisTheAnglo-

ChineseWar.1480.ThePolicythattheUSAandEnglandformedin

ChinaisknownasOpenDoorPolicy.1481.TheOldChinaconsistedofFiveregions.1482.ThedynastythatruledChinawastheManchu

dynasty.1483.TheManchukingscontinuedtoruleChinatill1912.1484.TheoccupationthatChineseconsideredinferior

wastrading.1485.TheEuropeanswerenotfavouredbytheChinese

becausetheyrefusedtoacceptChineseculture.1486.ThePortuguesereachedChinaintheyear1516.

1487.TheEuropeanssmuggledOpium intoChina.1488.ThemainEuropeantraderswithChinesewerethe

British.1489.TheothernameofOpium WarisTheAnglo-Chinese

war.1490.ThecombinedEuropeanpowersdefeatedChinain

theyear1856.1491.Opium tradeinChinawaslegalizedaftertheSecond

Opium war.1492.TheBoxerRebellioninChinawasledbyEmpress

Tzu-Hsi.1493.Germanyalonewascompetenttorulethewhole

world’saidbyKaiserWilliam II.1494.KaiserWilliam IIstationedafleetatHeligoland.1495.FrancewantedtogetbackAlsaceandLorraine.1496.AustriancrownprincewasFrancisFerdinand.

1497.AustriadeclaredwaronSerbiaon28thJuly1914.1498.GermanyinvadedFrancebycrossingBelgium.1499.TurkeyextendedhersupporttotheCentralpowers.1500.ThisexpeditionwasanutterfailurefortheBritish.1501.ThefamousAmericanmerchantshipsunkby

GermanywasLusitania.1502.InRussiatheCzaristgovernmentwasoverthrown

byLenin.1503.Germanbattlecruisewasdestroyedinthebattleof

DoggerBank.1504.GermanysuedforpeaceonNov.11,1918.1505.TheFirstWorldWarcametoanendbytheParis

PeaceConference.1506.TheLeagueofNationswasofficiallyfoundedin

Jan.20,1920.1507.TheTripleAlliancewasconcludedbetween

GermanyAustria-HungaryandItaly.1508.BismarkwastheChancellorofGermany.1509.TheFirstBalkanWarendedin1912.1510.BritainjoinedtheDualAlliancein1907.1511.ThevictoriouspowersmetinParisforpeacetalks.1512.TheEntenteCordialewasformedbetweenEngland

andFrance.1513.TheGermanarmyunderVonMackensencrushed

theRussianforcesatTannenburg.1514.RussiaconcludedthetreatyofBrest-Litovskwith

Germany.1515.TheDardanelleslinkedtheMediterraneanseawith

SeaofMarmosa.1516.TheTreatyofGermainewasconcludedwithAustria.1517.TheFirstWorldWarbeganintheyear1914.1518.TheFirstWorldWarlastedforaperiodof4years.1519.Thesystem ofsecretalliancewasfollowedafterthe

Franco-Prussianwar.1520.TheTripleAlliancewasformedin1882underthe

leadershipofBismarck.1521.Germany,Austria-HungaryandItalyformedthe

TripleAllianceintheyear1882.1522.FranceandRussiaformedtheDualallianceinthe

year1895.1523.Thesystem ofallianceformedbyFranceandBritain

wascalledEntenteCordiale.1524.EntenteCordialelaidthefoundationforAnglo-

Frenchfriendship.1525.KaiserWilliam IIwasthekingofGermany.1526.In1907BritainjoinedtheDualAlliance.1527.Freedom ofcommercetoallnationswasaimedat

givingindependencetoMorocco.1528.Thenationthatmadeitcompulsoryforallits

citizenstoserveinthearmyfortwoyearswasFrance.

1529.AccordingtoEntenteCordiale,FrancerecognizedtheBritainoccupationofEgypt.

1530.KaiserWilliam IIvisitedTangiertheMoroccanharbor.

1531.TheAgadircrisistookplaceintheyear1911.









































1532.ThesickmanofEuropewasTurkey.1533.Moroccogotfreedom ofcommercetoallthe

nationsbytheInternationalconferenceatAlgecirasin1906.

1534.TheFirstBalkanwarendedwiththeTreatyofLondontreaty.

1535.ThegreatestgainerintheSecondBalkanwarwasSerbia.

1536.AgadirwasaMoroccanport.1537.KaiserWilliam IIdidnotlikeFrenchtroopsin

Morocco.1538.FrenchoccupiedMoroccoonthepleaofserious

internaldisorder.1539.England’sdeclarationofsupporttoFranceforced

Germanwithdrawalfrom Morocco.1540.OttomanEmpirewasruledbyTurkishSultan.1541.AustriaannexedBosniaandHerzegovinain1908.1542.Austria’sannexationofBosniawassupposedby

Germany.1543.ItalydeclaredwaronTurkeyin1911.1544.ItalyannexedTripoliinNorthAfrica.1545.ChristainstatesinPeninsuladeclaredwaronTurkey

in1912.1546.TheAustrianPrinceandhiswifeweremurderedat

Sarajevo1547.SarajevowasthecapitalofBosnia.1548.WhenAustriadeclaredwaronSerbia,thecountry

thatofferedhelptoSerbiawas Russia.1549.WhenRussiasupportedthecauseofSerbia,the

nationthatdeclaredwaronRussiawasgermany.1550.Austriancrownprinceandhiswifeweremurdered

byaSerbianladon28thJune1914.1551.ThenationsofEuropeagreedtopreservethe

neutralityofBelgium bytheTreatyofLondon.1552.GermanyviolatedtheTreatyofLondonand

conqueredBelgium.1553.ItalyenteredtheFirstWorldWarintheyear1915.1554.IntheFirstWorldWar,GermanyandAustriawere

calledCentralPowers.1555.TheairshipscalledZeppelinwerethespecial

featuresoftheFirstWorldWar.1556.ThestraitthatlinkedtheMediterraneanSeawiththe

SeaofMarmorawasPalkStrait.1557.AGermanarmyundertheleadershipofdefeateda

RussianarmynearMasurianLakes.1558.RussiakeptherselfoutoftheFirstWorldWarand

concludedtheTreatyofBrestLitovskwithEngland.1559.TheturningpointoftheFirstWorldWarwasBattle

ofMarne.1560.TheBattleofJutlandtookplacein1916.1561.TheBritishsupremacyontheseawasofimmense

helptotheAlliesinthebattleofJutland.1562.AmericaenteredtheFirstWorldWarintheyear

1917.1563.ThecommanderoftheAllieswhogaveacrushing

defeattotheGermanarmyintheSecondBattleofMarnewasGeneralFoch.

1564.ThecommanderoftheAlliedForcewhodefeatedtheTurkishEmpirewasGeneralAllenby.

1565.TheFirstWorldWarcametoanendbytheParisPeaceConferenceof1919.

1566.TheTreatyconcludedwithAustriawascalledTreatyofGermaine.

1567.TheOrganizationestablishedimmediatelyaftertheFirstWorldWarwastheLeagueofNations.

1568.AsperthetreatyofVersailles,GermanyhadtogiveAlsaceandLorrainetoFrance.

1569.ThenewstateofPolandwascreatedwithterritoriestakenfrom Germany,AustriaandNewRussia.

1570.AsaresultoftheFirstWorldWarthecountryseparatedfrom AustriawasHungary.

1571.Serbiatransformedintobiggernationcalled

Yugoslavia.1572.PartsofAustriaandHungaryweremergedtocreate

anewnationcalledCzechoslovakia.1573.ThetreatyofVersaillesabolishedMonarchyin

Germany,AustriaandRussia.1574.AsaresultofFirstWorldWartheCovenantof

LeagueofNationswasdrawnup.1575.TheLeagueofNationshaditsheadquartersin

GenevainSwitzerland.1576.TheLeagueofNationsavertedawarbetween

GreeceandBulgariain1925.1577.IntheLeagueofNationstherewere42membersin

thebeginning.1578.TheLeagueofNationsservedasapredecessorto

theUNO.1579.TheLeagueofNationssettledaborderdispute

betweenIraqandTurkey.1580.TheLeaguecouldnottakeagainstJapanwhenit

invadedManchuriain1931.1581.ThemaincauseforthefailureoftheLeaguewas

theBigpowerfailedher.1582.TheFirstWorldWarbeganintheyear1914.1583.BismarckwastheChancellorofGermany.1584.ThefirstBalkanwarendedintheyear1913.1585.RussiaconcludedthetreatyofBrest-Litovaskwith

Germany.1586.TripleAlliancewasformedintheyear1882.1587.EntenteCordialelaidthefoundationforAnglo-

Frenchfriendship.1588.ExtenteCordialewasformedintheyear1904.1589.BritainjoinedtheDualAllianceintheyear1907.1590.KaiserWilliam IIvisitedTangiertheMorocanharbor.1591.TheAgadircrisistookplaceintheyear1911.1592.ThesickmanofEuropewasTurkey.1593.AustriaannexedBosniaandHerzegovinain1908.1594.TheRusso-Japanesewartookplaceintheyear

1905.1595.ThefirstBalkanwarendedwithTreatyofLondon.1596.FrancesFerdinandwasthecrownprinceofAustria.1597.SerajevowasthecapitalofBosnia.1598.GermanyandAustriawerecalledtheCentral

Powers.1599.ThebattleofJutlandtookplaceintheyear1916.1600.TheFirstWorldWarcametoanendwithParis

PeaceConference.1601.AsaresultoftheFirstWorldWarthecountry

separatedfrom AustriawasHungary.1602.TheGreatEconomicDepressionbeganinU.S.A1603.In1919,theAmericanPresidentwasHerbertHoover.1604.TheGreatestcrazeinAmericawasSharemarket.1605.FDRooseveltassumedofficeonMarch4,1933.1606.TherewerenormaleconomicactivitiesintheUSA

by1940.1607.TennesseeValleyAuthoritycovered40,000sq.

miles.1608.TheSecurityExchangeActwaspassedin1934.1609.InOctober1929,thesharemarketcrashed.1610.TheNewDealpolicywasintroducedbyPresident

FranklinD.Roosevelt1611.TheGreatDepressionintheUSAoccurredduring

thetimeofPresidentHerbertHoover.1612.HerbertHooverbecamethePresidentoftheUSAin

theyearMarch,1929.1613.In1919UnitedStatesseemedtoassumethemantle

ofleadership.1614.HerbertHoverbelievedinprivateenterprisesonly.1615.Theimmediatecauseforthefallofthestock

marketwasthatpeopleboughtsharesonborrowedmoney.

1616.OneoftheimportantcausesforthefallofthestockmarketwasthatAmericaoverproducedgoods.

1617.TheremedialmeasuretakenbyPresidentHooverwassettingupofReconstructionFinance









































Corporation.1618.TheReconstructionFinanceCorporationwassetup

intheyear1932.1619.FranklinD.RooseveltwontheUnitedStatesof

America’sPresidentialelectionsheldin1932.1620.TheTennesseeValleyAuthoritywasstartedinthe

year1933.1621.ThegreatestachievementofFDRwasthathe

changedtheoutlookofAmericans.1622.FranklinD.RooseveltwaspopularlyknownasFDR.1623.‘Ipledgeyou,IpledgemyselfaNewDealforthe

Americans’.ThispromisewasgivenbyFranklinD.Roosevelt.

1624.EmergencyBankingActwaspassedtorevivethebanks.

1625.TheReconstructionadvancedfundstoaffectedbanksinAmerica.

1626.ThesecurityExchangeActof1934issuedlicensestostockexchanges.

1627.TheNationalIndustrialRecoveryActpermittedbusinessmentofixpricesandproductionquotas.

1628.TheworkerswerepaidfairwagesaftertheimplementationofNationalIndustrialAct.

1629.TheCongresspassedAgriculturalAdjustmentActtoimprovetheplightoffarmers.

1630.TheTennesseeValleyAuthoritytransformedavastregiontoagriculture.

1631.TheUShasbecomesynonymouswithreform,throughouttheworld.

1632.NewDealPolicywasintroducedbyPresidentRoosevelt.

1633.ThePresidentoftheUSAin1929wasHerbertHoover.

1634.HerbertHooverbelievedinprivateenterprisesonly.1635.ThegreatestcrazeamongAmericansduringthe

presidencyofHerbertHooverwasStockMarket.1636.ThestockmarketcrashedinOctober1929.1637.TheAmericanGovernmentimposedheavydutieson

exports.1638.TheNewDeallegislationwasoftwotypes.1639.ThefirsttypeofNewDeallegislationwastorelieve

thosewhosufferedfrom Depression.1640.ThesecondtypeofNewDeallegislationwasto

placeAmericaneconomyonitslegs.1641.Sevenstatesweregiventheopportunitytobuildand

operatedamsinTennesseevalley.1642.TheTennesseeValleyAuthoritywasstartedin1933.1643.TheTreasurywasgivenpowertounearththe

hoardedmoney.1644.Thestockexchangeswereexpectedtocooperate

withFederalReserveBoard.1645.FDR’srecoverymeasuresweregeareduptowards

buildinguptheinternalrelationship.1646.Americahadrecoveredhereconomyin1940.1647.ThefounderoftheFascistPartywasBenito

Mussolini.1648.MussoliniorganizedtheNationalFascistPartyin

Nov.1921.1649.MussoliniprovidedaStablegovernment.1650.Thegreatreliefwasprovidedtotheworkersby

CharterofLabour.1651.MussolinimadecommoncausewithHitler.1652.MussolinilefttheLeagueofNationsin1931.1653.TheconfusionandunrestthatprevailedinItaly

pavedthewayforBenitoMussolinitocapturepower.

1654.BenitoMussoliniwasbornintheyear1883.1655.DuringtheFirstWorldWarMussoliniservedas

soldierinItalianArmy.1656.Mussoilini’sfatherwasablacksmith.1657.ThemembersoftheNationalFascistsPartywere

alsoknownasBlackShirts.1658.Everythingwithinthestate,nothingagainstthestate,

nothingoutsidethestatewasthemottoofFascism.1659.InItaly,Fascism setupatotalitarianism state.1660.MussolinimarchedonRomeandestablished

Fascistdictatorship.1661.When-MussolinimarchedonRome,thekingofItaly

wasVictorEmmanuelIII.1662.Fascism wasstartedinItalymainlyasanti

Communist.1663.Mussoliniwantedtorevivetheancientgloryofthe

RomanEmpire.1664.MussoliniwantedtomakeMediterraneanSeainto

anItalianlake.1665.Mussolini’ssecretpoliceasknownasOVRA.1666.ThefollowersofMussolinicalledhim Duce.1667.“Believe,obeyandfight”werethewatchwordsof

Blackshirts.1668.ThepowerlesskingofItalywasVictorEmmanuelII.1669.MussoliniforcedVictorEmmanuelIIItohandover

thegovernment.1670.ThelongstandingdisputebetweenthePapcyand

ItalianGovernmentwassolvedthroughTheLateranTreaty.

1671.AspertheLateranTreatyof1929,MussolinirecognizedthesovereigntyofPopeinVaticancity.

1672.Fascism believedinonepartyrule.1673.PresswascensoredduringtheregimeofMussolini.1674.UnderMussolinipubliclibertywascurtailed.1675.PoliticalpartiesotherthanFascism werebannedin

Italy.1676.MussoliniorganizedItalyonastrongeconomic

basis.1677.Industriesflourishedunderthefosteringcareofthe

stategovernmentinItaly.1678.Mussoliniunderlookmanyworksofpublicutility.1679.Mussolinireclaimedalotofwastelandsfor

cultivation.1680.MussolinieradicatedilliteracyandmadeItalystrong

financiallyprosperouswithinthreeyears.1681.After1930Mussolinifollowedaggressivepolicy.1682.MussoliniinvadedAbyssinia.1683.MussoliniformedtheRome-Berlin-Tokyoaxis.1684.IntheSecondWorldWarMussolinijoinedhands

withHitlerandcapturedmanyplaces.1685.MussoliniwasshotdeadbyanItalianmobinthe

year1945.1686.BenitoMussolinimarchedinRomeonOct.301922.1687.MussoliniwasshotdeadbyanItalianmob.1688.MussolinicapturedAlbaniain1939.1689.In1941,ItalylostitsterritoriesinAfrica.1690.ThefounderoftheFascistpartywasBenito

Mussolini.1691.MussoliniorganizedtheNationalFascistPartyin

theyear1922.1692.MussolinimarchedonRomeonOct.30,1922.1693.Socialism gainedpopularityasinflationandsocial

unrestincreasedinItaly.1694.TheconfusionandsocialunrestprevailinginItaly

pavedthewayforBenitoMussolini.1695.MussoliniwasbornintheYear1883.1696.Mussolini’sfatherwasablacksmith.1697.Mussoliniservedassoldier.1698.MussolinistartedtheNationalFascistPartyin1919.1699.Mussolini’sfollowerswerecalledBlackShirts.1700.‘Believe,obeyandfightwerethewatchwordsof

blackshirts.1701.MussoliniforcedVictorEmmanuelIIItohandover

thegovernment.1702.Totalitarianwasstartedmainlyasananti-

communistmovement.1703.Fascism setupaTotalitarianstate.1704.“Everythingwithinthestate,nothingagainstthe

stateandnothingoutsidethestatewasthemottoofFascism.









































1705.MussoliniwantedtorevivetheancientgloriesRomanEmpire.

1706.MussoliniwantedtomaketheMediterraneanSeaanItalianlake.

1707.Fascism believedinonepartyrule.1708.Mussolini’ssecretpolicewasknownasOvra.1709.MussoliniwascalledDucebyhisfollowers.1710.TheLaterantreatywassignedintheyear1929.1711.MussolinirecognizedtheSovereigntyofPopeinthe

VaticanCity.1712.Mussolinifollowedanaggressivepolicyafter1930.1713.MussoliniinvadedAbyssinia.1714.MussoliniwasshotdeadbyItalianmob.1715.Ademocraticconstitutionwiththefederalstructure

wasestablishedbyaNationalAssemblymetatWeimer.

