Social Studies Unit 3:

Ancient Egypt

Social Studies Unit 3:

Ancient Egypt

The Black Land was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile

The Red Land was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides.

A View of Egypt by Satellite

A View of Egypt by Satellite

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Ancient Egyptian History

Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriods Time Frame

Nile Culture Begins

3900 B. C. E.

Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.

Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.

Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.

New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.

Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E.

Greek Ptolemaic Era

332 – 30 B. C. E.

Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt

3050 B. C. E. 3050 B. C. E.

-Pharaoh & a founding father of ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptian Housing

Ancient Egyptian HousingMiddle Class

HomesMiddle Class Homes

Peasant Homes

Peasant Homes

Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Making Ancient Egyptian WineMaking Ancient Egyptian Wine

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

PerfumePerfume

WhigsWhigs

MirrorMirror

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs

Thutmose III

1504-1450 B. C. E.

Thutmose III

1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramesse

s II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Ramesses II

1279-1212 B. C. E.

Tutankhamon

1336-1327 B. C. E.

Tutankhamon

1336-1327 B. C. E.

HatshepsutHatshepsut

• The first woman The first woman pharaohpharaoh

• Responsible for Responsible for increasing trade increasing trade and spreading the and spreading the Egyptian Egyptian influenceinfluence

• Built a beautiful Built a beautiful temple at Thebestemple at Thebes

Thutmose IIIThutmose III

• Became pharaoh Became pharaoh after Hatshepsut diedafter Hatshepsut died

• Became wealthy from Became wealthy from taxes paid by those taxes paid by those conqueredconquered

• Organized a navy, Organized a navy, won victories all over won victories all over AsiaAsia

• Considered military genius by historians• An active expansionist ruler… 16 raids in 20 yrs • 350 cities • First Pharaoh after Thutmose I to cross the

Euphrates• Transformed Egypt into an international superpower

(Syria to Canaan and Nubia).• Preferred tactic–subdue weaker city one at a time• Enemies were defeated town by town

Thutmose III cont…Thutmose III cont…

• Became pharaoh at nine Became pharaoh at nine • Most famous pharaohMost famous pharaoh• Well known due to tomb found Well known due to tomb found

in 1922 by Howard Carter & in 1922 by Howard Carter & Lord Carnarvon (in V. of K.)Lord Carnarvon (in V. of K.)

• Died at age 18Died at age 18• Some theories suggest he was Some theories suggest he was

murdered, Nat Geog. suggests murdered, Nat Geog. suggests infection from broken leg…..??infection from broken leg…..??

• Tomb had a curseTomb had a curse

Tutankhamon (King Tut)Tutankhamon (King Tut)1336-1327 B. C. E.1336-1327 B. C. E.

Tutankhamon (King Tut)Tutankhamon (King Tut)1336-1327 B. C. E.1336-1327 B. C. E.

• Curse created a frenzy of the news press due to tablet Curse created a frenzy of the news press due to tablet saying.. saying..

““Death will slay with his wings whoever disturbs the peace of Death will slay with his wings whoever disturbs the peace of the pharaoh”the pharaoh”

• ““Let the hand raised against my form be withered! Let them be Let the hand raised against my form be withered! Let them be destroyed who attack my name, my foundation, my effigies, destroyed who attack my name, my foundation, my effigies, the images like unto me!”the images like unto me!”

Tutankhamon (King Tut)Tutankhamon (King Tut)1336-1327 B. C. E.1336-1327 B. C. E.

Tutankhamon (King Tut)Tutankhamon (King Tut)1336-1327 B. C. E.1336-1327 B. C. E.

• 26 people present at the opening of the tomb, 6 had died. • 22 people present at the opening of the sarcophagus, 2 died. • 10 people present at the unwrapping of Tut's mummy, none died.• Tut’s trumpet

IkhnatonIkhnaton• Became pharaoh in 1372 Became pharaoh in 1372

B.C.B.C.• Believed the sun god, Believed the sun god,

Aton, was the only godAton, was the only god• Took power away from Took power away from

the priests and built new the priests and built new templestemples

• His wife, Nefertiti, and His wife, Nefertiti, and Ikhnaton gave gifts to Ikhnaton gave gifts to Aton so his rays of sun Aton so his rays of sun would shinewould shine

• Often regarded as the greatest,

most celebrated, and most powerful

pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire

• Wielded military power taking Nubia and Canaan

• Recorded first peace treaty (in hieroglyphs & Akkadian) with the Hittites

• Ramesses II Battles NubiaRamesses II Battles Nubia

Ramesses IIRamesses II1279-1212 B. C. E.1279-1212 B. C. E.

