socialization and development chapter 4. learning objectives describe socialization. explain...

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Socialization and Socialization and Development Development Chapter 4 Chapter 4

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Socialization and Socialization and DevelopmentDevelopment

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Describe socialization.Describe socialization. Explain primary socialization.Explain primary socialization. Discuss how biology and socialization Discuss how biology and socialization

contribute to the formation of the individual.contribute to the formation of the individual. Describe how people develop a social Describe how people develop a social

identity.identity. Know what sociobiology is.Know what sociobiology is. Explain how extreme social deprivation Explain how extreme social deprivation

affects early childhood development.affects early childhood development.

Explain the views of Charles Horton Cooley Explain the views of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead.and George Herbert Mead.

Describe Erik Erikson’s model of lifelong Describe Erik Erikson’s model of lifelong socialization.socialization.

Explain how family, schools, peer groups, Explain how family, schools, peer groups, and the mass media contribute to childhood and the mass media contribute to childhood socialization.socialization.

Know how adult socialization differs from Know how adult socialization differs from primary socialization.primary socialization.

Identify where resocialization takes place.Identify where resocialization takes place.

Nature Versus Nurture:Nature Versus Nurture:A False DebateA False Debate

NatureNature Inherited characteristics Inherited characteristics

NurtureNurture Socialization experiences Socialization experiences

Socialization – LearnedSocialization – Learned

The process of social interaction that The process of social interaction that teaches the child the intellectual, physical, teaches the child the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a and social skills needed to function as a member of societymember of society

Begins at birthBegins at birth Provides connection to culture Provides connection to culture Contributes to acquisition of personalityContributes to acquisition of personality

Genetics – InheritedGenetics – Inherited

Biological transmissions from mother and father Biological transmissions from mother and father that influence:that influence: Chemical processesChemical processes Blood typeBlood type Physiological response and perceptionPhysiological response and perception

• Taste, colorTaste, color Physical traitsPhysical traits

• Height, weight, hair color, musculatureHeight, weight, hair color, musculature

Sociobiology - SynthesisSociobiology - Synthesis

Behavioral EcologyBehavioral Ecology Acknowledges biological basis for some Acknowledges biological basis for some

human behaviorhuman behavior• Recognizes socialization and free willRecognizes socialization and free will• Links some behavior to survivalLinks some behavior to survival• Part of natural selectionPart of natural selection

Social IssuesSocial Issues

Deprivation and DevelopmentDeprivation and Development Concept of SelfConcept of Self Dimensions of DevelopmentDimensions of Development

Deprivation and DevelopmentDeprivation and Development

Extreme Childhood DeprivationExtreme Childhood Deprivation Inhibits:Inhibits:

• Social attachmentsSocial attachments• Meaningful interactions and affectionate bonds Meaningful interactions and affectionate bonds

with otherswith others Emerges in:Emerges in:

• InstitutionsInstitutions• Impersonal careImpersonal care• Potential attachment disorderPotential attachment disorder

Attachment DisorderAttachment Disorder

An inability to trust people and form An inability to trust people and form relationships with othersrelationships with others

Inhibits socialization, cultural learning, and Inhibits socialization, cultural learning, and attachmentattachment

The Concept of SelfThe Concept of Self

Social identity based on statusSocial identity based on status Socially defined positions are acquired Socially defined positions are acquired

through socializationthrough socialization

The self is this changing yetThe self is this changing yet

enduring personal identityenduring personal identity

Dimensions of Human Dimensions of Human DevelopmentDevelopment

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

StagesStages Sensorimotor StageSensorimotor Stage

• Touch and feelTouch and feel• Cause and effectCause and effect

Operational StageOperational Stage• Understanding of relationshipsUnderstanding of relationships• Recognition of consequences of acts and Recognition of consequences of acts and

decisionsdecisions

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

Progression leading to shared view of right Progression leading to shared view of right and wrongand wrong

• Orientation toward punishmentOrientation toward punishment• Orientation toward rewardOrientation toward reward• Orientation toward possible disapprovalOrientation toward possible disapproval• Orientation towards laws and dishonorOrientation towards laws and dishonor• Orientation toward peer values and democracyOrientation toward peer values and democracy• Orientation toward personal valuesOrientation toward personal values

Gender IdentityGender Identity

Biological GroundingBiological Grounding Male/female difference in size, strength, Male/female difference in size, strength,

enduranceendurance Reproductive rolesReproductive roles

Cultural DefinitionCultural Definition Gender stratification in social performance Gender stratification in social performance

rolesroles

Impediments to DevelopmentImpediments to Development

DeprivationDeprivation Extreme childhood deprivationExtreme childhood deprivation