1716.TheAlliedarmiesoccupiedresourcesrichRhineland.1717.Hitler’santi-Semiticism grewtotheextentofkilling

theJews.1718.ForsometimeHitlerwasaPainter.1719.In1941,HitlerinvadedRussia.1720.TheAlliesstrengthenedbytheentryofAmerica.1721.By1933Hitler’spartybecamethesinglelargest

party.1722.Hitlerfeltthattheplaceofwomenwasinthe

kitchen.1723.HitlerwasasonofaCustomsofficial.1724.IntheFirstWorldWarHitlerservedGermanyinthe

capacityofaSoldier.1725.HitlerwasanexcellentOrator.1726.HitlerorganizedtheNaziparty.1727.NazipartywascalledNationalSocialistparty.1728.Hitlertriedtocapturepowerin1923.1729.Hitlerwasjailedforfiveyears.1730.HitlerwrotethebookMeinKampfduringhisterm in

jail.1731.TheNazipartybecamethelargestpartyinGermany

Reichtagin1933.1732.ThebiblefortheNaziswasMeinKampf.1733.ThesymbolofNazipartywasSwastika.1734.HitlerbecametheChancellorofGermanybywinning

thelargestnumberofvotesintheelectionsin1933.1735.Hindenburg,thePresidentofGermanydiedinthe

year1934.1736.ThefollowersofHitlerwereknownasBrownShirts.1737.HitlerabolishedtheWeimerRepublic.1738.HitlerproclaimedtheThirdReich(thirdEmpire)with

himselfasdictator.1739.HitlerwascalledasFuhrerbyhisfollowers.1740.Onepeople,onestate,oneleaderwasdeclaredby

Hitler.1741.Nazisglorifiedthestate.1742.HitlerboastedthesuperiorityoftheNordicrace.1743.HitlerwantedchildrentobetrainedinNazicult.1744.Hitler’ssecretpolicewasknownasGestapo.1745.Hitleroutlaweddemocrats.1746.Hitlerreplacedthetradeunions.1747.HitlerannexedAlbaniain1938.1748.TheattempttocapturepowerbyHitlerin1923is

knownasBeerHallRevolution.1749.TheLowerHouseoftheGermanParliamentis

knownasReichstag.1750.HitlerpulledGermanyoutoftheLeagueofNations

in1933.1751.In1936,HitlerreoccupiedRhineland.1752.HitlerviolatedtheLocarnotreatyof1925.1753.In1937HitlerformedanAlliancewithItalyand

JapanknownasRome-Berlin-TokyoAxis.1754.In1939,HitlerviolatedMunichagreementby

annexingCzechoslovakia.1755.Hitlerdemandedtherighttoconstructamilitary

roadconnectingEastPrussiawithGermany.1756.HitlerdemandedthesurrenderofDanzig.

1757.In1941,HitlerinvadedRussiabreakingtheRhinelandpactwithStalin.

1758.TheSecondWorldWarendedwiththedeathofHitler.

1759.AdemocraticconstitutionwiththefederalstructurewasestablishedbyaNationalAssemblymetatWeimer.

1760.TheAlliedarmiesoccupiedresourcesrichRhineland.1761.ForsometimeHitlerwasaPainter.1762.Hitler’santi-Semitism grewtotheextentofkilling

theJews.1763.BY1933Hitler’spartybecamethesinglelargest

party.1764.HitlerannexedAustriain1938.1765.ThebibleoftheNaziswasMeinKampf.1766.ThepartysymbolofNazipartywasSwastika.1767.ThefollowersofHitlerwereknownasBrownShirts.1768.In1934,HitlerabolishedtheWeimarRepublicand

proclaimedhimselfasThirdReich.1769.‘Onepeople,onestate,oneleader’wasthe

watchwordofHitler.1770.ThesecretpoliceofHitlerwascalledGestapo.1771.HitlerboastedsuperiorityoftheNordicrace.1772.HitlerannexedAustriaintheyear1938.1773.ChamberlainpreventedtheSudetenlandaffair

blowingintoaglobalwar.1774.TheinvasionthatstartedHitler’sdownfallwas

invasionofRussia.1775.Hitleroutlawedstrikes.1776.HitlerreplacedthetradeunionswithLabourFront.1777.ThistreatycontainstheseedsoftheSecondWorld

WarTreatyofVersailles.1778.ThecoalminesgiventoFrancewereSaar.1779.ThecountryemergedasaWorldPowerafterthe

FirstWorldWarwasJapan.1780.Theprincipleofwarandconquestswasglorifiedby

Dictators.1781.InSeptember1938Hitlerthreatenedawaron

Czechoslovakia.1782.HitlerdemandedthesurrenderofDanzig.1783.BlitzkriegmeansaLighteningattack.1784.TheBritishPrimeMinisterduringtheSecondWorld

WarwasSirWinstonChurchill.1785.HitlersignedtheNon-AggressionPactwithStalin.1786.TheFirstWorldWarbroughtdeathanddestruction

onaverylargescale.1787.Withinaspanoftwentyyearsafterthetreatyof

Versailles,theSecondWorldWarbrokeout.1788.TheunjustnatureoftheTreatyofVersailles

dissatisfiedGermany.1789.Germanywascutintotwopartsbythe

establishmentofthePolishCorridor.1790.Germanywaswaitingforanopportunitytoshowher

Strength.1791.AttheendoftheFirstWorldWarLeagueofNations

organizationwassetup.1792.AlmostallthenationstriedtousetheLeagueof

Nationstosolvepersonalends.1793.TheLeagueofNationscouldnotcheckinvasionof

ManchuriabyJapan.1794.TheLeagueofNationsremainedasilentobserver

whenItalycapturedEthiopia.1795.TheLeagueofNationsfailedtocheckthe

aggressiveactsofAdolfHitler.1796.AprovisionwasmadeintheCharteroftheLeague

ofNationstopunishaggressiveactsofanynationbystoppingeconomicsanctionstothatnation.

1797.ThepurposeoftheLeagueofNationswaslostwiththeoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar.

1798.TheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWarnullifiedtheexistenceoftheLeagueofNations.

1799.TheAsianpowerthatbecamemoreambitiousduringtheFirstWorldWarwasJapan.









































1800.JapanraisedthepositionofanimperialpowerbyincreasingherMilitarypower.

1801.ThecountrythatwasamemberofRome-Berlin-TokyoAxiswasJapan.

1802.TheriseofDictatorshipinEuropewasoneofthemaincausesfortheSecondWorldWar.

1803.ThecountrythatbelievedindictatorshipwasGermany.

1804.After1919,thecountrythatfollowedthepolicyofaloofnessinEuropeanpoliticswasGreatBritain.

1805.FearingGerman’sattack,Francesoughtguaranteesfrom BritainandUSA

1806.EuropeannationswerealwaysonthelookoutforcoloniesinAsiaandAfrica.

1807.TheaggressiveactionsofAdolfHitlerculminatedintheSecondWorldWar.

1808.Britain,Germany,ItalyandFranceagreedtomaintainFranco-GermanborderasperLocarnoTreaty.

1809.InviolationoftheLocarnoTreaty,HitlermarchedintoRhinelandin1936.

1810.Aglobalwarwasavertedin1938duetotheeffortsofNevilleChamberlain.

1811.HitlerannexedthewholeofCzechoslovakiaviolatingLocarnoTreaty.

1812.Asperthetreatysignedin1939betweenGermanyandRussia,HitlerpromisedtogiveRussiaafreehandintheBalticStates.

1813.Hitlerdemandedfrom Polandtherighttoconstructmilitaryroad.

1814.HitleroccupiedPolandonSep.1,1939.1815.TheSecondWorldWarbrokeoutonSep.1,1939.1816.HitlermadeasuddenattackonPoland,knownas

Blitzkreig.1817.PolandwaspartitionedbetweenGermanyand

Russia.1818.FrancesurrenderedtoGermanyinJune1940.1819.ApuppetgovernmentwassetupinFranceunderthe

leadershipofMarshallPetain.1820.ItalyjoinedtheWorldwarafterGermanydefeated

France.1821.Hitler’sAirforceisknownasLuftwaffe.1822.DuringthemonthsofAugustandSeptemberin

1941HitlerbombedLondoncityinEurope.1823.Between1941and1943Africawasthetheatrefor

manybattles.1824.TripoliwascapturedbyGeneralMontgomery.1825.GermanyandRussiaquarreledoverclaimsof

Balkans.1826.DuringtheRussiancampaignthedefeatedGerman

armyreachedStalingradandbesiegeditforfivemonths.

1827.AmericaandGreatBritainconcludedtheAtlanticCharteronboardabattleshipin1941.

1828.TheJapaneseairforcebombedtheAmericanfleetstationedatthePearlharborinDec.1941

1829.In1940HitlerbroughtRumaniaunderhiscontrol.1830.HitlersentanarmytohelpItaly.1831.ThescorchedEarthPolicywasadoptedbyRussia.1832.JapaninvadedBurmaandcapturedRangoonand

threatenedtoinvadeIndia.1833.InJune1944abigAmericanandBritishforces

landedinNormandy.1834.ThelandingofAmericanandBritishforcesin

Normandyisknownastheinvasion.1835.OnMay7,1945Germanysurrendered

unconditionally.1836.TheAlliesservedanultimatum toJapanto

surrender.1837.TheUSAdroppedatom bombonHiroshimaon

Aug.6,1945.1838.TheUSAdroppedatom bombonNagasakionAug.o,

1945.

1839.JapansurrenderedunconditionallytotheAlliesonAug.14.

1840.AsaresultofaSecondWorldWarAmericaandRussiaemergedassuperpowers.

1841.Germanywasdividedinto4zoneseachunderanAlliedpower.

1842.GeneralMcArthurofUSAdisarmedJapanandintroducedaform ofaParliamentarygovernment.

1843.TheSecondWorldWartriggeredfreedommovementsinAsiaandAfrica.

1844.ThetreatyofVersaillescontainedtheseedsoftheSecondWorldWar.

1845.JapaninvadedManchuriaintheyear1931.1846.HitleroccupiedRhinelandin1936.1847.TheGermanAirforcewasknownasLuftwaffe.1848.TheJapaneseAirforcebombedtheAmericanfleet

stationedatPearlHarbour.1849.TheMunichAgreementwassignedbetweenBritain

andGermany.1850.TheunjustnatureofthetreatyofVersailles

dissatisfiedGermany.1851.AspertheTreatyofVersaillesGermanywascutinto

twopartsbyestablishingPolishCorridor.1852.Theorganizationthatwassetupattheendofthe

FirstWorldWarwasLeagueofNations.1853.TheLeagueofNationscouldnotchecktheinvasion

ofManchuriabyJapan.1854.TheLeagueofNationsremainedasilentobserver

whenItalycapturedEthiopia.1855.TheLeagueofNationsfailedtocheckthe

aggressiveactsofAdolfHitler.1856.ThepurposeoftheLeagueofNationswaslostwith

theoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar.1857.TheAsianpowerthatbecameambitiousduringthe

FirstWorldWarwasJapan.1858.Japanrosetothepositionofanimperialpowerby

increasingherMilitarypower.1859.TheriseofDictatorshipinEuropewasoneofthe

causesfortheSecondWorldWar.1860.Thecountrythatbelievedindictatorshipwas

Germany.1861.Thecountrythatbelievedindemocraticprinciples

wasFrance.1862.After1919,thecountrythatfollowedthepolicyof

aloofnessinEuropeanpoliticswasGreatBritain.1863.Europeannationswerealwaysonthelookoutfor

Colonieswithregardtotheircolonies.1864.MostoftheEuropeanpowerspracticedProtective

TradePolicywithregardtotheircolonies.1865.TheaggressiveactionsofAdolfHitlerculminatedin

theSecondWorldWar.1866.Britain,Germany,ItalyandFranceagreedto

maintainFranco-GermanborderasperLocarnoTreaty.

1867.InviolationoftheLocarnoTreaty,HitlermarchedintoRhinelandin1936.

1868.HitlerannexedAustriain1938.1869.Aglobalwarwasavertedin1938duetotheefforts

ofNevilleChamberlain.1870.HitlerannexedthewholeofCzechoslovakia

violatingMunichAgreement.1871.Asperthetreatysignedin1939betweenGermany

andRussiaHitlerpromisedtogiveRussiaafreehandintheBalticStates.

1872.Hitlerdemandedfrom PolandtherighttoconstructmilitaryroadthroughthePolishcorridor.

1873.HitleroccupiedPolandonSept.1,1939.1874.TheSecondWorldWarbrokeoutonSept.3,1939.1875.HitlermadeasuddenattackonPolandknownas

Blitzkreig.1876.PolandwaspartitionedbetweenGermanyand

Russia.1877.FrancesurrenderedtoGermanyinJune1940.









































1878.ApuppetgovernmentwassetupinFranceundertheleadershipofMarshallPetain.

1879.DuringthemonthsofAugustandSeptemberin1941HitlerbombedLondonCityinEurope.

1880.Between1941and1943Africawasthetheatreformanybattles.

1881.TripoliwascapturedbyGeneralMontgomery.1882.GermanyandRussiaquarreledoverclaimsof

Balkans.1883.AmericaandGreatBritainconcludedtheAtlantic

Charteronboardofthebattleshipin1941.1884.TheJapaneseairforcebombedtheAmericanfleet

stationedatthePearlHarborinDecember,1941.1885.In1944thealliedtroopsplannedtheinvasionof

France.1886.InJune1944abigAmericanandBritishforce

landedinNormandy.1887.InMay1945GermanysurrenderedtotheAllies

unconditionally.1888.TheSecondWorldWarcametoanendwiththe

surrenderofJapan.1889.TheSecondWorldWarendedinAug.14,1945.1890.ThecommanderofUSarmywhodisarmedJapan

wasGeneralMcArthur.1891.TheSecondWorldWarwasatriumphfor

Democraticcountries.1892.TheUNOwasestablishedin1945.1893.TheUNCharterwassignedatSanFrancisco.1894.UN’smaindeliberativebodyistheGeneral

Assembly.1895.TheSeatofInternationalCourtofJusticeisatThe

Hague.

1896.TheUnitedNationscelebratedits50thAnniversaryin1995.

1897.TheUNOwassetuptomaintaininternationalpeaceandharmony.

1898.TheCharteroftheUnitedNationswassignedinJune1945.

1899.TheHeadquarteroftheUNOisatNewYork.1900.TheUNOcameintoexistenceonOctober24.1901.TheGeneralAssemblyoftheUNOmeetsonceina

year.1902.VijayalakshmiPanditwaselectedthePresidentof

theGeneralAssemblyin1953.1903.ThenumberofpermanentmembersoftheSecurity

CounciloftheUNOisfive.1904.Thenumberofnonpermanentmemberselectedby

generalassemblyforaterm oftwoyearsofUNOisten.

1905.Avetoisanegativevote.1906.ThepresentSecretaryGeneraloftheUNOisBonki

Moon.1907.TheEconomicandSocialCouncilhas18members.1908.TheInternationalCourtofJusticeconsistsof15

judges.1909.TheUNOplayedavitalroleintheSuezCanalcrisis

of1956.1910.TheUNOmadeFrance,BritainandIsraelto

withdrawtroopsfrom Egypt.1911.ThecharterforUnitedNationswassignedat

Sanfrancisco.1912.EverymemberoftheUNOisamemberofthe

GeneralAssembly.1913.ThemostpowerfulorganoftheUNOisSecurity

Council.1914.ThenumberofpermanentmembersoftheSecurity

CounciloftheUNOisfive.1915.Thenon-permanentmembersoftheSecurity

Councilareelectedforaterm of2years.1916.ThepermanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncil

enjoyaspecialnegativepowercalledVetoPower.1917.Theorganthatcoordinatestheactivitiesofthe

otherorgansoftheUNOistheSecretariat.1918.ThedesignationoftheChiefAdministrativeOfficer

oftheUNOisSecretaryGeneral.1919.ThemembersofEconomicandSocialCouncilof

theUNOareelectedbytheGeneralAssembly.1920.ThemembersoftheInternationalCourtofJustice

areelectedbytheGeneralAssembly.1921.TheUNOinterventionwashelpfulinsolvingthe

SuezCanal.1922.TheUNOappealedtoBritain,FranceandIsraelto

withdrawtheirtroopsfrom Egypt.1923.OneamongthespecializedagenciesoftheUNOis

InternationalLabourOrganization.1924.EuropeanUniontracesitsoriginfrom theECSC.1925.EURATOM wasestablishedbytheTreatyofRome.1926.TheCounciloftheEuropeanUnionissometimes

referredtoastheCouncilofMinisters.1927.TheFirstpermanentPresidentoftheEuropean

CouncilisHermanVanRampay.1928.Eurozonesmonetarypolicyisgovernedby

EuropeanCentralBank.1929.ThenameofthesingleEuropeancurrencyisEuro.1930.TheEUhasestablishedastrongrelationshipwith

theUNO.1931.TheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)

wereformedintheyear1951.1932.TheFrenchforeignministerRobertSchuman

proposedtheformationofECSC.1933.TheEECandEURATOM wereestablishedbythe

TreatyofRome.1934.MergerTreatycreatedasinglesetofinstitutionsfor

theEuropeanUnion.1935.TheMottooftheEuropeanUnionisunitedin

Diversity.1936.ThelegislativebodyoftheEuropeanUnionis

EuropeanParliament.1937.ThemembersoftheEuropeanParliamentare

electeddirectlybytheCitizens.1938.ThefirstdirectdemocraticelectionoftheEuropean

Parliamentwasheldintheyear1979.1939.TheEuropeanParliamentmeetsinStrasbourg.1940.ThemembersoftheParliamentareelectedforthe

term of5years.1941.ThekeypoweroftheParliamentisapproving

budget.1942.HermanVanRampay,thefirstpermanentpresident

oftheEUassumedofficeonDecember1,2009.1943.TheproposalsforthenewEuropeanlawsare

draftedandpresentedbytheEuropeanCommission.1944.TheCourtofJusticeoftheEuislocatedin

Luxemburg.1945.CourtofAuditorsmanagestheEUbudgets.1946.TheEuropeanCentralBankisanindependentbody

tomaintainandgoverntheEurozone’smonetarypolicy.

1947.TheEUhasdevelopedasinglemarketthroughastandardizedsystem oflaws.

1948.PermanentdiplomaticmissionsoftheEUareestablishedaroundtheworld.

1949.Euro,theEuropeanCurrencywasputintocirculationonJanuary1,2002.