Ramesses IIRamesses II1279-1212 B. C. E.1279-1212 B. C. E.

Old Kingdom Old Kingdom vs. vs.

Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom• OLD KINGDOMOLD KINGDOM• Thought the Thought the

pharaohs were gods pharaohs were gods with complete with complete controlcontrol

• Thought only the Thought only the pharaoh would live pharaoh would live foreverforever

• Pharaohs were Pharaohs were buried in pyramidsburied in pyramids

• NEW KINGDOMNEW KINGDOM• Thought the Thought the

pharaohs shared pharaohs shared their powers with their powers with other officialsother officials

• Thought all people Thought all people would live foreverwould live forever

• They mummified all They mummified all people and buried people and buried them in tombs in the them in tombs in the cliffscliffs

The New KingdomThe New Kingdom1600 B.C.1600 B.C.

• Strong pharaohs Strong pharaohs ruled, with control of ruled, with control of the people of Egyptthe people of Egypt

• Strong armyStrong army

• Egyptian influence Egyptian influence spread down into spread down into AfricaAfrica

• Schools were builtSchools were built

• Religion changedReligion changed

• Money was spent to Money was spent to build temples, build temples, palaces, and statues palaces, and statues in the capital city of in the capital city of ThebesThebes

Egyptian NobilityEgyptian Nobility

Egyptian Priestly ClassEgyptian Priestly Class

Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe

Papyrus PaperPapyrus Paper

Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant

Hieratic Scroll Piece

Hieratic Scroll Piece

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship

11 1010 100100 10001000 10,00010,000 100,000100,000 1,000,0001,000,000

What number is this?

What number is this?

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Hieroglyphic

“Cartouche”

Hieroglyphic

“Cartouche”

• A cartouche was an oval circle with a name written in it, rather like a nameplate.

• In the early days of ancient Egypt, a cartouche was attached to the coffins of kings and queens.

• Egyptians believed that you had to have your name written down somewhere, so that you would not disappear when you died.

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols

Egyptian Creation Myth

Egyptian Creation Myth

The Goddess Nut The Goddess Nut

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:

“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:

“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”

Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus

Preparations for the Underworld

Preparations for the Underworld

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

Materials Used in Mummification

Materials Used in Mummification

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.Queen Tiye,

wife of Amenhotep II

1210-1200 B. C. E.

Queen Tiye, wife of

Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Journey to the Underworld

Journey to the Underworld

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Final JudgementThe Final Judgement

Anubis Horus Osiris Anubis Horus Osiris

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants

in the Afterlife

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants

in the Afterlife

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid ComplexGiza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

The Valley of the KingsThe Valley of the Kings

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask

1336-1327 B. C. E.

1336-1327 B. C. E.

King TutankhamonKing Tutankhamon

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

The Valley of the Queens

The Valley of the Queens

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

1473-1458 B. C. E.

1473-1458 B. C. E.

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

1352-1336 B. C. E.

1352-1336 B. C. E.

The Ankh – The “Cross” of LifeThe Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

QueenNefertitiQueen

Nefertiti

Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II

Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II

1279-1213 B. C. E.

1279-1213 B. C. E.

Who Are These Strange People?

Who Are These Strange People?

Routes of the “Sea Peoples”

Routes of the “Sea Peoples”

The end of the Bronze Age!The end of the Bronze Age!