• Impediment to social attachmentImpediment to social attachment Infants in institutionsInfants in institutions

• Attachment disorderAttachment disorder

Theories of DevelopmentTheories of Development

Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) The The looking-glass selflooking-glass self

• Imagine how our actions appear to othersImagine how our actions appear to others• Imagine how other people judge these Imagine how other people judge these

actionsactions• Make some sort of self-judgment based on Make some sort of self-judgment based on

the presumed judgments of othersthe presumed judgments of others

Theories of DevelopmentTheories of Development

George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) The The “I”“I” and the and the “me”“me”

• ““I” is free, active, and spontaneous. I” is free, active, and spontaneous. • ““Me” is grounded in socialization process Me” is grounded in socialization process

from family, peers, school, etc.from family, peers, school, etc.

Mead, continued…Mead, continued… Significant others Significant others

• Those who are most important in our Those who are most important in our development, such as parents, friends, and development, such as parents, friends, and teachers teachers

Generalized othersGeneralized others• The viewpoints, attitudes, and expectations The viewpoints, attitudes, and expectations

of society as a whole, or of a community of of society as a whole, or of a community of people whom we are aware of and who are people whom we are aware of and who are important to usimportant to us

The PsychologistsThe Psychologists

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Self is comprised of three partsSelf is comprised of three parts

• Id, Superego, and EgoId, Superego, and Ego

• Individual remains in constant conflictIndividual remains in constant conflict

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)Erik Erikson (1902-1994) Lifelong socializationLifelong socialization Eight stages of development and crisisEight stages of development and crisis

Early SocializationEarly Socializationin American Society in American Society

The FamilyThe Family

The SchoolThe School

Peer GroupsPeer Groups

Mass MediaMass Media

The FamilyThe Family

Primary source for early socializationPrimary source for early socialization Connects to particular version of cultureConnects to particular version of culture

• Subcultural community Subcultural community • Geographic regionGeographic region• Social classSocial class• Ethnic groupEthnic group• Religious orientationReligious orientation

The SchoolThe School

Institutional FrameworkInstitutional Framework Selected skills and knowledgeSelected skills and knowledge Mitigates conflicting values between:Mitigates conflicting values between:

• FamilyFamily• Local communityLocal community• State, regional, and local requirementsState, regional, and local requirements

Peer Groups Peer Groups

Individuals who are social equalsIndividuals who are social equals Powerful influence over lifestyle issuesPowerful influence over lifestyle issues

• AppearanceAppearance• ActivitiesActivities• Interaction and datingInteraction and dating• Materialism and consumerismMaterialism and consumerism

Mass MediaMass MediaTelevision, Movies, & Video GamesTelevision, Movies, & Video Games

An inescapable presenceAn inescapable presence Measurable time involvementMeasurable time involvement

• 2.5 hours weekdays / 4.3 hours weekends2.5 hours weekdays / 4.3 hours weekends• Cumulative totals exceed personal interaction in Cumulative totals exceed personal interaction in

other areasother areas Promotes aggressionPromotes aggression

• Problem resolution via violenceProblem resolution via violence

Adult SocializationAdult Socialization

New statuses and roles learnedNew statuses and roles learned Greater awareness of impact of socializationGreater awareness of impact of socialization Increased control over processesIncreased control over processes

• Marriage and responsibilityMarriage and responsibility• ParenthoodParenthood• Career development / Vocation and identityCareer development / Vocation and identity

Resocialization potentialResocialization potential Total institutionsTotal institutions

Marriage and ResponsibilityMarriage and Responsibility

Critical examination of traditional role Critical examination of traditional role expectations of marriageexpectations of marriage

New definitions of relationshipsNew definitions of relationships Reexamination of demands of societyReexamination of demands of society

ParenthoodParenthood

Reexamination of role expectationsReexamination of role expectations

Partners of each otherPartners of each other• As parent and as a spouseAs parent and as a spouse

Secondary opportunity for socialization Secondary opportunity for socialization missed earlymissed early

Career Development: Vocation and Career Development: Vocation and IdentityIdentity

New social contextNew social context

Specific statuses and rolesSpecific statuses and roles• Socialization to specific needs of the Socialization to specific needs of the

situationsituation• Resocialization into new social functionsResocialization into new social functions

Conflict between career and other social Conflict between career and other social identityidentity

Aging and SocietyAging and Society

Late-in-life requirement for change in Late-in-life requirement for change in social identitysocial identity

Potential for:Potential for:• Loss of self-esteemLoss of self-esteem• Decline in physical and mental healthDecline in physical and mental health• Restrictions on mobility and independenceRestrictions on mobility and independence