1950.Europromotesfreetradepolicy.1951.Scientificdevelopmentisfacilitatedthroughthe

EU’sframeworkprogrammers.1952.EuropeanResearchCouncilallocatesfundsto

Europeanresearchprojects.1953.EUisthelargestcontributorofforeignaidinthe

world.1954.TheoriginoftheEuropeanUnionisfrom European

CoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC).1955.EURATOM wasestablishedbytheTreatyofRome.1956.TheCounciloftheEuropeanUnionissometimes

referredtoastheCouncilofMinisters.









































1957.ThefirstpermanentPresidentoftheEuropeanCouncilisHermanVanRampay.

1958.EuroZonesmonetarypolicyisgovernedbyCentralBank.

1959.ThenameofthesingleEuropeancurrencyisEuro.1960.TheEUhasestablishedastrongrelationshipwith

theUNO.1961.TheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)

wereformedamongthesixEuropeancountries.1962.RobertSchumanwhoproposedtheformationofthe

ECSCisFrenchForeignMinister.1963.TheEECandtheEURATOM wereestablishedbythe

TreatyofRometreaty.1964.Mergertreatycreatedasinglesetofinstitutionsfor

theEuropeanUnion.1965.TheMottooftheEuropeanUnionisunitedin

Diversity.1966.TheEuropeanParliamentisLegislativebodyofthe

EuropeanUnion.1967.ThemembersoftheEuropeanParliamentare

electeddirectlybytheCitizens.1968.ThefirstdirectdemocraticelectionfortheEuropean

Parliamentwasheldintheyear1979.1969.TheEuropeanParliamentmeetseveryyearin

Strasbourg.1970.ThemembersoftheParliamentareelectedforthe

term of5years.1971.ApprovingbudgetisthekeypoweroftheParliament.1972.ThefirstpermanentPresidentoftheEuropean

UnionHermanVanRampayassumedOfficeonDecember1,2009.

1973.TheproposalsforthenewEuropeanlawsaredraftedandpresentedbytheEuropeanCommission.

1974.TheCourtofJusticeoftheEUislocatedinLuxemburg.

1975.TheCourtofAuditorsmanagesEuropeanBudgets.1976.EuropeanCentralBankisanindependentbodyto

maintainandgoverntheEurozone’smonetarypolicy.1977.TheEuropeanUnionhasdevelopedasinglemarket

throughastandardizedsystem oflaws.1978.EuropeanUnion’sPermanentdiplomaticmissions

areestablishedaroundtheworld.1979.TheEuropeanCurrencyEurowasputintocirculation

onJanuary1,2002.1980.EuropromotesthepolicyofFreetrade.1981.ThroughtheEU’sframeworkprogrammesscientific

developmentisfacilitated.1982.EuropeanResearchCouncilallocatesfundsto

EuropeanresearchProjects.1983.EuropeanUnionisthelargestcontributorofforeign

aidintheworld.1984.TheBritishhistorianscalltherevoltof1857as

Militaryrevolt.1985.Indianhistoriansdescribetherevoltof1857asFirst

WarofIndependence.1986.Duringthegreatrevoltof1857theGovernorGeneral

ofIndiawasLordCanning.1987.Thepeasantshadtopayheavyrevenuetaxes.1988.Resumptionrentfreesystem wasintroducedLord

Bentinck.1989.GeneralServicesEnlistmentActpassedin1856.1990.ThefirstsignofunrestappearedatBarrackpore.1991.ThesepoysbrokeoutintoopenrevoltatMeerut.1992.ThewifeofNawabofOudhwasBegum Hazarat

Mahal.1993.After1857revolttheGovernorGeneralofIndiawas

designatedasViceroyofIndia.1994.The‘DoctrineofLapse’wasthepolicyofannexation

ofLordDalhousie.1995.TheRevoltof1857startedinMeerutandthen

spreadtootherpartsofIndia.1996.TheGreatRevoltof1857isalsoknownasthe

SepoyMutiny.

1997.TheGovernorGeneralwhorefusedtorecognizetheadoptedsonsoftheRajasofNagpur,SataraandJhansiwasLordDalhousie.

1998.ThewifeofNawabofOudhwasBegum HazaratMahal.

1999.TherevoltofKanpurwasledbyNanaSahib.2000.LucknowfellintothehandsoftheEnglishinMarch,

1858.2001.InCentralIndiatheRevoltwasleadbyRaniLakshmi

Bai.2002.ThestateofOudhwasannexedeventhoughits

rulerwasalwaysfaithfultotheBritish.2003.Theintroductionofmachinemadegoodsbythe

Britishdestroyedtheindigenousindustries.2004.TheresumptionofrentfreeestatesbyLord

BentinckinBengalbroughtalotofmoneytothegovernment.

2005.WithaviewtofacilitatetheconversionoftheHindustoChristainitytheHinduLawofPropertywaschanged.

2006.TheGeneralServicesEnlistmentActwasintroducedin1856byLordCanning.

2007.TheIndiansoldiersintheservicesoftheEastIndianCompanywerereluctanttogooverseasbecauseitwasagainsttheirreligion.

2008.ThereplacementofturbanwithleatherhatwasunacceptabletoboththeHindusandMuslimsintheBritisharmy.

2009.ArumourspreadthatthecartridgesinthenewEnfieldRiflesweregreasedwiththefatofcowsandpigs.

2010.TheIndianofficerinthe34thinfantrywhodeadaBritieshofficerwasMangalPandey.

2011.ThecommandingofficeroftheBritisharmyaskedthesepoysinMeeruttoloadtherifleswithcartridges.

2012.ThesepoysofMeerutbrokeopentheprisonandgallopedtheDelhiandbroughtitundertheircontrol.

2013.Thekingdom-lesskingstationedatDelhiwasBahadurShahII.

2014.ThemutineersfounditeasiertocaptureDelhibecausetherewerenoEuropeantroops.

2015.BahadurShahIIwasthelastruleroftheMughalEmpire.

2016.TheEnglishcommanderwhocamefrom PunjabandstormedKashmirGateinDelhiwasJohnNicholson.

2017.TheBritishchargedBahadurShahofrebellionandsenthim toRangoon.

2018.NanaSahibledtherevoltatCawnpore.2019.NanaSahibwasalsoknownasDunduPanth.2020.NanaSahibwastheadoptedsonofPeshwaBaji

RaoII.2021.TheloyalofficerofNanaSahibwasAzimullah.2022.WhenalargecontingentoftheBritisharmyentered

Cawnpore,NanaSahibescapedtoNepal.2023.TheBritishrecapturedCawnporeinthemiddleof

November1857.2024.Begum HazaratMahalofOudhledtherevoltat

Lucknow.2025.Begum HazaratMahaldeclaredin1857thatherson

BirjisKadrastheNawabofOudh.2026.AgreatleaderoftheFaziabadwhosupportedthe

mutineerswasamanullah.2027.TheBritishcommanderkilledduringthesiegeofthe

LucknowResidencywasSirHenryLawrence.2028.TheBritishcommanderswhorecapturedLucknow

ResidencywereColonelHavelockandColonelO’Neill.

2029.ThecitythatfellintothehandsoftheBritishinMarch1858wasLucknow.

2030.ThecommanderoftheBritisharmywhoadvancedform BombayandbesiegedJhansiwasSirHuge









































Rose.2031.ThelandlordofJagadispurwholedtherevoltat

ArrahinBiharwasKunwantSingh.2032.TheregimentsoftheBritisharmythatshowed

loyaltytotheBritishduringthegreatrevoltwereBombayandMadrasRegiments.

2033.ThecommunitythathelpedtheBritishtofightthemutineerswasGurkhasofNepal.

2034.Themaincauseforthefailureoftherevoltwasthemutineersdidnothaveableleadership.

2035.ThereoltbroughtanendtotheruleoftheEnglishEastIndiaCompany.

2036.TheQueenVictoria’;sProclamationwasreadoutintheRoyalDurbarbyLordCanning.

2037.TheQueenVictoria’sProclamationendedthedesignationofGovernorGeneralofIndia.

2038.TheQueenVictoria’sproclamationcreatedtheofficeofSecretaryofState.

2039.ThelastGovernorGeneraloftheEastIndiaCompanywasLordCanning.

2040.TheQueenVictoria’sProclamaltionchangedtheofficeoftheGovernorGeneralintothatoftheViceroyofIndia.

2041.ThelastGovernorGeneralandfirstViceroyofIndiawasLordRipon.

2042.Therevoltof1857wascalledbytheBritishhistoriansasMilitaryrevolt.

2043.TheRevoltof1857wasdescribedbytheIndianhistoriansasFirstwarofindependence.

2044.TheGovernorGeneralofIndiaduringtheRevoltof1857wasLordCanning.

2045.HeavytaxeshadtopaybythePeasants.2046.Resumptionofrentfreesystem wasintroducedby

LordBentinck.2047.GeneralServicesEnlistmentActwaspassedinthe

year1856.2048.ThefirstsignofunrestappearedatBarrackpore.2049.ThesepoysbrokeoutintorevoltatMeerut.2050.Begum HaaratMahalwasthewifeofNawabof

Oudh.2051.After1857revolttheGovernorGeneralofIndiawas

designatedasViceroyofIndia.2052.TheRevoltof1857startedinMeerutandthen

spreadtootherpartsofIndia.2053.TheSepoyMutinyisalsoknownastheGreatRevolt.2054.TheDoctrineofLapsewasintroducedbyLord

Dalhousie.2055.TheGovernorGeneralwhorefusedtorecognizethe

adoptedsonsoftheRajasofNagpur,SataraandJhansiwasLordDalhousie.

2056.ThestatethatwasannexedeventhoughitsrulerwasalwaysfaithfultotheBritishwasOudh.

2057.TheintroductionofmachinemadegoodsoftheBritishdestroyedtheindigenousindustries.

2058.TheresumptionofrentfreeestatesbyLordBentinckinBengalbroughtalotofmoneytothegovernment.

2059.TheHinduLawofPropertywasintroducedwithaviewtofacilitatetheconversionoftheHindustoChristianity.

2060.LordCanningintroducedtheGeneralServicesEnlistmentActintheyear1856.

2061.ForHindusandMuslimsthereplacementofturbanwiththatofLeatherhatswasunacceptable.

2062.ArumourspreadthatthecartridgesintheEnfieldriflesweregreasedwiththefatofcowsandpigs.

2063.TheIndianOfficerinthe34thinfantrywhoshotdeadaBritishofficerwasMangalPandey.

2064.MangalPandeywhotdeadaBritishofficeron29March,1857belongedtoBengalregiment.

2065.ThecommandingofficeroftheBritisharmyaskedthesepoysinMeeruttoloadtherifleswith

cartridges.2066.ThesepoysofMeerutbrokeopentheprisonand

gallopedtoDelhiandbroughtitundertheircontrol.2067.Thekingdom-lesskingBahadurShahIIwas

stationedatDelhi.2068.ThemutineersfounditeasiertocaptureDelhi

becausetherewerenoEuropeantroops.2069.ThelastruleroftheMughalEmpirewasBahadur

ShahII.2070.TheEnglishcommanderJohnNicholsoncamefrom

PunjabandstormedKashmirGateinDelhi.2071.TheBritishchargedBahadurShahIIofrebellionand

senthim toRangoon.2072.NanaSahibledtherevoltatCawnpore.2073.DunduPanthwastheothernameofNanaSahib.2074.NanaSahibwastheadoptedsonofPeshwaBaji

RaoII.2075.TheloyalofficerofNanaSahibwasAzimullah.2076.WhenalargecontingesntoftheBritisharmy

enteredCawnporeNanaSahibescapedtoNepal.2077.TheBritishrecapturedCawnporeinthemiddleof

November1857.2078.Begum HazaratMahalofOudhledtherevoltat

Lucknow.2079.Begum HazaratMahaldeclaredin1857thatherson

BirjisKadrastheNawabofOudh.2080.AgreatleaderoftheFaizabadwhosupportedthe

mutineerswasAmanullah.2081.TheBritishcommanderSirHenryLawrencewas

killedduringthesiegeofLucknowResidency.2082.ThecitythatfellintothehandsoftheBritishin

March1858wasLucknow.2083.ThemutinyofRaniLakshmiBaiandTantiaTope

centeredonCentralIndia.2084.SirHugeRose,thecommanderoftheBritisharmy

advancedfrom BombayandbesiegedJhansi.2085.KunwantSinghthelandlordofJagadispurledthe

revoltatArrahinBihar.2086.ThecommunitythathelpedtheBritishtofightthe

mutineerswasGurkhasofNepal.2087.Themaincauseforthefailureoftherevoltwasthat

themutineersdidnothaveableleadership.2088.TherevoltbroughtanendtotheruleoftheEnglish

EastIndiaCompanyinIndia.2089.LordCanningreadoutQueenVictoria’s

ProclamationintheRoyalDurbar.2090.TheQueenVictoria’sProclamationwasissuedin

November1858.2091.TheQueenVictoria’sProclamationendedthe

designationofGovernorGeneralofIndia.2092.TheQueenVictoria’sProclamationcreatedthe

officeofSecretaryofState.2093.LordCanningwasthelastGovernorGeneralofthe

EnglishEastIndiaCompany.2094.Thepioneerofthereform movementswasRaja

RammohanRoy.2095.LordWilliam BentinckpassedanActin1829to

abolishSatiduetotheeffortsofRajaRammohanRoy.

2096.SwamiDayanandaSaraswathistartedtheAryaSamaj.

2097.TheheadquartersoftheRamaKrishnaMissionisatBelur.

2098.Vallalar’sdevotionalsongsarecompiledinavolumecalledThiruArutpa.

2099.SirsyedAhamedKhanstartedtheAligarhMovement

2100.SirSyedAhamedKhanstartedaschoolatGhazipur.2101.Agreatsocialistreformerfrom KeralaisSree

NarayanaGuru.2102.BrahmoSamajwasestablishedbyRajaRammohan

Roy.2103.RajaRammohanRoystartedtwonewspapersin









































BengaliandPersian.2104.RajaRammohanRoyjoinedtheserviceofEastIndia

Companyintheyear1805.2105.RammohanRoywenttoEnglandtothecauseofthe

MughalEmperorAkbar.2106.RammohanRoywasgiventhetitleof‘Raja’bythe

MughalEmperor.2107.RammohanRoywascalledas‘HeraldofNewAge’

inIndia.2108.RammohanRoyfoundedAtmiyaSabawhichlater

developedintoBrahmoSamaj.2109.AfterRammohanRoy,theworkoftheSamajwas

carriedbyKeshabChandraSen.2110.PrarthanaSamajwasfoundedbyDr.Atmaram

Pandurang.2111.Dr.Atmaram foundedPrarthanaSamajinBombay.2112.PrarthanaSamajwasfoundedintheyear1867.2113.Maha-DevaGovindaRanadedevotedhissholelifeto

thepromotionofthePrarthanaSamaj.2114.SwamiDayanandafoundedtheAryaSamaj.2115.AryaSamajwasfoundedbyDayanandaintheyear

1875.2116.TheoriginalnameofDayanandaSaraswathiwas

MulShankar.2117.DayanandawasthediscipleofSwamiVirjanand.2118.Dayananda’smottowas‘GobacktoVedas’.2119.Dayanandastarted‘SuddhiMovement”toreconvert

theHinduswhohadbeenconvertedtootherreligions.

2120.AryaSamajstartedschoolstoimpartEnglishandVediceducationcalledDayanandaAngloVedic(DAV).

2121.Dayanandawasoftendescribedasthe‘Mar6tinLutherofHinduism’.

2122.TheTheosophicalSocietywasfoundedbyMadameBlavatsky.

2123.TheTheosophicalSocietywasfoundedintheyear1875.

2124.Mrs.AnnieBesantbecamethepresidentoftheTheosophicalSocietyin1893.

2125.AnnieBesantfoundedtheCentralHinduCollegeatBenares.

2126.AnnieBesantstartedthenewspapercalledNewIndia.

2127.TheheadquarteroftheTheosophicalSocietyisatAdayarinChennai.

2128.RamakrishnaMissionwasnamedafterRamakrishnaParamahamsa.

2129.RamakrishnaMissionwasfoundedbyVivekananda.2130.RamakrishnaParamahamsa’swifewasSaradamani

Devi.2131.Vivekananda’soriginalnamewasNarendranath

Dutta.2132.VivekanandaparticipatedinWorldReligious

CongregationheldatChicago.2133.RamakrishnaMissioninstalledPhotovolticlighting

system intheSundarbans.2134.SamarasaSudhaSanmargaSangam wasstartedby

RamalingaAdigal.2135.RamalingaAdigalwasbornatChinnamarudurnear

Chidambaram.2136.VallalarbelievedGodintheform ofArutPerum

Jothi.2137.VallalarfoundedSatyaDharmaSalaatVadalurfor

feedingthepoor.2138.Vallalar’scompassiontoallbeingsiscalledJeeva

Karunya.2139.In1870VallalarestablishedSathyaGnanaSabaithe

HallofTrueWisdom Forum.2140.SyedAhmedKhanwasaJudicialOfficerunderthe

Britishgovernment.2141.SyedAhmedKhanestablishedMohammadenAnglo

OrientalCollegeatAligarhin1875.

2142.SyedAhmedKhanpropagatedhisviewsthroughthenewspapercalledTahzil-ud-Akhlaq.

2143.JyotibaPhulerevoltedagainstthedominationoftheBrahmins.

2144.JyotibaPhuleformedSatyaShodhakSamajin1873.2145.NarayanaGuruDharmaParibalanaYogam was

startedforthedevelopmentofEzhavacommunity.2146.SadhuMaharajaconstructedatempleinhonourof

SriChaitanyainMungircalledPremaMandir.2147.AmbedhkarisviewedasmessiahofdalitsinIndia.2148.AmbedhkarwastheChairmanofthedrafting

committeetodrafttheIndianconstitution.2149.AmbedhkarwasgivenBharatRatnaawardin1990.2150.AmbedhkarfoundedBahiskritHitkarainiSabhato

upliftthedowntrodden.2151.In1927AmbedhkarledtheMahadmarchfor

drawingwaterfrom theMahadpublictank.2152.Thepublictankfrom whichAmbedhkartriedtodraw

waterwasknownasManusmriti.2153.Thepioneerofthereform movementswasRaja

RammohanRoy.2154.LordWilliam BentinckpassedasActin1829to

abolishSatiduetotheeffortsofRajaRammohanRoy.