• Ramses II", who reigned for 67 years during the 19th dynasty of the 12th century BC, was known as "Ramses the Great". His glories surpassed all other Pharaohs, and Egypt reached an overwhelming state of Ramses II", who reigned for 67 years during the 19th dynasty of the 12th century BC, was known as "Ramses the Great". His glories surpassed all other Pharaohs, and Egypt reached an overwhelming state of prosperity during his reign. Not only is he known as one of Egypt's greatest warriors, but also as a peace-maker and for the monuments he left behind all over Egypt. He was the first king in history to sign a peace treaty prosperity during his reign. Not only is he known as one of Egypt's greatest warriors, but also as a peace-maker and for the monuments he left behind all over Egypt. He was the first king in history to sign a peace treaty with his enemies, the Hittites, ending long years of wars and hostility. The treaty can still be considered a conclusive model, even when applying today’s standards.with his enemies, the Hittites, ending long years of wars and hostility. The treaty can still be considered a conclusive model, even when applying today’s standards.

• Who are the Hittites?Who are the Hittites?• Their rise and hostility with Egypt: The Hittites were a minor nation in Anatolia, who started to penetrate peacefully east and west through monopolizing political power in the Near East. By the second millennium BC, Their rise and hostility with Egypt: The Hittites were a minor nation in Anatolia, who started to penetrate peacefully east and west through monopolizing political power in the Near East. By the second millennium BC,

they became a great power that finally replaced the Babylonian state around 1530 BC. They started challenging the Egyptian Empire during its decline under the reign of Akhen-Aton (18th dynasty). International they became a great power that finally replaced the Babylonian state around 1530 BC. They started challenging the Egyptian Empire during its decline under the reign of Akhen-Aton (18th dynasty). International correspondence from the Asian princes in Palestine and Syria (known as the Amarna Letters) were sent to Akhen-Aton and his court requesting help, and warnings of the Hittites growing influence. The pharaoh correspondence from the Asian princes in Palestine and Syria (known as the Amarna Letters) were sent to Akhen-Aton and his court requesting help, and warnings of the Hittites growing influence. The pharaoh unfortunately neglected them and never replied. This resulted in Egypt loosing control over considerable territory in Syria when aggressors, aided by the Hittites, invaded. After the death of Akhen-Aton, and the murder unfortunately neglected them and never replied. This resulted in Egypt loosing control over considerable territory in Syria when aggressors, aided by the Hittites, invaded. After the death of Akhen-Aton, and the murder (or death) of his successor Tut-Ankh-Amon, his wife (and Akhen-Aton’s daughter), "Ankh-Esenpa-Aton", attempted a diplomatic coup with the Hittites. In order to secure her position, she sent a secret letter to their king (or death) of his successor Tut-Ankh-Amon, his wife (and Akhen-Aton’s daughter), "Ankh-Esenpa-Aton", attempted a diplomatic coup with the Hittites. In order to secure her position, she sent a secret letter to their king asking him for a son whom she could marry and make pharaoh. As this offer was astounding, the king suspected treachery and sent an ambassador to test the queen’s true intentions. In response to her assurance, the asking him for a son whom she could marry and make pharaoh. As this offer was astounding, the king suspected treachery and sent an ambassador to test the queen’s true intentions. In response to her assurance, the king sent his son. However, he was captured and murdered by the Egyptian commander of the army, Horemheb (who later became pharaoh). Hostility between Egypt and the Hittites was further augmented.king sent his son. However, he was captured and murdered by the Egyptian commander of the army, Horemheb (who later became pharaoh). Hostility between Egypt and the Hittites was further augmented.

• The war between Egypt and Hatti: The war between Egypt and Hatti: • With the rise of the 19th dynasty in Egypt, "Seti I" began to reestablish Egypt’s power in the Near East. Within the first two years of his reign, he was able to restore all of Palestine and the city of Kadesh to Egyptian With the rise of the 19th dynasty in Egypt, "Seti I" began to reestablish Egypt’s power in the Near East. Within the first two years of his reign, he was able to restore all of Palestine and the city of Kadesh to Egyptian

control. Afterwards, a short-lived truce was signed between the two empires.control. Afterwards, a short-lived truce was signed between the two empires.• During the reign of Seti I's son, "Ramses II", advances were made against Syria that reached Kadesh one more. The resulting battle is one of the most famous in Egyptian history. It lasted four days, and initially During the reign of Seti I's son, "Ramses II", advances were made against Syria that reached Kadesh one more. The resulting battle is one of the most famous in Egyptian history. It lasted four days, and initially