2155.AryaSamajwasstartedbySwamiDayanandaSaraswathi.

2156.BeluristheheadquartersoftheRamakrishnaMission.

2157.ThiruArutpa,thedevotionalsongsofVallalar’siscompiledinavolume.

2158.SirSyedAhmedKhanstartedaschoolatGhazipur.2159.SirSyedAhmedKhanstartedtheAligarhMovement.2160.AgreatsocialistreformerSreeNarayanaGuruis

from Kerala.2161.RajaRammohanRoyestablishedBrahmoSamaj.2162.RajaRammohanRoystartedtwonewspapersin

BengaliandPersian.2163.RajaRammohanRoyjoinedtheserviceofEnglish

EastIndiaCompanyintheyear1805.2164.RammohanRoywenttoEnglandtothecauseof

MughalEmperorAkbar.2165.RammohanRoywasgiventhetitleofRajabythe

MughalEmperorAkbar.2166.HeraldofNewAgeinIndiawasRammohanRoy.2167.RammohanRoyfoundedAtmiyaSamajwhichlater

developedintoBrahmoSamaj.2168.AfterRammohanRoy,theworkoftheSamajwas

carriedbyKehabChandraSen.2169.Dr.Atmaram PandurangfoundedPrarthanaSamaj.2170.Dr.Atmaram foundedPrarthanaSamajatBombay.2171.PrarthanaSamajwasfoundedintheyear1867.2172.Maha-DevaGovindaRanadedevotedhiswholelife

tothepromotionofthePrarthanaSamaj.2173.SwamiDayanandaSaraswathifoundedtheArya

Samaj.2174.AryaSamajwasfoundedbyDayanandintheyear

1875.2175.TheoriginalnameofDayanandawasSwami

Virjanand.2176.‘GobacktoVedas’wasthemottoofDayananda.2177.DayanandastartedaSuddhiMovementtoreconvert

theHinduswhohadbeenconvertedtootherreligions.

2178.AryaSamajstartedschoolstoimpartEnglishandVediceducationcalledDayanandaAngloVedic(DAV).

2179.MartinLutherofHindusism was1875.2180.TheTheosophicalSocietywasfoundedintheyear

1875.2181.TheTheosophicalSocietywasfoundedintheyear

1875.2182.MadameBlavatskyfoundedtheTheosophical

Society.









































2183.AnnieBesantbecamethepresidentoftheTheosophicalSocietyin1893.

2184.AnnieBesantfoundedtheCentralHinduCollege.2185.AnnieBesantstartedthenewspapercalledNew

India.2186.TheheadquartersoftheTheosophicalSocietyisat

Adayar.2187.RamakrishnaMissionwasnamedafter

RamakrishnaParamahamsa.2188.VivekanandafoundedRamakrishnaMission.2189.RamakrishnaParamahamsa’swifewasSaradamani

Devi.2190.NarendranathDuttawastheoriginalnameof

Vivekananda.2191.VivekanandaparticipatedinWorldReligious

CongregationheldatChicago.2192.RamakrishnaMissioninstalledPhotovolticlighting

system inSunderbans.2193.SamarasaSudhaSanmargaSangam wasstartedby

RamalingaAdigal.2194.RamalingaAdigalwaspopularlyknownasVallalar.2195.RamalingaAdigalwasbornatChinnamarudarnear

Chidambaram.2196.VallalarbelievedGodintheform ofArutPerum

Jothi.2197.VallalarfoundedSatyaDharmaSalaatVadalurfor

feedingthepoor.2198.Vallalar’scompassiontoallbeingsiscalledJeva

Karunya.2199.In1870VallalarestablishedtheHallofTrueWisdom

Forum.2200.SyedAhmedKhanestablishedMohammadenAnglo

OrientalCollegeatAligarhin1875.2201.SyedAhmedKhanestablishedMohammadenAnglo

OrientalCollegeatAligarhin1875.2202.SyedAhmedKhanpropagatedhisviewsthroughthe

newspapercalledTahzil-ud-Akhlaq.2203.JyotibaPhuleformedSatyaShodakSamajin1873.2204.NarayanaGuruDharmaParipalanaYogam was

startedforthedevelopmentofEzhavacommunity.2205.SadhuMaharajaconstructedatempleinhonourof

SriChaitanyaMungircalledPremaMandir.2206.AmbedhkarisviewedasmessiahofdalitsinIndia.2207.AmbedhkarwasChairmanofthedrafting

committeetodraftaconstitution.2208.AmbedhkarwasthefirstLawministerof

independentIndia.2209.AmbedhkarwasgivenBharatRatnaawardin1990.2210.AmbedhkarfoundedBashikritHitkarainiSabhato

upliftthedowntrodden.2211.In1927AmbedhkarledtheMahadMarchfor

drawingwaterfrom thepublictank.2212.Theunificationofthecountrywasbroughtbythe

BritishImperialism.2213.ThelanguageoftheeducatedIndianswasEnglish.2214.Thereligiousandsocialreformerspreparedthe

groundfortheriseofNationalism.2215.Thepoliciesofthemoderatesweredescribedbythe

ExtremistsasPoliticalmendicancy.2216.OpensplitintheCongressoccurredinthesessions

heldatSurat.2217.TheMinto-Morleyreformsintroducedseparate

electoratefortheMuslims.2218.HomeRuleLeagueinBombaywasformedbyTilak.2219.ItwastheBritishImperialism thatbroughtaboutthe

unificationofwholeofIndia.2220.TheimprovementinCommunicationhelpedtocarry

onthenationalpropagandaineverynookandcorner.2221.TheVernacularPressActcurbedthefreedom ofthe

press.2222.TheBritishfollowedthepolicyofDivideandrule.2223.Duetoracialdiscriminationallhighpostswere

reservedfortheBritish.

2224.TheCharterActwaspassedin1833togivehigherpoststoIndians.

2225.TheVernacularPressActwaspassedintheyear1878.

2226.ThecontroversyovertheIIbertBillmadeitclearthattheIndianscouldnotgethighposts.

2227.ThedurationofthePhaseIofthefreedommovementinIndiawas1885-1919.

2228.ThePhaseIofthefreedom movementofIndiaisalsocalledasPre-GandhianEra.

2229.TheIndianNationalCongresswasfoundedintheyear1885.

2230.OntheadviceofAllanOctavianHumetheIndianNationalCongresswasfounded.

2231.ThefirstsessionoftheCongresswasheldatBombay.

2232.ThefirstsessionoftheCongresswaschairedbyW.C.Bannerjee.

2233.72numbersofdelegatesattendedthefirstsessionoftheCongress.

2234.TheCongressleaderswhobelievedintheconstitutionalmethodstopresstheirdemandswerecalledthemoderates.

2235.OneamongthemoderatesintheCongresswasGopalaKrishnaGokhale.

2236.TheCongressleaderswhobelievedinaradicalwayofthepoliticalagitationtopresstheirdemandswerecalledtheExtremists.

2237.TheleaderoftheextremistsintheCongresswasBalaGangadharTilak.

2238.MahadevGovindaRanadebelongedtotheModeratesgroupintheCongress.

2239.ThemethodsadoptedymoderatestopresstheirdemandswasalsocalledasPoliticalMendicancy.

2240.LokamanyaTilakwasanactiveleaderoftheCongresssince1890.

2241.Thecatchword‘SwarajismybirthrightandIshallhaveit’wasdeclaredbyBalaGangadaraTilak.

2242.TilakpublishedhisnewspaperKesariinMarathiLanguage.

2243.TilakrevivedthefestivalsofGanapathy&Shivajitoarousenationalfeelings.

2244.ThepartitionofBengalwasannouncedbyLordCurzon.

2245.ThepartitionofBengalwasannouncedintheyear1905.

2246.ThereasongivenbytheBritishforthepartitionofBengalwasAdministrativeconvenience.

2247.ThepartitionofBengalwasrevokedintheyear1911.2248.ThepartitionofBengalpavedthewayforthebirth

oftheSwadeshimovement.2249.Swadeshi,literallymeans“One’sowncountry”.2250.TheCongressadoptedthesloganVandemataram.2251.Bankim ChandraChatterjeecomposed

Vandemataram.2252.TheAllIndiaMuslim Leaguewasformedintheyear

1906.2253.TheMuslim Leaguewasformedunderthe

leadershipofSalimullahKhan.2254.SalimullahKhanwastheNawabofDacca.2255.SuratSplittookplaceintheyear1907.2256.Theextremistswereexpelledfrom theCongressin

theSuratsession.2257.TheIndiaCouncilActisalsoknownasMintoMorely

Reforms.2258.TheMintoMorelyreformswereannouncedto

appeasethesentimentsoftheMuslims.2259.TheActthatintroducedaseparateelectoratefor

MuslimswasIndianCouncilAct.2260.IndianNationalCongresssupportedtheBritainin

theFirstWorldWar.2261.TheHomeRuleLeaugewasformedinBombayby

BalaGangadharTilak.









































2262.TheHomeRuleLeaguewasformedintheyear1916.2263.HomeRuleLeaguewasstartedinMadrasbyAnnie

Besant.2264.ThenewspaperthatwasbannedduringtheHome

RuleMovementwasNewIndia.2265.TheothernamefortheHomeRulewasSelf

Government.2266.ThetwoleaderswhosupportedtheHomeRule

MovementwereC.R.Das&MotilalNehru.2267.ThePactsignedbetweentheIndianNational

CongressandtheMuslim LeaguewasLucknowPact.

2268.TheextremistsandthemoderatesintheCongressunitedintheLucknowsession.

2269.JawaharlalNehrumetGandhijiforthefirsttimeintheLucknowsession.

2270.ThedeclarationthatpromisedSelf-GovernmentforIndiainstageswastheAugustDeclaration.

2271.TheAugustdeclarationwasmadeintheyear1917.2272.TheAugustdeclarationofMontaguein1917

promisedresponsiblegovernmenttothepeopleofIndia.

2273.Inthehopeofobtainingself-ruleafterIworldwarHomeRulemovementwaswithdrawn.

2274.TilakandAnnieBesantcondemnedtheGovernmentofIndiaActof1919.

2275.InthesplitcausedbyMontagueChelmsfordreformsmoderatesstayedoutofCongress.

2276.ModeratesformedaseparateorganizationknownasIndiannationalliberalfederation.

2277.TheMontague-Chelmsfordreform waspassedintheyear1919.

2278.TheprovisionofMontagueChelmsfordreportwasincludedintheGovernmentofIndiaAct,1919.

2279.Montague-ChelmsfordReformsintroducedDiarchyintheprovinces.

2280.Montague-Chelmsfordreformsencouragedcommunalinterestofthesikhs.

2281.WhodescribedtheMontague-Chelmsfordactas‘ungenerousforEnglandtoofferandunworthyforIndiatoaccept’?AnnieBesant

2282.RowlattActencouragedtheBritishGovernmenttoarrestanyonewithoutwarrant.

2283.TheRowlattActwaspassedintheyear1919.2284.TheIndianundertheleadershipofGanhijiopposed

theRowlattAct.2285.TheJallianWalaBaghTragedytookplaceinthe

year1919.2286.Thetwoleadersarrestedduringthehartalinthe

JallianWalaBarhSatyapalandSaifuddin.2287.SatyapalandSaifuddinbelongedtoPunjab.2288.JallainWalaBaghisaplaceatAmritsar.2289.TheCommanderwholeadtheBritishtroopsduring

theJallianWalaBaghTragedywasGeneralDyre.2290.RabindranathTagorerenouncedhisknighthoodin

protestagainsttheJallianWalaBaghincident.2291.KhilafatMovementtookplaceintheyear1920.2292.TheMuslimsprotestedagainstthehumiliationof

theTurkishCaliph.2293.ThemovementorganizedbyAlibrothersand

MaulanaAbulKhalam AzadwasKhilafat.2294.Theunificationofthecountrywasbroughtbythe

BritishImperialism.2295.EnglishwasthelanguageoftheeducatedIndians.2296.Thereligiousandsocialreformerspreparedthe

groundfortheriseofNationalism.2297.Politicalmendicancywasthepoliciesofthe

Moderates.2298.OpensplitintheCongressoccurredinthesessions

heldatSurat.2299.TheMinto-Morleyreformsintroducedseparate

electoratefortheMuslims.2300.HomeRuleLeagueinBombaywasformedbyTilak.

2301.ItwastheBritishImperialism thatbroughtabouttheunificationofwholeofIndia.

2302.TheimprovementinCommunicationhelpedtocarryonthenationalpropagandaineverynookandcorner.

2303.TheVernacularPressActcurbedthefreedom ofthePress.

2304.TheBritishfollowedthepolicyofDivideandrule.2305.Duetoracialdiscriminationallhighpostswere

reservedfortheBritish.2306.TheCharterActwaspassedin1833togivehigher

poststoIndians.2307.TheVernacularPressActwaspassedintheyear

1878.2308.ThecontroversyovertheIlbertBillmadeitclearthat

theIndianscouldnotgethighposts.2309.ThedurationofthePhaseIofthefreedom

movementinIndiawas1885-1919.2310.ThePhaseIofthefreedom movementofIndiais

alsocalledasPre-GandhianEra.2311.TheIndianNationalCongresswasfoundedinthe

year1885.2312.OntheadviceofAllanOctavianHumetheIndian

NationalCongress.2313.ThefirstsessionoftheCongresswasheldat

Bombay.2314.ThefirstsessionoftheCongresswaschairedby

W.C.Bannerjee.2315.72numbersofdelegatesattendedthefirstsession

oftheCongress.2316.TheCongressleaderswhobelievedinthe

constitutionalmethodstopresstheirdemandswerecalledthemoderates.

2317.GopalaKrishnaGokhalewasoneamongtheModeratesintheCongress.

2318.TheCongressleaderswhobelievedinaradicalwayofthepoliticalagitationtopresstheirdemandswerecalledtheExtremists.

2319.BalaGangadharTilakwastheleaderoftheextremists.

2320.MahadevGovindaRanadebelongedtotheModeratesgroupintheCongress.

2321.ThemlethodsadoptedbymoderatestopresstheirdemandswasalsocalledasPoliticalMendicancy.

2322.LokamanyaTilakwasanactiveleaderoftheCongresssince1890.

2323.Thecatchword‘SwarajismybirthrightandIshallhaveit’wasdeclaredbyBalaGangadaraTilak.

2324.KesariwasthenewspaperpublishedbyTilakinMarathiLanguage.

2325.TilakrevivedthefestivalsofGanapathy&Shivajitoarousenationalfeelings.

2326.ThePartitionofBengalwasannouncedbyLordCurzon.

2327.ThepartitionofBengalwasannouncedintheyear1905.

2328.ThereasongivenbytheBritishforthepartitionofBengalwasAdministrativeconvenience.

2329.ThepartitionofBengalwasrevokedintheyear1911.2330.ThepartitionofBengalpavedthewayforthebirth

oftheSwadeshimovement.2331.Swadeshiliterallymeans“One’sowncountry”.2332.Vandamataram isthesloganadoptedbythe

congress.2333.Bankim ChandraChatterjeecomposed

Vandemataram.2334.Gandhijiadvocatedanewtechniqueinourfreedom

struggleknownasSathyagraha.2335.C.R.DasandMotilalNehruformedtheSwarajparty.2336.TheIndianConstitutionwasformallyadoptedon

January26,1950.2337.In1931,theBritishGovernmentannounceda

schemeknownasCommunalaward.2338.TheBritishViceroyresponsibleforinvolvingIndians









































intheSecondWorldWarwasLitton.2339.Toform theInterim GovernmentNehrusoughtthe

helpofJinnah.2340.FirstandlastIndianGovernorGeneralofIndiais

C.Rajagopalachari.2341.ThetaskofunifyingIndianstateswasundertaken

bySardarVallabhbaiPatel.2342.FirstPresidentofIndiaisDr.RajendraPrasad.2343.ThesecondsplitintheCongressledtothe

formationofIndianNationalLiberalFederation.2344.Thesecondphaseofthefreedom movementin

IndiasawtheemergenceofMohandasKarmanchandGandhi.

2345.ThephaseIIoftheFreedom MovementinIndiaisalsocalledGandhianEra.

2346.ThedurationofGandhianEraintheFreedomMovlementinIndiawas1919-1947.

2347.MohandasKaramchandGandhiwasbornonOctober2,1869.

2348.MohandasKaramchandGandhiwenttoEnglandtostudylaw.

2349.InSouthAftica,GandhijiexperiencedRacialdiscrimination.

2350.GandhijistartedSabarmathiAshram intheyear1916.

2351.GandhijijoinedtheFreedom StruggleinIndiaintheyear1919.

2352.GandhijiispopularlyknownasFatherofournation.2353.Gandhijiwonasilvermedalforthesupporthe

renderedtotheBritishinFirstWorldWar.2354.InSouthAfricaGandhijidevelopedthetechniqueof

Satyagraha.2355.TheleaderoftheNon-c0-operationMovementwas

MahtmaGandhi.2356.TheNon-co-operationMovementwasstartedinthe

year1920.2357.In1921theCongressSessionatLahoreappealedto

thepeopleofIndia.2358.Gandhijiwithdrewnon-cooperationmovementafter

theChauriChauraevent.2359.TheangrypeasantsburntdownaPolicestationat

ChauriChaura.2360.TheSwarajyaPartywasformedintheyear1922.2361.Themainaim oftheSwarajyaPartywastooppose

theBritishGovernmentfrom withintheLegislature.2362.TheinvluenceoftheSwarajyaPartyonIndian

politicssufferedasetbackafterthedeathofC.R.Das.

2363.JawaharlalNehruwasbornonNovember14,1889.2364.JawaharlalNehruqualifiedhimselfasBarristerin

England.2365.SimonCommissionwasappointedtoenquireinto

theRowlattActof1919.2366.TheCongressboycottedtheSimonCommission

becausetheCommissionhadnoIndianMember.2367.TherevolutionaryleaderoftheIndianCongresswho

soughttoavengethedeathofLalaLajpatRaiwasBhagatSingh.

2368.TheleaderoftheIndianCongresswhodiedduetolathichargeduringtheprotestagainsttheSimonCommissionwasLalaLajpatRai.

2369.TheCongressdeclaredthatPurnaSwarajorCompleteIndependencewasitsgoalatisLahoresession.

2370.DuringtheFreedom MovementthedaywhichcelebratedastheIndependenceDayalloverthecountrywasJanuary26,1930.

2371.ToachievecompleteindependenceMahatmaGandhistartedCivilDisobedienceMovement.

2372.TheConstitutionofIndiawasadoptedonJanuary26,1950.

2373.Thedayfreedom fighterscelebratedIndependenceDayin1930isnowbeingcelebratedasRepublicDay.

2374.Gandhijiandhis73chosenfollowerstookahistoricmarchtoDandionMarch12,1930.

2375.TheVedaranyam SaltSatyagrahawasstartedinTamilNadubyRajaji.

2376.TheFirstRoundTableConferencewasheldinLondonintheyear1930.

2377.ThePactthatGandhisignedintheyear1931wastheGandhiIrwinPact.

2378.ThemovementsuspendedaftertheGandhiIrwinPactwasCivilDisobedienceMovement.

2379.TheSecondRoundTableConferencewasheldinEngland.

2380.TheCivilDisobedienceMovementwasrevivedafterthefailureoftheSecondRoundTableConference.

2381.TheThirdRoundTableConferencewasheldinEnglandinNovember1932.

2382.ThedecisiontakenattheThirdRoundTableConferenceprovidedtheoutlineforGovernmentofIndiaAct1935.

2383.In1932,WhenGandhiwasinjailtheBritishGovernmentannouncedCommunalaward.

2384.TheBritishgovernmentannouncedaschemecalledCommunalAwardundertheleadershipofRamsayMcDonald.

2385.TheCommunalAwardannouncedaseparateelectorateforthedepressedclasses.

2386.GandhijisignedthePoonaPactintheyear1932.2387.TheelectionsfortheProvisionallegislaturewere

heldin1937aspertheGovernmentofIndiaAct1935.

2388.Thepartythatwonsixoutofelevenprovincesin1937electionswastheCongressParty.

2389.IndiafoughttheSecondWorldWaronthesideofAlliedpowers.

2390.TheorganizationthatdemandedformationofseparatenationPakistanwasMuslim League.

2391.ThetwonationtheorywaspropagatedbyMuhammadAliJinnah.

2392.TheCripp’smissionarrivedinIndiaintheyear1942.2393.TheMissionthatoffereddominionstatusforIndia

aftertheWorldWarwasStraffordCripp’sMission.2394.TheQuitIndiaMovementwasstartedinAugust8,

1942.2395.‘QuitIndia’sloganwasgivenbyAllIndiaCongress

Committee.2396.SubashChandraBoseispopularlyknownasNethaji.2397.SubashChandraBosewaselectedthePresidentof

IndianNationalCongressintheyear1939.2398.TheBritishgovernmentkeptSubashChandraBose

underhousearrestinCalcutta.2399.SubashChandraBosewasthefounderofIndian

NationalArmy.2400.TheJapanRadioannouncedin1945thatSubash

ChandraBosediedinanaircrash.2401.TheBritishGovernmentsentCabinetMissionto

IndiainMarch,1946.2402.TheCabinetMissionproposedIndianLeadersto

form theConstituentAssembly.2403.TheproposaloftheCabinetMissionwasopposed

bytheMuslim League.2404.TheMuslim Leagueopposedtheproposalofthe

CabinetMissionanddemandedaseparatenationcalledPakistaninJuly,1946.

2405.Aninterim GovernmentwassetupinSeptember1946,undertheleadershipofJawaharlalNehru.

2406.InMarch1947,theBritishgovernmentappointedMountbattenastheViceroyofIndia.

2407.TheBritishGovernmentannouncedinMarch1947thatitwouldtransferthepowertotheIndiansbyJune1948.

2408.ThefirstGovernorGeneraloffreeIndiawasLordMountbatten.

2409.MahatmaGandhiwasassassinatedinJanuary30,









































1948.2410.ThetaskofunificationofIndiawasachievedunder

theleadershipofSardarVallabhaiPatel.2411.ImmediatelyaftertheIndependencetheNawabof

JunagadhwishedtojoinPakistan.2412.ImmediatelyaftertheIndependencetheNizam of

Hyderabadwishedtoremainindependent.2413.ImmediatelyaftertheIndependencetherulerof

KashmirwishedtoRemainindependent.2414.SardarVallabhbaiPatelisrightlycalledasthe

BismarckofIndia.2415.TheChairmanoftheDraftingCommitteeofthe

IndianConstitutionwasDr.B.R.Ambedkar.2416.TheConstitutionofIndiacameintoforcewitheffect

from January26,1950.2417.IndiansoldierswereinstigatedbythesonsofTipu

Sultan.2418.ThefirstorganizationintheMadrasPresidencyto

agitatefortherightsofpeoplewastheMadrasNativeAssocaition.

2419.ThefirstPresidentoftheMadrasMahajanaSabhawasD,.RangaiahNaidu.

2420.AtVedaranyam,theSaltlawwasbrokenbyC.Rajagopalachari.

2421.In1908,BharathiarorganizedahugepublicmeetingtocelebrateSwarajDay.

2422.FacedwiththeprospectusofarrestbytheBritish,BharathiescapedtoPondicherry.

2423.TheHeadquartersoftheTamilNaduCongressCommitteeisnamedasSathyamurthiBhavan.

2424.In1940,KamarajwenttoWardhatomeetGandhiji.2425.KamarajservedastheChiefMinisterofTamilNadu

for9years.2426.Kamarajwasfamousforpolicy‘K’plan.2427.TipuSultan’sdaughterwastobemarriedonJuly9,

1806.

2428.OnJuly10th,theIndiansoldiersunfurledtheflagofTipuSultanoverthefort.

2429.Tipu’sSecondsonFatehHyderwasdeclaredastheruler.

2430.TheMadrasNativeAssociationwasestablishedbyHarley,LakshminarasuChettyandSrinivasaPillai.

2431.TheMadrasNativeAssociationwasestablishedin1852.

2432.TheMadrasNativeAssociationcriticizedthepoliciesofEnglishEastIndiaCompany.

2433.TheMadrasNativeAssociationwasmergedwiththeMadrasMahajanaSabhain1884.

2434.TheMadrasMahajanaSabhafunctionedattheofficeoftheHindu.

2435.TheMadrasMahajanaSabhaadoptedaModeratepolicyinitsearlydays.

2436.TheViceroywhorefusedtoreceivethewelcomeaddressfrom MadrasMahajanaSabhawasLordElgin.

2437.LordElginvisitedMadrasin1895.2438.TheMadrasMahajanaSabhahadcloserelationship

withCongress.2439.In1930inMadrasSaltSatyagrahawasorganizedby

MadrasMahajanaSabha.2440.ThethreemenCommissionundertheleadershipof

JusticeT.R.RamachandraIyerenquiredabouttheinjusticedonetotheSatyagrahis.

2441.WhentheBritishGovernmentbannedtheCongresspartytheMadrasMahajanaSabhaconductedExhibitionstoinstigatethepatriotism.

2442.GandhijideliveredaspeechinMadrasonOctober

24th1896.2443.JawaharlalNeghuparticipatedintheGoldenJubilee

celebrationsoftheMadrasGoldenJubilee.2444.V.O.Chidambaram Pillaiispopularlyknownas

KappalityaTamilan.

2445.V.O.CwasborninOttapidaram.2446.V.O.CwasbornonSeptember5,1872.2447.V.O.C.startedhiscareerasalawyeratTirunelveli.2448.V.O.C.wasthefounderofSwadeshiCo-operative

Stores.2449.V.O.C.formedtheSwadeshiSteam Navigation.2450.V.O.C.organizedCoralMillStriketoincreasethe

worker’swages.2451.In1907,V.O.C.attendedtheCongresssessionheld

atSurat.2452.V.O.C.followedTilakandpreachedhisphilosophy.2453.SubramanyaSivawasborninVathalagunduin

DindigulDistrict.2454.SubramanyaSivawasacreativewriter.2455.SubramanyaBharathiwasbornonDec.11,1882.2456.BharathiwasborninEttayapuram inTirunelveli

District.2457.BharathiworkedTamilTeacherin1904atMadurai.2458.BharathiwasanAssistantEditorof

Swadeshimithranin1904.2459.In1907BharathiparticipatedinSuratconference

andsupportedthedemandforSwaraj.2460.InApril1907,Bharathibecametheeditorofthe

TamilWeeklyIndia.2461.BharathieditedtheEnglishnewspaperBalaBharathi.2462.In1908,BharathigaveevidenceinthecaseofV.O.C.2463.VanchinathanshotdeadAshethecollector.2464.CollectorAshewasshotdeadbyVanchinathanat

Maniyachirailwaystation.2465.TiruppurKumaranwasborninChennimalaiinErode

District.2466.ThiruppurKumaranispopularlyknownasKodi

KathaKumaran.2467.SatyamurthywasthepoliticalmentorofK.Kamaraj.2468.Rajagopalacharinominatedhim asthePresidentof

theIndianNationalcongressinTamilNaduin1930.2469.SatyamurthyservedasMayorofMadrasin1939.2470.SatyamurthywasborninTirumayyam inMadras

Presidency.2471.SatyamurthywasborninAugust19,1887.2472.SatyamurthypracticedasanAdvocateinthe

Nationalmovement.2473.In1919CongressselectedSatyamurthyas

representativetotheJointParliamentaryCommittee.

2474.WhenSatyamurthywasMayorhebuiltareservoirinPoonditoaugmentthewatersupply.

2475.ThePoondireservoirwasnamedasSatyamurthySaharbyKamaraj.

2476.C.RajajiwasbornatThovarapalli.

2477.Rajajiwasbornon10thDecember1878.2478.RajajibecameaLawyeratSalem in1898.2479.RajajiparticipatedinCalcuttasessionoftheIndian

NationalCongress.2480.RajajibecametheChiefMinisterPresidencyinthe

year1937.2481.RajajimadeHindiascompulsorysubject.2482.HiscompulsoryHindieducationwasopposedby

E.V.R.Periyar.2483.RajajiformedtheministryinTamilNaduintheyear

1952.2484.RajajiwasthefirstIndianGovernorGeneraloffree

India.2485.RajajiintroducedKulaKalviThittam.2486.KamarajandPeriyaropposedtheKulaKalviThittam

ofRajaji.2487.RajajifoundedSwadandrapartyin1959.2488.In1955RajajiwasawardedBharatRatna.2489.RajajiwasoftenreferredasChankya.2490.KamarajwasbornatVirudupattinearVirudhunagar.

2491.KamarajwasbornonJuly15th,1903.2492.Kamarajenteredintofreedom movementbytaking









































partinVaikam Satyagraha.2493.Vaikam Satyagrahawasconductedintheyear1924.2494.KamarajparticipatedinVedaranyam marchalong

withRajagopalachariin1930.2495.In1940KamarajwenttoWardhatomeetGandhito

getapprovalforthelistofSatyagrahis.2496.KamarajhoistedtheIndianNationalFlagin

Satyamurthy’sHouseintheyear1947.2497.Mid-daymealsschemewasintroducedinTamil

NadubyKamaraj.2498.KamarajwascalledasKingMaker.2499.SouthIndianLiberalFederationisotherwiseknown

astheJusticeParty.2500.PeriyartransformedtheJusticePartyintoDravidar

Kazhagam.2501.ThegreatestsocialreformerofTamilNaduisE.V.

RamasamyNaicker.2502.Vaikam isaplaceinKerala.2503.C.N.AnnaduraiwasaffectionatelycalledasAnna.2504.DravidaMunnetraKazhagam wasfoundedbyC.N.

Annadurai.2505.C.N.AnnaduraiwasconferredDoctorateby

AnnamalaiUniversity.2506.DurtoDr.Muthulakshmi’sgoodeffortsthecancer

institutewasstartedatAdayar.2507.AllIndiaWomenConferencewasorganizedatPune.2508.Dr.MuthulakshmiReddystartedonorphanage

knownasAvvaiIllam.2509.Dr.S.Dharmambalstartedanagitationforthecause

ofTamilteacherscalledElavuVaram.2510.MoovalurRamamirtham wasbornin1883.2511.TheJusticePartyrepresentedNon-Brahmin

movement.2512.JusticePartywasestablishedintheyear1916.2513.JusticePartywasestablishedbyT.M.Nair.2514.JusticePartypublishedtheTamilnewspaperknown

asDravidan.2515.JusticepartypublishedAndhraPrakasikathe

Telugunewspaper.2516.TheEnglishnewspaperpublishedbyJusticeParty

calledJustice.2517.In1920,theJusticepartyformedtheministryunder

SubbarayaluReddiar.2518.In1926theSwarajyapartygotsuccessinthe

electionsbutrefusedtoform theministry.2519.PeriyartransformedtheJusticepartyintoasocial

organization.2520.CommunalGovernmentOrdersprovidedreservation

ofappointmentsinlocalbodiesandeducationalinstitutionsforNon-Brahmins.

2521.StaffSelectionBoardwascreatedintheyear1924.2522.TheStaffSelectionBoardbecamePublicService

Commissionin1929.2523.In1925AndhraUniversitywasopenedinAndhra

PradeshbyJusticeParty.2524.In1929AnnamalaiUniversitywasopenedinTamil

Nadu.2525.TheHinduEndowmentBillwaspassedintheyear

1926.2526.WomenweregrantedtherighttovoteinTamilNadu

intheyear1921.2527.E.V.RamasamywasbornonSept.17,1879.2528.E.V.RamasamywasborninErode.2529.E.V.R.joinedtheCongressintheyear1919.2530.E.V.R.waselectedastheSecretaryofMadrasState

CongressCommitteein1921.2531.In1923E.V.R.waselectedasPresidentofMadras

StateCongressCommittee.2532.E.V.R.ledthefamousVaikam Sathyagrahain1924.2533.Periyarwasgiventhetitleof‘Vaikam Hero’for

Templeentry.2534.PeriyarleftCongressandstartedSelfRespect

Movementin1925.

2535.E.V.R.wasgiventhetitlePeriyarbyLadiesConferenceheldatMadras.

2536.JusticePartywaschangedasDravidarKazhagam inSalem Conferenceof1944.

2537.Periyardiedintheyear1973.2538.C.N.Annaduraiwasbornintheyear1909.2539.AnnaduraiwasbornatKancheepuram.2540.AnnaduraididhisM.A.inPachaiyappa’sCollegein

Madras.2541.AnnaduraiwasthefounderoftheD.M.K.party.2542.AnnawentoutoftheDravidaKazhagam dueto

Periyar’sMarriage.2543.AnnaformedtheD.M.K.intheyear1949.2544.AnnabecametheGeneralSecretaryofDMK.2545.Annachangedtheofficialnameofthestatefrom

MadrastoTamizhagam intheyear1967.2546.Thenationalmotto‘SatyamevaJayavate’was

changeintoVaimayeVellum byAnna.2547.Annapassedawayintheyear1969.2548.Animportantwomanleaderwhofoughtagainst

Devadasisystem wsDr.MuthulakshmiReddy.2549.Dr.MuthulakshmiReddywasbornintheyear1886.2550.Dr.MuthulakshmiReddywasbornatPudukottai.2551.TheCancerInstituteatAdyarwasstartedintheyear

1923.2552.ThefoundationfortheCancerInstituteatAdyarwas

laiddownbyJawaharlalNehru.2553.Dr.MuthulakshmiReddywasnominatedtothe

TamilNaduLegislativeCouncilintheyear1929.2554.Dr.MuthulakshmiReddywassupportedinher

effortsbyThiruVi.KaandPeriyar.2555.In1930AllIndiawomenConferencewasorganized

byDr.MuthulakshmiReddy.2556.ThePresidentofIndianAssociationfrom 1933to

1947wasDr.MuthulakshmiReddy.2557.Dr.MuthulakshmiReddypassedawayintheyear

1968.2558.Dr.DharmambalwasbornatKarunthattankudi.2559.Dr.DharmambalwasaSiddhadoctor.2560.Dr.DharmambalstartedahospitalinChennai.2561.Dr.Dharmambalwasinfluencedbytheideasof

Periyar.2562.EqualpaytoTamilteacherswasannouncedby

Avinasilingam theEducationMinister.2563.ChennaiManavarMandram wasestablishedto

improveknowledgeinTamil.2564.Dr.DharmambalwasconferredthetitleVeera

TamilannaiforherservicetoTamil.2565.Dr.Dharmambalconferredthetitle“EalisaiMannar”

toM.K.ThiyagarajaBagavathar.2566.MoovalurRamamirtham wasbornintheyear1883.2567.MoovalurRamamirtham wasbornatThiruvarur.2568.MoovalurRamamirtham wasbroughtupin

Moovalur.2569.MoovalurRamamirtham joinedIndianNationalParty

andorganizedIsaiVellalarconference.2570.TheConferenceofIsaiVellalarwasorganizedin

1925byMoovalurRamamirtham atMayiladudurai.2571.AsaresultoftheIsaiVellalarconferenceDevadasi

AbolitionActwaspassed.2572.InthememoryofMoovalurRamamirtham Marriage

AssistanceSchemewasintroducedbyTamilNaduGovernment.

2573.WidowRemarriageActwaspassedintheyear1856.2574.TheBayofBengalislocatedtotheSouth-eastof

India.2575.PalkStraitseparatesIndianfrom SriLanka.2576.ThemostcentrallylocatedmeridianofIndiapasses

throughAllahabad.2577.ThehighestpeakinIndiaisMt.GodwinAustin.2578.ThesourceofRiverGangaisGangotri.2579.TheHimalayasareknownasAbodeofsnow.2580.IndiaisoftendescribedastheSubcontinent.









































2581.TheextentofIndiafrom KashmirtoKanyakumariis3214kms.