Ramses was losing the battle. However, his army managed to fight bravely until reinforcements arrived, turning the defeat into victory. The Hittites asked for a cease-fire, and Ramses’ officers advised him to make Ramses was losing the battle. However, his army managed to fight bravely until reinforcements arrived, turning the defeat into victory. The Hittites asked for a cease-fire, and Ramses’ officers advised him to make peace, saying,peace, saying,

• "There is no reproach in reconciliation when you make it.""There is no reproach in reconciliation when you make it."• After the death of the Hittite king, "Hattusili III" usurped the throne from the legitimate prince who fled to Egypt and was granted political asylum by "Ramses II". Hittite documents record Hattusili’s complaint:After the death of the Hittite king, "Hattusili III" usurped the throne from the legitimate prince who fled to Egypt and was granted political asylum by "Ramses II". Hittite documents record Hattusili’s complaint:• "When I wrote to him: send me my enemy, he didn't extradite him. Therefore there was anger between me and the King of Egypt.""When I wrote to him: send me my enemy, he didn't extradite him. Therefore there was anger between me and the King of Egypt."• While another round of war was on the horizon, both empires were under pressure with the Hittites were facing the reemerging Assyria in Mesopotamia, and Egypt was facing a threat from the Libyans in the west. While another round of war was on the horizon, both empires were under pressure with the Hittites were facing the reemerging Assyria in Mesopotamia, and Egypt was facing a threat from the Libyans in the west.

Diplomatic negotiations took place for two years until a peace treaty was concluded in the 21st regal year of Ramses’ reign with "Hattusilis III" in 1280 BC.Diplomatic negotiations took place for two years until a peace treaty was concluded in the 21st regal year of Ramses’ reign with "Hattusilis III" in 1280 BC.• The peace treaty: The peace treaty: • Egypt’s acceptance of a peace treaty that would end the war in Syria meant that there would be no chance to restore Kadesh and Amuru. However in return for this sacrifice, the dispute between the two countries would Egypt’s acceptance of a peace treaty that would end the war in Syria meant that there would be no chance to restore Kadesh and Amuru. However in return for this sacrifice, the dispute between the two countries would

end with a clear line of demarcation between the Egyptian and the Syrian territories. Moreover, Egypt guaranteed the Syrians the right to use their Phenecian harbors, while the Hittites agreed to allow Egyptians free end with a clear line of demarcation between the Egyptian and the Syrian territories. Moreover, Egypt guaranteed the Syrians the right to use their Phenecian harbors, while the Hittites agreed to allow Egyptians free passage to the north as far as Ugarit without interference. This was a privilege lost for more than a century.passage to the north as far as Ugarit without interference. This was a privilege lost for more than a century.

• Two copies of the treaty were recorded, one in hieroglyph and the other Akaddian, and both still survive. Both copies are identical except for the overture, in which the Egyptian version stated that it was the Hittite king Two copies of the treaty were recorded, one in hieroglyph and the other Akaddian, and both still survive. Both copies are identical except for the overture, in which the Egyptian version stated that it was the Hittite king who demanded peace, whereas in the Hittite version, it was Ramses who sent them emissaries. The Egyptian version was recorded on a silver plaque presented by Hattusili to Ramses, then copied on stone at the who demanded peace, whereas in the Hittite version, it was Ramses who sent them emissaries. The Egyptian version was recorded on a silver plaque presented by Hattusili to Ramses, then copied on stone at the Karnak and Ramesseum temples.Karnak and Ramesseum temples.

• Akaddian Version of Treaty• The treaty was composed of 18 articles. After a long introduction recording the kings’ titles and referring to establishment of good fraternity and peace, one article was included to exclude any further attacks on the other The treaty was composed of 18 articles. After a long introduction recording the kings’ titles and referring to establishment of good fraternity and peace, one article was included to exclude any further attacks on the other

country’s territories:country’s territories:• "Reamasesa, the great king, the king of the country of Egypt, shall never attack the country of Hatti to take possession of a part (of this country). And Hattusili, the great king, the king of the country of Hatti, shall never "Reamasesa, the great king, the king of the country of Egypt, shall never attack the country of Hatti to take possession of a part (of this country). And Hattusili, the great king, the king of the country of Hatti, shall never

attack the country of Egypt to take possession of a part attack the country of Egypt to take possession of a part