2582.TheArabianSeaislocatedtothewestofIndia.2583.TheTharDesertislocatedtothewestofIndia.2584.TheIslandsofAndamanandNicobararesituatedin

theBayofBengal.2585.TheextentofIndiafrom GujarattoArunachal

Pradeshis2933kms.2586.Indiahasatotallandareaofabout3.2million

squarekilometer.2587.Geographically,IndiaislocatedintheNorthern

Hemisphere.2588.ThelatitudethatdividesIndiaintoalmostequal

partsistheTropicofCancer.2589.Indiaistheseventhlargestcountryintermsofarea.2590.GeographicallythesizeofIndiaisfourtimesbigger

thanthatofPakistan.2591.Indiaextendstotheeastuptointricatemazeof

Indo-MyanmarHills.2592.India’scoastlineisthelongestintheworld.2593.India’sinternationaltradewithEuropeiscarriedon

mainlythroughthecanaltheSuezCanal.2594.Thecountryinthenorththathasacommonborder

withIndiaisNepal.2595.Thecountryinthenorthwestthathasacommon

borderwithIndiaisAfghanistan.2596.TheLakshadweepIslandsthatbelongtotheIndian

UnionisfoundintheArabianSea.2597.TheCentralMeridianofIndiais82½°2598.ThelocaltimethatisconsideredastheIndian

StandardTimeisthatofAllahabad.2599.TheIndianStandardTimeisaheadofGreenwich

MeanTimeby5 .12

2600.Foreveryone-degreedifferenceinlongitude,thedifferenceintimeisfourminutes.

2601.ForadministrativeconvenienceIndiaisgeographicallydividedinto28and7UnionTerritories.

2602.IndianUnionisdividedintoseveralpoliticaldivisionsonthebasisofLanguage.

2603.IntermsofsizethelargeststateinIndiaisRajasthan.

2604.IntermsofpopulationthelargeststateinIndiaisUttarPradesh.

2605.ThestateinIndiathathashighestdensityofpopulationisKerala.

2606.TheCapitalofAssam isDispur.2607.ThehighestpopulatedstateinIndiaisUttar

Pradesh.2608.ThecapitalofArunachalPradeshisItanagar.2609.RanchiisthecapitalofJharkhand.2610.ThecapitalofMizoram isAizawl.2611.KohimaisthestatecapitalofNagaland.2612.DehradunisthestatecapitalofUttaranchal.2613.TheCapitalofAndamanandNicobarIslandsisPort

Blair.2614.KavarattiisthecapitalofLakshadweep.2615.IntermsofsizetheloweststateinIndiaisGoa.2616.Thestatethathasthelowestdensityofpopulation

inIndiaisSikkim.2617.OneoftherecentlyformedstatesinIndiais

Jharkhand.2618.AnimportantpilgrimagecentresituatedinHimachal

PradeshisKedarnath.2619.InIndia,wetdensetropicalforestsarefoundinthe

WesternGhats.2620.PondicherryisaUnionTerritoryofIndia.2621.TheMangroveforestsarefoundinSunderbans.2622.TheCherrapunjiisbetterknownforitshighest

rainfall.2623.ThelandofIndiaiswell-knownforherUnityin

diversity.

2624.ThepasslocatedinHimachalPradeshisShipkila.2625.MalwaplateauisdrainedbyChambal.2626.PeninsularplateauliestothesouthofGreatPlains.2627.Thedescriptionofthephysicalreliefofacountryis

knownasPhysiography.2628.Accordingtothegeologistsearththatwelivein

todaywassurroundedbyawaterbodycalledpanthalasa.

2629.Accordingtothegeologists,AngaraandGondwanalandmasseswereseparatedbyanelongatedshallowseacalledtethys.

2630.Accordingtogeologists,NorthernGangeticPlainswasaresultofsiltdepositionintheTethysSea.

2631.TheWesternHimalayasisalsoknownasTransHimalayas.

2632.World’ssecondhighestpeakisGodwinAustin.2633.GodwinAustin(K2)lieintheWesternHimalayas.2634.TheSiachinglacierisfoundinWesternHimalayas.2635.ThehighestplateauinIndiainthenorth-westof

KashmirisLadakhplateau.2636.TheCentralHimalayasstretchesfrom Kashmirin

thenorth-westtoArunachalPradeshintheeast.2637.TheCentralHimalayasstretchesfrom Kashmirin

thenorth-westtoArunachalPradeshintheeastforabout2500kms.

2638.ThenorthernmostrangeoftheHimalayasistheHimadrirange.

2639.TheaverageheightoftheHimadrirangeis6000mts.

2640.ThehighestpeakoftheHimalayasisfoundatthealtitudeof8848mts.

2641.KanchanJungaisanimportantpeakthatliesintheCentralHimalayas.

2642.AnimportantpeakthatliesintheHimadriisNandaDevi.

2643.AlongitudinalValleyfoundintheSiwalikisDehradun.

2644.TheaverageheightoftheSiwalikrangeis1000mts.2645.ThemiddleregionoftheCentralHimalayasis

Himachal.2646.ThelongestrangeintheHimachalisPirpanjal.2647.OneofthepopularhillresortsintheHimachal

PradeshisGulmarg.2648.AlongitudinalValleyfoundintheSiwalikis

Dehradun.2649.TheplainsfoundinthelowerHimalayasthat

supportsgrowthofforestsandmarshylandisTaraiPlains.

2650.TheTamiraparaniriverrisesintheAgasthiarhillsanddrainsinTirunelvelidistrict.

2651.TheriverManimutharuisatriobutaryoftheTamiraparani.

2652.Thewestcoastalplainextendsfrom RannofKutchinthenorthtotheKanyakumariinthesouth.

2653.InKarnataka,thewestcoastalplainisalsocalledCanaracoast.

2654.TheNarmadaRiverflowsintotheGulfofKhambhat.2655.ThelargestlagoonfoundintheMalabarcoastis

Vembanad.2656.Theeastcoastalplainrunsfrom WestBengalinthe

northtotheKanyakumariinthesouth.2657.Thesouthernpartoftheeastcoastallineiscalled

Coromandalcoast.2658.IndiaexperiencesTropicalClimate.2659.TheCoastalareasenjoyhumidclimate.2660.Theplacethatgetsrainfrom Westerndisturbance

isPunjab.2661.Themountainswhichlieparalleltothedirectionof

theSouthwestMonsoonwindisAravalli.2662.ThelocalstormsinthenortheasternpartofIndia

duringhotweatherseasonarecalledNorwesters.2663.Themountainrangesthatpreventthecoldwinds

blowingintoIndiafrom CentralAsiaisthe









































Himalayas.2664.ThemountainrangesofIndiaexperiencethe

Equableclimate.2665.Theinteriorofplateausandnorthernplainshavethe

Continentalclimate.2666.ThecityofChennaiexperiencestheEquableclimate.2667.ThecitythatexperiencescontinentalclimateisNew

Delhi.2668.Thetypeofclimatecharacterizedbyextreme

conditionsofveryhotsummerandverycoldwinteristheContinentalclimate.

2669.ThesunshinesverticallyoverheadintheNorthernHemisphereduringsummer.

2670.TheJetStreamsarepositionedintheTroposphere.2671.InIndia,winterseasonbeginsinDecemberand

endsinFebruary.2672.TheseasonthatbeginsinMarchandendsinMayis

summerseason.2673.InInaidthesouth-westmonsoonseasonbeginsin

JuneandendsinSeptember.2674.Duringwinter,thesunraysareoverheadinthe

TropicofCapricorn.2675.NoobviousdifferencedayandNighttemperatures

isfoundinnorthernIndiaduringwinterseason.2676.Duringwinter,themeandaytimetemperaturein

northernIndiaremainsbelow210C.2677.WhenthereislowpressureintheBayofBengala

highpressureareaisformedintheNorthernIndia.2678.ThewindsthatbringrainfalltoTamilNaduand

southernpartsofAndhraPradesharetheretreatingmonsoon.

2679.ThelowpressuredepressionthatoriginateovertheMediterraneanSeaandtravelsacrossIranandPakistan.

2680.ThelowpressuredepressionsthatoriginateovertheMediterraneanduringthewintermonthsarecalledWesterndisturbances.

2681.ThewesterndisturbancesthatoriginateintheMediterraneanSeabringrainfalltoPunjabandHaryana.

2682.TheWesterndisturbancesbringsnowfallstoJammuandKashmir.

2683.HaryanaandHimachalPradeshreceiverainfallfromWesterndisturbances.

2684.TherainfallbroughtbythewesterndisturbancesinPunjabandHaryanaareusefulforthecultivationofWheat.

2685.DuringsummerseasonthesunraysfallverticallyovertheTropicofCancer.

2686.Thestronghotwindsthatblowoverthenorthernandnorth-westernpartsofIndiaarecalledLoowinds.

2687.Insummerthemeanmaximum temperaturein

southernIndiamayvaryfrom 260Cto300C.2688.Thepre-monsoonshowersthatoccurinwest

coastalareasarecalledMangoShowers.2689.Thelocalstormsthatoccurinsummerinnorth-

westernpartsofIndiaarecalledNorwesters.2690.TheNorwestersarecalledkalabaishakiinthestate

ofPunjab.2691.Thepre-monsoonMangoshowersoccuralongthe

coastofKerala.2692.RainyseasonbeginsinIndiaaftertheonsetofSW

monsoonwinds.2693.Thesouth-westmonsoonwindsoriginateinthe

IndianOcean.2694.Thesouth-westmonsoonwindsfirsthitthestateof

Kerala.2695.Theoccurrenceofsuddenandheavyrainfallwith

thunderandlightningiscalledtheMonsoonBurst.2696.TheArabianSeabranchofsouth-westmonsoon

strikesagainsttheWesternGhats.

2697.TheeasternsidesoftheWesternGhatsareLeewardregions.

2698.MumbaicityliesintheWindwardregionsofthesouth-westmonsoonwinds.

2699.Thecityliesintherainshadowsideofthesouth-westmonsoonwindsisChennai.

2700.ThesoilfoundinthearidzoneisknownasDesertsoil.

2701.Themonsoonforestsareotherwisecalledasdeciduousforest.

2702.Whichoneofthefollowingmineralsiscontainedinthemonazitesand?Uranium

2703.Thesurfacelayerontheearthisknownassoil.2704.ThemostfertilesoilfoundinIndiaisalluvialsoil.2705.ThemostinfertilesoilfoundinIndiaisaridand

desertsoil.2706.Thesoilthatisrichinpotashandphosphorousand

deficientinnitrogenandhumusiscalledalluvialsoil.2707.Theolderalluvium iscalledBhangar.2708.Thesoilthatispredominantlyfoundinthedeltaic

regionsofrivervalleysisalluvial.2709.Thesoilthatisformedduetothesolidificationof

lavaduringthevolcanicactivitieswhichoccurredalmostthousandsofyearsagoisblacksoil.

2710.HighagriculturalactivitiesinIndiaaremainlyduetothefertilenatureofalluvial.

2711.Thesoilthatisgoodforcottoncultivationisregursoil.

2712.Thesoilthatisrichincalcium carbonateandmagnesium contentisblacksoil.

2713.Thesoilthatisrichinferromanganesesubstanceisredsoil.

2714.Blacksoilisclayeyandimpermeablewithagreatcapacitytoretainwaterforalongtime.

2715.Thesoilthatisformedduetothedisintegrationofcrystallineandmetamorphicrocksisredsoil.

2716.Thesoilthatcracksduringsummerseasonisblacksoil.

2717.Thesoilthathasnon-retentivenaturetowardsmoistureisred.

2718.Thesoilthatsupportsthecultivationofplantationcropssuchasrubber,teaandcoffeeismountainsoil.

2719.TheprincipalgrowersofteainIndiaareAssam andWestBengal.

2720.Mangroveforestsactsasabulwarkagainsterosionbytheseaandstabilizetheshortline.

2721.ThetreesoftheseforestsshedtheirleavesduringsummerseasonisMonsoon.

2722.Indiaisthesecondlargestcountryinhavingironreserves.

2723.Manganeseplaysanimportantroleintheironandsteelindustryasitmakessteelhardandrustproof.

2724.BauxiteistheoreofAluminum.2725.Copperisagoodconductorofheatandelectricity.2726.Micaisabadconductorofheatandelectricity.2727.CoalisalsoknownasBlackgold.2728.ManycoalfieldsarelocatedintheNorth-eastern

partofIndia.2729.Petroleum isalsoknownasmineraloil.2730.RecentlyithasbeenfoundthatKrishna-Godavari

deltahasreservesofnaturalgas.2731.Thermalenergyisproducedusingcoal,petroleum

andnaturalgas.2732.InIndiathefirsthydroelectricitypowerstationwas

startedin1897inDarjeeling.2733.In1902powerstationwasestablishedat

Sivasamudram waterfalls,intheriverCauvery.2734.Nuclearenergyisproducedfrom mineralssuchas

Uranium andthorium.2735.50%oftheworld’sthorium depositisfoundinIndia.2736.Sunlightcanbedirectlyconvertedtoelectricity

throughthe‘photovoltaictechnology.









































2737.ThelargestsolarenergyconversioncentreinIndiaislocatedatMadhapuriinBhujdistrict.

2738.Bushes,wastesfrom crops,humanandanimalwastesareusedtoproducebiogas.

2739.InThiruvananthapuram andAndamanandNicobarIslandsWaveenergyplantsaresetup.

2740.TidalenergyislargelygeneratedatGulfofKhambat.2741.Riceisgrownwellinthealluvialsoil.2742.Teaandcoffeecropsaregrownwellonthe

mountainslopes.2743.Thecropsthatgrowindroughtaremillets.2744.Cottonisacashcrop.2745.Thestaplefoodcropsarericeandwheat.2746.Agricultureplaysavitalroleinsocio-economic

developmentofIndia.2747.InIndiadifferentagriculturalpatternsarepracticed

duetovariedgeographicalfactors.2748.Landform,climate,soiltypeandwaterare

determinantfactorsofagriculture.2749.Blacksoilisidealforthecultivationofcotton.2750.Themajorcropgrowninthealluvialplainsanddelta

isrice.2751.Thecroppingpatternisdecidedmainlybyamount

ofrainfall.2752.Thecropthatgrowsinareasofabundantrainfallis

paddy.2753.Thecropthatisnormallygrownintheinteriorparts

ofIndiaisMillets.2754.Thetypeofagricultureinwhichcropsgrownare

consumedbyfarmerandhisfamilymembersisSubsistenceagriculture.

2755.Subsistenceagricultureisrestrictedtothecultivationoffoodcrops.

2756.ThetypeofagriculturenormallypracticedinplainsanddeltaicregionsisSubsistenceagriculture.

2757.Thetypeofagricultureinwhichfarmerstriestogetthemaximum withhighinputoffertilizers,hybridvarietyofseedsisknownasintensiveagriculture.

2758.ThecropswhicharegrowntoexporttoothercountriesisknownasExtensiveagriculture.

2759.Commercialagriculturalproductsareusedasrawmaterialsintheagrobasedcommercialindustries.

2760.Thetypeofagricultureinwhichcultivatedcropsaresoldinthedomesticaswellasinternationalmarketisknownascommercial.

2761.Thecommercialagricultureisadoptedinthecultivationofcotton.

2762.ThetypeofagriculturethatiscommonlyadoptedinwesternIndiaiscommercialagriculture.

2763.PlantationagricultureispracticedontheslopesofCardamom hills.

2764.Dryfarmingmethodisfollowedinthecultivationofcropssuchasgram andpeas.

2765.WetfarmingisnormallypracticedontheslopesofWesternGhats.

2766.Thecropsnormallygrownunderwetfarmingarericeandjute.

2767.Thepatternofagricultureinwhichonlyonecropisgrownontheentireagriculturalfieldatatimeistermedasmono-cropping.

2768.Thecropsnormallycultivatedundermonoculturepatternareteaorcoffee.

2769.Thepatternofagricultureinwhichtwocropsaregrownonasingleagriculturalfieldatatimeistermedasdualcropping.

2770.Thisgoodexamplefordualcroppingpatternwheatwithmustard.

2771.Agoodexampleformultiplecroppingisjowar-bajra-groundnut.

2772.ThecroppingseasonthatbeginsjustbeforethemonsoonandendsafterautumnisKharifseason.

2773.Thecroppingseasonthatbeginswiththebeginningofwinterandendswiththebeginningofsummeris

Rabiseason.2774.Thecroppingseasonthathasonlythreemonths

(April,MayandJune)isZaidseason.2775.ThemostimportantcropscultivatedduringRabi

seasonsarewheatandoilseeds.2776.ThemostimportantcropscultivatedduringKharif

seasonarericeandcotton.2777.ThemostimportantcropscultivatedduringZaid

seasonarewatermelonandcucumber.2778.ThedurationoftheKharifseasonisJuneto

October.2779.ThedurationoftheRabiseasonisNovemberto

May.2780.Thecropthatgrowswellonalluvialplainsandriver

deltaispaddy.2781.Riceisatropicalcrop.2782.Oneofthemethodsadoptedinricecultivationis

dibbling.2783.Transplantingisamethodadoptedinrice

cultivationofPaddy.2784.Thanjavurdistrictiscalledasthe‘ricebowl’ofTamil

Nadu.2785.ThepaddycropsgrowninThanjavurregionare

classifiedasSamba,KuruvaiandThaladi.2786.Sambaisalongterm cropinThanjavurregion.2787.Kuruvaicropisgrownwithinthreeorfourmonths.2788.Thepaddygrowninthefieldsoftheprevious

harvestisknowncolloquiallyastheThaladiinThanjavurregion.

2789.ThevarietyofseedrecommendedforcultivationofpaddyintheuplandsofHimachalPradeshisSukaradhara1.

2790.ThestaplefoodofsouthIndiaisrice.2791.Oneofthetwovarietiesofsugarcanecultivatedin

Indiaissub-tropical.2792.Oneofthestatesthatgrowstropicalvarietyof

sugarcaneisTamilNadu.2793.Cottonisanimportantfibrecrop.2794.Seedsofcottonareusedinthemanufactureof

fertilizers.2795.Thevarietyofcottonthathasagreatvalueinthe

internationalmarketislongstaplecotton.2796.ThesoilthatisgoodforcottoncultivationisRegur

orblacksoil.2797.ThetwomajorcottonproducingstatesinIndiaare

MaharashtraandGujarat.2798.Thecropthatisotherwiseknownas‘goldenfibreof

India’isjute.2799.Juteisusedinthemanufactureofpacking

materials.2800.Thesoilthatisgoodforthejutecultivationis

alluvialsoil.2801.Themicrobiologicalprocessthatloosenstheouter

barkofthejutestalkiscalledretting.2802.ThetwomainteagrowingstatesinIndiaareAssam

andWestBengal.2803.Oneoftheimportantplantationcropscultivatedin

Indiaisrubber.2804.CoffeecomesunderthecategoryofBeveragecrop.2805.ThecropgrowninthehillsofNilgirisandAnaimalai

inTamilNaduistea.2806.Thecultivationofcoffeeismainlyconfinedtothe

stateofKarnataka.2807.RubbercultivationisconfinedtothestateofKerala

inIndia.2808.Rubberisobtainedfrom thelatexofrubbertree.2809.TobaccowasbroughttoIndiain1508by

Portuguese.2810.ThemajortobaccoproducingstateinIndiais

AndhraPradesh.2811.Thetechnologythatisusedasatoolinagriculture

tomodifybiologicalprocessiscalledbiotechnology.2812.TheNationalResearchCentreonplant









































Biotechnologywasestablishedintheyear1985.2813.TheNationalResearchCentreonplant

BiotechnologywasestablishedatDehradun.2814.Cottontextileindustryisagrobasedindustry.2815.ManchesterofIndiaisMumbai.2816.Tataironandsteelindustryislocatedat

Jamshedpur.2817.ChotonagpurPlateauisnotedforMineralresources.2818.ThecityknownasElectronicCapitalisBangalore.2819.Themostimportantfactorthatdeterminesthe

locationofindustriesisrawmaterials.2820.Ironandsteelindustriesarelocatednearcoalmines.2821.Theindustrythatisgenerallylocatedintheregions

denselypopulatedwithskilledlabourisAgro-basedindustries.

2822.Heavyindustriessuchasoilrefineriesaregenerallylocatednearthesourceoftransport.

2823.Thefactorwhichhelpsinquickdisposalofmanufacturedgoodsismarket.

2824.ThelargestsugarproducerintheworldisRussia.2825.ThestateinSouthernIndiawhichisthelargest

producerofsugarcaneisTamilNadu.2826.Theimportantbyproductsofsugarindustryare

Bagassesandmolasses.2827.ThecrushedsugarcaneorBagasseisusedto

manufacturepaper.2828.Thethickdarksyrupobtainedfrom rawsugaris

calledMolasses.2829.PaperindustryisaForestbasedindustry.2830.Theseareconsideredastheeconomicbackboneof

acountryIronandsteelindustries.2831.Mostoftheironandsteelindustriesarelocatedin

theChotanagpurplateau.2832.HaematiteandMagnetiteareironores.2833.Thefirstandthelargestironandsteelindustrywas

establishedinJharkhand.2834.TataIronandSteelwasestablishedbyJamshedji

Tata.2835.Theironandsteelcompanywasestablishedby

mergingthreesteelplantsofWestBengalwascalledIndianIronandSteelCompany.

2836.AlargeintegratedironandsteelplantwaserectedatBurnpurinWestBengal.

2837.AlargepublicsectorironandsteelindustryislocatedatBhadravatiinKarnataka.

2838.AlargeintegratedsteelplantwaserectedatBokaroinJharkandstate.

2839.BhilaiinChattisgarhhasalargepublicsectorinIronandSteelindustry.

2840.AGurumahisimineofMayurbhanjisOrissahasalargereserveofIronore.

2841.ThecoalminesthatsupplymostofthecoalrequirementsoftheironandsteelindustryareJhariaandRaniganj.

2842.Thefirstshort-basedintegratedsteelplantinIndiaisVishakapattinam steelplant.

2843.TheSalem plantgetsironorefrom mineslocatedinKanchamalaihills.

2844.ThepowernecessaryforSalem steelismadeavailableform Metturproject.

2845.ThefirstAutomobileindustrythatwasestablishedatKurlainMumbaiwasPremierautomobilesLimited.

2846.HindustanMotorshasalargeautomobileplantatUttaraparainWestBengal.

2847.TheVijayanagarsteelplantisinKarnatakastate.2848.TheIndianIndustrythathasacquiredaworldclass

status(Globalpowerhouse)isSoftwareindustry.2849.IndiancomputersSoftwareindustryhasbeen

successfulmainlybecauseIndiahaslargepoolofskilledEnglishspeakingpeople.

2850.NaturalnutrientenrichmentofstreamsandlakesisEutrophication.

2851.ThemaincausefornaturalairpollutionisVehicularemission.

2852.Contaminationofairiscalledairpollution.2853.Vehicleswhichareeco-friendlyarecertifiedas

BharathIIandIII.2854.AutomobilesproduceNitrogenoxide.2855.Bhopalgastragedyisonetheworldworstindustrial

disasters.2856.TheBhopalgastragedyhappenedintheyear1984.2857.Mostcommonairpollutiondirectlyaffectsthe

cardio-vascularsystem.2858.Theatmospherecontainsathinlayerofozone

aboveearth’ssurfacewhichprotectslife.2859.Theozonelayeroftheatmospherepreventsharmful

ultravioletradiationsfrom reachingthesurfaceoftheearth.

2860.ThediseasethatmaybecausedduetotheexposuretoultravioletradiationsisSkincancer.

2861.Thereleaseofchemicalchlorofluorocarbons.2862.Tradecarriedonwithinthedomesticterritoryofa

countryisknownasinternaltrade.2863.Tradeblocsarecreatedtomakethemultilateral

tradeeasier.2864.Costefficientandmostpopularmodeoftransport

inourcountryisRoadways.2865.TheheadquarterofIndianRailwaysisDelhi.2866.Thecostliestandmostmodernmeansoftransport

isAirtransport.2867.Transportisanactorprocessofbuying,sellingor

exchanginggoodsandservices.2868.Internaltradeisalsoknownaslocaltrade.2869.Thetradewhichiscarriedwithinthedomestic

territoryofacountryisknownasinternaltrade.2870.InternaltradeisbasedontheNation’scurrency.2871.InternationaltradeisalsoknownasExternaltrade.2872.Thetradecarriedonbetweentwoormorecountries

isknownasInternationaltrade.2873.Waterwaystransportplaysamajorroleinthe

internationaltrade.2874.Internationaltradeiscarriedonbyforeigncurrency.2875.Thetradecarriedoutbetweentwocountriesbased

ontheagreementdealofnotusingcurrencyforpaymentisBilateraltrade.

2876.ThetradecarriedoutbetweenmanycountriesisMultilateraltrade.

2877.ExportandimportaretwocomponentsofTrade.2878.Thedifferencebetweenthevaluesofexportand

importiscalledBalanceoftrade.2879.Ifthevalueofexportinacountryishigherthanthe

valueofimportitiscalledfavourablebalanceoftrade.

2880.Ifthevalueofimportinacountryishigherthanthevalueofexportitiscalledunfavourablebalanceoftrade.

2881.RoadwaysnetworkinIndiaisthesecondlongestintheworld.

2882.Theroadsthatlinkdifferentvillagesandtownisknownasvillageroads.

2883.TheroadsthatlinktownwiththedistrictheadquartersisDistrictroads.

2884.Villageroadsaremaintainedbyvillagepanchayats.2885.TheroadthatismaintainedbytheCorporationsand

MunicipalitiesisDistrictroads.2886.Theroadsthatlinksthestatecapitalwiththe

differentdistrictheadquartersisStateHighwaysroads.

2887.TheStatehighwaysroadsareconstructedandmaintainedbytheStatePublicWorksDepartment.

2888.TheroadthatlinksthestatecapitalswithnationalcapitalisknownasNationalhighways.

2889.AnationalhighwayismaintainedbytheCentralpublicworksdepartment.

2890.TheshortesthighwayisNH-47A.









































2891.Theshortestnationalhighwayrunsfrom ErnakulamtoCochin.

2892.ThelongestNationalhighwayisNH7.2893.Thelongestnationalhighwayrunsfrom

KanyakumaritoVaranasi.2894.Amajorroaddevelopmentprojectlaunchedbythe

GovernmentofIndiaisGoldenQuadrilateralSuperHighways.

2895.Sixlanessuperhighwaysconnectthe4numberofmetropolitancities.

2896.North-SouthcorridorroadlinksSrinagar-Kanyakumari.

2897.East-westcorridorroadconnectsSilchar-Porbander.2898.ThemainobjectiveoftheGoldenQuadrilateral

SuperHighwaysisconnectivity.2899.TheGoldenQuadrilateralSuperHighwaysare

implementedbytheNationalHighwayAuthorityofIndia(NHAI).

2900.BOTmeansBuildOperateandTransfer.2901.Theroadsthatarethetechnologicallyimproved

highclassroadsintheIndianRoadNetworkareknownasExpressways.

2902.TheroadsthatareconstructedalongthenorthernandnortheasternbordersofourcountryarecalledBorderroads.

2903.TheBorderroadsareconstructedandmaintainedbyBorderRoadsOrganisation(BRO).

2904.BROisregardedasasymbolofnationbuilding,nationalintegrationandaninseparablecomponentinmaintainingthesecurityofthecountry.

2905.TheroadsthatlinkIndiawithneibouringcountriesforpromotingharmoniousrelationshipisknownasInternationalHighways.

2906.InIndiaRailwaysprovidestheprincipalmodeoftransportationforfreightandpassengers.

2907.Thefirsttrainsteamedfrom BombaytoThanein1853.

2908.ThefastesttraininIndiaisBhopalShatabti.2909.ThefastesttrainsBhopalShatabtirunfrom Bhopal

toNewDelhi.2910.TherailsystemsinIndiawerenationalizedasone

unitin1951andcalledastheIndianRailways.2911.AnIndianrailwayisthelargestrailnetworkinAsia

andsecondlargestintheworld.2912.TheIndianrailwaynetworkrunsonthemultiguage

operation.2913.TheIndiaRailwaysisdividedinto17zones.2914.TheheadquartersofSouthernRailwaysisChennai.2915.PhysiographyofIndiahasplayedamajorroleinthe

distributionofRailwaynetwork.2916.Thetrainswhichconnectthecommutersofsub

urbanareastotheurbanareasareknownasElectricMultipleUnits(EMU).

2917.Therailwaysystem whichisanelevatedlineofthesuburbanrailwayinChennaiisknownasMassRapidTransitsystem (MRTS).

2918.TheMRTSisoperatedbytheStateownedsouthern.2919.InearlierdaysPipelineswereusedtotransport

watertocities.2920.Pipelineoperationinvolvesverylowconsumptionof

energy.2921.Awaterwayisafuelefficientandenvironment

friendlymodeoftransport.2922.TheWaterwaysAuthorityofIndiahasidentifiedas

NationalWaterways.2923.TheAllahabad-HaldiastretchofGangaidentifiedas

NationalWaterwaynumber1.2924.TheSaidiya-DhubristretchoftheBrahmaputrais

identifiedasNationalwaterwaynumber2.2925.TheKollam-Kottapuram stretchoftheWestcoast

canalisidentifiedaswaterwaynumber3.2926.ThemajorportsofIndiaaremanagedand

controlledbyPortTrust.

2927.Themedium andminorportsofIndiaarecontrolledbyStategovernments.

2928.IndiaisthesecondlargestshipowningcountryinAsia.

2929.TherealinitiationforairtransportinIndiawasmadebyJRDTatain1932.

2930.TheairlinestartedbyJRDTatawasknownasTataAirline.

2931.In1946TataAirlinewasrenamedasAirIndia.2932.Airtransportwasnationalizedintheyear1953.2933.Theairlinewhichwassetuptocatertotheneedsof

domesticmarketwasIndianAirlines.2934.Theairlinewhichtakescareoftheinternational

sectorisAirIndia.2935.TheGovernmentofIndiamergedtheAirIndia

AirlinesunderNationalAviationCorporationofIndiaLimited(NACIL)intheyear2007.

2936.AirportAuthorityofIndia(AAI)wasconstitutedintheyear1995.

2937.Pawan-HansHelicopterLtd.Isapublicsectorcompany.

2938.ThevariouswaysofsharinginformationwitheachotheristermedasMeansofcommunication.

2939.Personalcommunicationreferstoexchangingofinformationbetweentowpersons.

2940.Thedevicethatenablesinstanttransmissionofanymatter,handwrittenorprintedmatterbyusingtelephonelineisFAX.

2941.RadiobroadcastinIndiawasstartedintheyear1927.

2942.RadiobroadcastwasrenamedasAllIndiaRadio(AIR)in1936.

2943.In1957AIRcametobecalledasAkasavani.2944.TelevisioninIndiaisknownasDoordarshan.2945.Themostcommonbutpowerfulmeansof

communicationisNewspaper.2946.Internetmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworks,

whichlinksthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.

2947.Thetextbasedsystem tosendandreceivemessageisE-mail.

2948.MapscreatedbyusingaerialphotographsarecalledOrthophotoMaps.

2949.Theobjectunderstudyisknownastarget.2950.ThedevicetodetecttheElectroMagneticRadiation

isSensor.2951.Groundsurveyisamethodofcollectingdataof

resourcesinsmallareasatatime.2952.Themosteffectivetechnologytogatherinformation

onanypartoftheearthwithinashortspanoftimewithoutfootingtheregionisRemoteSensingtechnology.

2953.Remotesensingoftheenvironmentbygeographersisusuallydonewiththehelpofmechanicaldevicesknownassensors.

2954.ThedevicesthathavegreatlyimprovedabilitytoreceiveandrecordinformationaboutanearthobjectwithoutanyphysicalcontactisSensor.

2955.Thesensorsrecordinformationaboutanobjectbymeasuringtheelectromagneticenergy.

2956.TheattemptofusingahotairballoonandprimitivecamerastotakeobliqueaerialphotographsofthelandscapewasmadebyFrench.

2957.DuringtheWorldWarIairplaneswereusedtotakesystematicaerialimages.

2958.Theprocessofcomparingdifferentaerialphotographsandcomputingaccuratephotogrammetrymeasurementsiscalledphotogrammetry.

2959.Arevolutioninremotesensingtechnologybeganwiththedeploymentofsatellites.

2960.ThefirstmeteorologicalsatellitewhichwaslaunchedbytheUnitedStateswasTIROS-1.









































2961.Thefirstsatellitesensordedicatedtothemulti-spectralremotesensingwaslaunchedintheyear1972.

2962.ThesecondrevolutioninremotesensingtechnologybeganwiththelaunchofERTS.

2963.TheEarthResourceTechnologySatellite(ERTS)wasrenamedasLANDSAT.

2964.ThecountrythatlaunchedtheSPOTprogrammewasFrance.

2965.Thesourcesthatprovideelectromagneticenergytothetargetareenergy.

2966.Indiaisacountrywithanunboundedfaithinpeace.2967.Pt.JawaharlalNehru’sfiveprinciplesofpeaceare

namedasPanchasheel.2968.NuclearTestBanTreatywassignedin1963.2969.IndiabroughtaresolutionintheUNGeneral

Assemblyinfavourofdisarmamentin1956.2970.Apartheidwasabolishedin1990.2971.ThefirstGeneralofSAARCwasAshan.2972.India’sforeignpolicywasevolvedwiththe

backgroundofhercolonialsufferings.2973.InKoreaandinIndo-Chinapeacehasbeen

establishedbythegreateffortsofIndia.2974.DuetotheinterventionofIndiaawarwasaverted

betweenIsraelandEgypt.2975.‘AGreatPeaceMaker’isthenamegiventoIndia.2976.ThefiveprinciplesofJawaharlalNehruarepopularly

knownasPanchasheel.2977.ItisnotpossibletohaveEconomicdevelopment

withoutworldpeace.2978.IndiaisagainsttheproductionofNuclearweapons

andbegantocondemnitthroughouttheworld.2979.ThetwoworldblocsformedaftertheSecondWorld

WarwasAmericanBlocandRussianBloc.2980.IndiaisbasicallyagainstColonization.2981.IndiahelpedIndonesiatofreeherfrom Holland.2982.Indiasupportedfreedom movementsinthe

countrieslikeEgypt,Sudan,IndoChinaetc.2983.Indiakeptawayfrom militarypactsandvehemently

condemnedthesepacts.2984.Thecountrywhichactedasanaggressoragainst

AlgierswasFrance.2985.Thecountrywhichactedasanaggressoragainst

CypruswasEngland.2986.Thecountrywhichactedasanaggressoragainst

HungarywasRussia.2987.IndiavotedinfavourofChinainbecomingthe

memberofUNO.2988.Indiaraisedtheproblem ofapartheidintheUNOin

1946.2989.ApartheidwasapolicyfollowedinSouthAfrica.2990.TheleaderwhostruggledagainstapartheidinSouth

AfricawasNelsonMandela.2991.TomaintainpeaceinregionallevelIndiatook

initiativetoform SAARC.2992.ThefirstmeetingofSAARCwasheldatDaccain

Bangladesh.2993.Themostpopularform ofGovernmentinmodern

daysisOligarchy.2994.DirectDemocracyexistedinancientSardinia.2995.TeluguDesam isaRegionalParty.2996.Iftwopartiesexistinacountry,itiscalledsingle

partysystem.2997.Theoppositionpartyleaderwillbegiventhestatus

ofacabinetminister.2998.Tocontestanelectionapersonshouldbeabovethe

ageof18.2999.Thebodyoftheelectedrepresentativesatthe

Centrallevelisknownaslegislature.3000.Thestatusofelectioncommissionerisequivalentto

thatofthemagistrate.3001.Theelectionprocessinthestatelevelissupervised

bychiefelectioncommissioner.

3002.ElectionCommissionissituatedatNewDelhi.3003.Theterm DemocracywasfirstusedbyHerodotus.3004.Democracyisaterm derivedfrom Greekwords.3005.Theform ofgovernmentinwhichthehighestpower

ofthestateisvestedwiththepeopleistermedasdemocracy.

3006.ThebestdefinitionofthedemocracywasgivenbyAbraham Lincoln.

3007.‘Democracyisagovernmentinwhicheveryonehasashare’wassaidbyProf.Seeley.

3008.PrinciplesofLiberty,EqualityandFraternityarethefoundationofDemocracy.

3009.Directdemocracyispossibleonlyinsmallcountries.3010.DirectdemocracyexistedinGreekcitystates.3011.InancientIndia,Villagepanchayatsystem was

functioningbasedondirectdemocraticnorms.3012.Inindirectdemocracytherepresentativesare

answerabletotheGovernment.3013.InIndia,peopleelecttheirrepresentativesthrough

Directandindirect.3014.ThemembersoftheRajyaSabhaareelected

throughdirectelections.3015.InIndia,therepresentativeofthepeoplewhois

electedthroughindirectelectionsisVicePresident.3016.InIndiatherepresentativeofthepeoplewhois

electedthroughdirectelectionsisMemberofRajyaSabha.

3017.Thepartysystem practicedinIndiaisMultipartysystem.

3018.InIndia,thepoliticalpartiesgettheirrecognitionfrom theServicecommission.

3019.PoliticalpartieshelpinformingDemocraticopinion.3020.Acandidatewhodoesnotbelongtoanypolitical

partyandwishestocontesttheelectionisknownasindependent.

3021.TheprocessofcheckingtheinformationgiveninthenominationpaperofacandidateistermedasChecking.

3022.Thelistofpromisesandassurancesgivenbythepoliticalpartiesinordertolurethevotersistermedaspromise.

3023.Onthevotingdayitisthedutyofeverycitizentoexerciserighttoexpress.

3024.TheinstitutionthathasprovidedanindependentElectionCommissiontothecountryisLokSabha.

3025.TheelectioncommissionofIndiaconsistsoffivemembers.

3026.InIndiatheMembersoftheElectionCommissionareappointedbythepresident.

3027.TheelectioncommissionersinIndiaholdofficeforaterm ofsixyears.

3028.TheOfficeoftheElectionCommissionofIndiaisknownasRajBavan.

3029.TheofficerinchargeoftheelectionsinthestateisknownasChiefelectoralofficer.

3030.TheancientreligionofourcountryisChristianity.3031.RecognizedofficiallanguagesofIndiaare22.3032.Languageis,themeansofTransport.3033.ThembavaniisrelatedtoHinduism.3034.BuddhaPoornimaiscelebratedbytheHindus.3035.MusicandDanceplayanimportantpartinfostering

unityandintegration.3036.IndiaisrightlycalledasMuseum ofhumanrace.3037.ChristianitywasbroughttoIndiabySt.Peter.3038.ThePersiansbroughtZoroastrianism religionto

India.3039.Muslim conquestofIndiabroughtBuddhism religion.3040.InIndiaspokenlanguagesareabout845.3041.TheNationallanguageofIndiaisHindiinBrahmi

script.3042.Englishisusedasconcurrentlanguage.3043.TheRamayanaandMahabharataarethetwoEpics.3044.ThirukkuralisthegreatestliteraryworkinTamil.









































3045.TheBhagavad-GitaistheholybookofHindus.3046.Apersonwhogivesfinaluitilitytoacommodityis

Consumer.3047.ThecustomersareexploitedbytheTraders.3048.TheRighttoInformationActwaspassedbythe

Parliamenton12thOct,2005.3049.WorldConsumer’sdayiscelebratedonMarch15.3050.TheMagnacartaofconsumersinCOPRA.3051.Oneoftheplanningschemestocreateawareness

amongtheconsumersisTradefair.3052.Ourdemandforfoodsandservicesisinfluencedby

theAdvertisement.3053.Inthenameofgenuineparts,Duplicateitemsare

beingsoldtotheconsumers.3054.TheconsumershavetheRighttobeprotected

againstmarketingofgoodsandservices.3055.ConsumerscanseektoRedressalagainstunfair

tradepracticesorexploitation.3056.Thecitizens’righttoinformationisnotexplicitly

mentionedinthefundamentalrightschapteroftheConstitution.

3057.TheRTIActwaspassedbyParliamenttoenableallthecitizens’fundamentalrighttoaccessinformationfrom publicbodies.

3058.InIndiadistributionofessentialcommoditiesisdonethroughPublicdistributionSystem.

3059.ConsumerProtectionActwasenactedbythegovernmentintheyear1986.

3060.Consumer’scasesaredealtbyConsumercourts.3061.Toprotecttheconsumersform thelackofquality

andtosetupthestandardsforproductsBureauofIndianstandardsisestablished.

3062.BIScaterstoIndustrialandconsumergoods.3063.AgmarksetsthestandardsfortheAgricultural

products.3064.ThestandardizationofproductsattheInternational

leveliscaredbyISO.3065.TheinternationalOrganizationforStandardization

(IS0)islocatedinGeneva.3066.ISOisanon-governmentalorganizationestablished

in1947atinternationalleveltosetthestandardsofproducts.

3067.NationalIncomeisotherwisecalledasGrossNationalProduct.

3068.NationalIncomeofacountrycanbecalculatedby3methods.

3069.NetNationalProductisGNP(-)Depreciation.3070.India’spercapitaIncomeis950dollars.3071.PrimarysectorconsistsofAgriculture.3072.NationalIncomeisameasureofTotalvalueof

goodsandservices.3073.Expendituremethodestimatesnationalincome

from theExpenditureside.3074.IncomemethodsumsallformsofIncome.3075.PercapitaIncomeisanindicatorofLivingstandard

ofpeople.3076.PrimarysectorContributiontonationalIncomein

Indiais15.8%.3077.Peopleofoursocietyareclassifiedintorich,poor

andmiddleclass.3078.Countriesareclassifiedintodevelopedcountries

anddevelopingcountries.3079.CommonlyNationalIncomeiscalledasGross

NationalProduct.3080.NationalDividendisalsocalledasNationalIncome.3081.Thetotalincomeoftheeconomyasawholeis

termedasNationalIncome.3082.Nationalincomemeasuresthevolumeof

Commoditiesandservicesproducedduringagivenperiodcountedwithoutduplication.

3083.Themoneyvalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedinanaccountingyearinthedomestic

territoryofacountryiscalledGDP.3084.NetNationalProductatafactorcostisalsoknown

asNationalIncome.3085.TheNNPisequaltoGNP-Depreciation.3086.Declineinthevalueofcapitalassetsduetotearand

wearismeasuredasDepreciation.3087.NDPisthesum totalofmoneyvalueoffinalgoods

andservicesproducedinthecountryexcludingDepreciationcost.

3088.OutputperpersonisalsoknownasPercapitaincome.

3089.Percapitaincomeisobtainedbydividingthenationalincomebythepopulationofacountry.

3090.ThenationwhichgetsthehighestpercapitaincomeisJapan.

3091.ThecountrywhichgetslowestpercapitaincomeisBangladesh.

3092.OneofthefactorsofproductionisLand.3093.Thetotalvalueofallgoodsandservicesproduced

inacountryistakenintoaccountintheproduct.3094.TheIncomeandPaymentsreceivedbyallthe

peopleinthecountryarecalculatedinIncomemethod.

3095.Themethodinwhichtheexpenditureofallpeopleonconsumergoods,investmentandsavingarecalculatedisExpendituremethod.

3096.InIndiatheproductmethodandincomemethodsareusedtoarriveatNationalincome.

3097.TheunaccountedmoneyisotherwisecalledasBlackmoney.

3098.Themoneyearnedbyillegalactivities,illegalbusinessandcorruptioniscalledBlackmoney.

3099.Themoneythatunderestimatesthenationalincomeisblackmoney.

3100.Thetransactionthatoccursinformallyintheruraleconomyiscalledasnon-monetizedeconomy.

3101.ThepresenceofthiseconomykeepsthenationalincomeestimatesatlowerlevelthantheactualNon-Monetary.

3102.ThedifficultyassociatedinthecalculationofNationalincomeisinDoublecounting.

3103.Theerrorofdoublecountingmayoccurincalculatingrawmaterialsfirstandthenthefinishedproducts.

3104.Thedatacollectedintheagriculturesectorisunreliableandtheestimatesareunscientifictoo.

3105.Theanalysisthatignoresdomesticwork,housekeepingandsocialservicesisNationalIncomeanalysis.

3106.Mostofthevaluableworkrenderedbythem athomedoesnotenterournationalincome-Women.

3107.TheservicesrenderedbyMotherTeresatodestituteorphansandthediseasedarenotincludedinourNationalIncome.

3108.Thestudyofthisisneededtomeasurethesizeoftheeconomyandlevelofcountry’seconomicperformanceNationalIncome.

3109.ThereisaneedforthestudyofNationalincometomeasuretheproductionofgoodsandServices.

3110.Nationalincomestudyisdonetoknowthecontributionofprimary,secondaryandTertiarysectorintheNationalIncome.

3111.ThestudyofNationalincomehelpsthistoformulatedevelopmentplansandpoliciestoincreaseeconomicgrowth-Government.

3112.Theeconomicactivityofthenationisclassifiedintothreesectors.

3113.Agriculture,forestry,fishing,miningandquarryingcomeunderPrimarysector.

3114.Secondarysectorconsistsofmanufacturinggoods.3115.Manufacturingindustries,electricity,gas,water

supplyandconstructioncomeunderSecondary.3116.TertiarysectorconsistsofTrade.









































3117.Trade,hotelindustry,transport,storage,communication,finance,insurance,realestatesandsocialservicescomeunderTertiarysector.

3118.TheSecondarysectorcontributionofNationalIncomeinIndiais25.8%.

3119.TheTertiarysectorcontributionofNationalincomeis58.4%.

3120.ThegrowthrateofNationalincomeinIndiain2009is7.4%.

3121.InoldendaysthedoctrinethatwasprevalentinIndiawasLaissez-faire.

3122.Laissez-fairemeansNon-interventionbythegovernment.

3123.Inrecenttimesthegovernmentfunctionsasawelfarestate.

3124.OneofthefunctionsofthemodernwelfarestateisProtectivefunction.

3125.TheprimaryfunctionofthegovernmentistomaintainLawandorder.

3126.TheAdministrativefunctionofthestatehasthreeimportantwings.

3127.Legislature,ExecutiveandJudiciaryofthestatecomeunderAdministrativefunction.

3128.Thefunctionthatundertakesrelieftothepoor,sickandtheunemployediscalledSocialsecurityfunction.

3129.ThefunctionthatimprovesagricultureanddevelopstradeandindustryisEconomicfunction.

3130.FiveyearplaninIndiawasborrowedfrom SovietRussia.

3131.EleventhFiveYearPlanPeriodis2007-2012.3132.ChairmanofPlanningCommissionofIndiaisPrime

MinisterofIndia.3133.PlanningCommissionofIndiawassetupintheyear

1950.3134.NehrudecidedthatIndiawouldbeaMixedeconomy.3135.GreenRevolutionwasintroducedintheyear1967.3136.BhoodanMovementwasstartedbyArcharya

Vinobhabhave.3137.WhichyearhasaspecialSignificanceinIndian

Economy?19913138.TheOrganizationwhichisresponsibleforresearch

anddevelopmentintheareaofSatelliteandCommunicationisISRO.

3139.Asper2001censustheliteracyrateinIndiais64.8%.

3140.IndianeconomyintheearlydayswasVillageeconomy.

3141.Thiswastheprimaryoccupationofthevillageeconomy.

3142.Indiahadawellestablishedindustryinthenatureofhandicraft.

3143.ChiefamongtheindustriesthatflourishedinoldendayswasTextile.

3144.Tradeandcommerceflourishedonlyinurbancenters.

3145.Bengalwasfamousforcalicos.3146.Benareswasfamousforsilk.3147.TamilNaduwasfamousforHandlooms.3148.Kashmirwasfamousforshawls.3149.Ludhianawasfamousforwoolenproducts.3150.WhentheBritishconqueredIndiatheydisintegrate

theVillageeconomy.3151.TheBritishrulecoincidedwiththeIndustrial

RevolutioninEngland.3152.Indiawasconsideredastherepositoryofraw

materialsintendingforsupplyingtheindustrialneedsofEngland.

3153.Alltheexpansionsinvariousfieldsaimedatacceleratingtheprocessofeconomic.

3154.ThoughBritishaimedatexploitationtheiradministrationensuredunifiedIndia.

3155.JawaharlalNehrugavehighprioritytoAgriculture

whilestrengtheningtheruralbase.3156.FiveyearplanswererecommendedbyNehruto

improvetheNationaleconomy.3157.Russiahadsevenyearplan.3158.ToexecutiveFiveyearplansplanningcommission

wassetupinIndiain1950.3159.Theactivityoftheplanningcommissionwas

coordinatedbyafulltimeVice-Chairman.3160.TheMainobjectiveofthefiveyearplansinIndia

wasincreasingNationalincome.3161.Thecouncilwhichformedtoensurethecooperation

ofstatesintheimplementationof5yearplanswasNationaldevelopmentcouncil.

3162.ThememberoftheNationaldevelopmentcouncilisChiefMinistersofthestates.

3163.Now,11thplanisinprogress.3164.TheeleventhfiveyearplancommencedinApril

2007.

3165.Themainobjectiveofthe11thfiveyearplaninincreasingthepublicinvestment.

3166.InIndia,Agricultureisthebackboneoftheeconomy.3167.Thegreenrevolutionconceptwasintroducedby

ICAR.3168.Thegreenrevolutionlargelymeansincreasing

productionoffoodgrainsbyusingHighYieldingVarietyseeds.

3169.OneofthePublicsectorindustriesisHindustanshipYard.

3170.PublicSectorindustryreferstoindustriesrunbygovernment.

3171.Privatesectorindustriesrefertoindustriesrunbyprivate.

3172.BSNLandAirIndiacanbeclassifiedunderPublicindustry.

3173.AshokLeylandisanexampleforprivateindustry.3174.Theyear2011hasaspecialsignificanceinthe

Indianeconomy.3175.Theeconomicreformsaimedatrapid

industrialization.3176.Becauseoftheeconomicreformsinlandinvestment

inIndiaisincreasedmanyfold.3177.Thebusinessfirmsoperatinginseveralcountries

butcentrallymanagedfrom onecountryiscalledMultiNationalCorporations.

3178.NokiaCompanyistheexampleforMNC.3179.Smallscaleindustriesandcottageindustrieswere

allowedtoexpandbyprovidingthem concessions.3180.Cottageindustriesandhouseholdindustries

dependeduponlocalmarket.3181.CoirindustriesarebestexampleforCottage

industries.3182.Smallscaleindustriesdependonlargescale

industries.3183.Themovementtowardsafreemarketsystem is

knownasliberalization.3184.InliberalizationPrivatesectorsareencouragedto

enterintocoreindustrieswhicharereservedforpublicsector.

3185.Thetransformingalleconomicactivitiesfrom publicsectortoprivatesectorisknownasPrivatization.

3186.Acountryinwhichitdrawsrawmaterialsfrom anysourceoftheworldandmanufacturegoodsandservicesisknownasGlobalization.

3187.InGlobalizationthefinishedgoodsfindaplaceintheglobalmarket.

3188.Globalizationisthelinkageofnation’smarketswithglobalmarkets.

3189.TheultimatebenefitsofLPGINIndiaarethesizableincreaseinforeignexchangereserves.

3190.Indiaoccupiesauniquepositioninthefieldofnuclearprogramme.

3191.TheprimaryobjectiveofIndia’snucleartechnology









































isforpowergeneration.3192.Thefirstatomicpowerstationwasstaredin

Trombayin1956.3193.Atpresentthereare17atomicpowerstationsin

India.3194.Indiaisoneofthesixnationsintheworld,capable

oflaunchingsatellites.3195.Theorganizationwhichisresponsibleforresearch

anddevelopmentintheareaofsatellitecommunicationsandremotesensingisISRO.

3196.Intheyear1975thefirstsatelliteAryabhattawaslaunchedinIndia.

3197.AnIndianmissiontomoonChandrayanIwaslaunchedin2008.

3198.ChandrayanIdiscoveredthepresenceofwaterinthemoon.

3199.Indiahasthetenthlargesttelecom networkintheworld.

3200.Thecellularbaseisgrowingattherateofonemillionpermonth.

3201.InformationTechnologyreferstotheuseofcomputersandsoftwaretomanageinformation.

3202.OneofthemaintechnologycentresinIndiaisBangalore.

3203.TheITtechnologyearnsmillionsofcroresofrupeesasforeignexchange.

3204.WiproisanexampleofITsector.3205.ITsectorprovidesmassiveemploymentopportunity

totheIndianyouth.3206.AmongthestatesKeralahasthehighestliteracy

rateexceeding90%.3207.Thelowestliteracyrateof47%isinthestateof

Bihar.3208.Indiagovernmenttakesseriouseffortsforthe

enrolmentofchildrenuptotheageof14years.3209.IndiangovernmenthasbannedChildlabour.3210.UndertheRightofchildrentoFreeandcompulsory

EducationActof2990educationhasbeenmadefreeuptotheageof14.

3211.ThroughtheschemeSarvasikhshaAbhiyanenrolmenthasbeenenhanced.

3212.Thesecondaryeducationcoverschildrenof14to16years.

3213.Asignificantsystem ofIndia’ssecondaryschooleducationisinclusionofvocationalstream.

3214.India’shighereducationsystem isthethirdlargestintheworld.

3215.ThemaingoverningbodyatthetertiarylevelisUGC.3216.Theemphasisinthetertiaryleveleducationlieson

scienceandtechnology.3217.TamilNadustandsthirdamongtheIndianstatesin

theachievementofsocio-economicdevelopment.3218.TheprimaryeducationinTamilNaduhasa

remarkableexpansionduringtheperiodofK.Kamaraj.

3219.NoonmealandfreebuspassareWelfareschemesintroducedbythestate.

3220.TheeducationthatservesabridgebetweenprimaryandhighereducationisSecondary.

3221.LaptopsareprovidedtoXstudentswhogetstateranks.

3222.TamilNaduisoneofthemostadvancedstatesinthecountryinthefieldofHighereducation.

3223.ThemajorsourceoflivelihoodforthepeopleofTamilNaduisAgriculture.

3224.Ennorehaspowerstation.3225.Windisconsideredasnon-conventionalform of

energy.3226.BiomassenergyisproducedinNamakkaland

Dharmapuridistricts.3227.InajointventureNationalThermalPower

CorporationandTamilNaduElectricityBoardhaveestablishedaThermalstationinValloorofThivallur

District.3228.TheefficientRoadsystem inTamilNaduisthe

reasonforrapidindustrialization.3229.TherearethreemajorportsinTamilNadu.

PreparedbySridharcGovernmenthighschool,kunnathurVelloredistrict.









































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