SOCIAL STUDIES SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL

GRADUATION EXAMGRADUATION EXAM

THE PRE-COLONIAL AND THE PRE-COLONIAL AND COLONIAL ERASCOLONIAL ERAS

THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES

The CrusadesThe Crusades (1095-1270) were Holy Wars (1095-1270) were Holy Wars waged by Europeans on the Muslims in the waged by Europeans on the Muslims in the Middle East to regain the Holy Land of Middle East to regain the Holy Land of Christianity’s founder, Jesus Christ. Europeans Christianity’s founder, Jesus Christ. Europeans discovered Asian foods, spices, and clothing in discovered Asian foods, spices, and clothing in the East and brought them back to Europe, the East and brought them back to Europe, which created a desire for these items among which created a desire for these items among Europeans. Because of taxes brought on by Europeans. Because of taxes brought on by passing through small countries by land with passing through small countries by land with goods, Europeans began looking for sea routes goods, Europeans began looking for sea routes to Asia. This led to the establishment of a to Asia. This led to the establishment of a school for school for navigationnavigation (the science of sailing (the science of sailing ships) by ships) by Prince Henry of PortugalPrince Henry of Portugal..

At this school, Prince Henry gathered At this school, Prince Henry gathered Europe’s leading map makers, sailors, Europe’s leading map makers, sailors, and shipbuilders. They built a new and and shipbuilders. They built a new and very strong sailing ship called a very strong sailing ship called a caravelcaravel. Other instruments used to . Other instruments used to develop their skills were the astrolabe develop their skills were the astrolabe and compass. An and compass. An astrolabeastrolabe is an is an instrument used to determine location instrument used to determine location by using the stars. A by using the stars. A compasscompass is a is a magnetized needle which points north. magnetized needle which points north. Portugal soon became rich from trading Portugal soon became rich from trading gold and slaves. Though he made no gold and slaves. Though he made no voyages himself, but supported voyages himself, but supported navigation, the prince is known as navigation, the prince is known as Henry the NavigatorHenry the Navigator..

Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance and Reformation The term The term RenaissanceRenaissance literally means “rebirth” literally means “rebirth”

and refers to the great cultural developments and refers to the great cultural developments and societal changes that began in 14and societal changes that began in 14 thth-century -century Italy and spread to the rest of Europe in the Italy and spread to the rest of Europe in the 1616thth and 17 and 17thth centuries. The intellectuals of the centuries. The intellectuals of the Renaissance believed they were beginning a Renaissance believed they were beginning a new age of history, a rebirth of the great new age of history, a rebirth of the great civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. The civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance ideals encouraged people to read Renaissance ideals encouraged people to read things like the Bible with a critical eye. things like the Bible with a critical eye. Scholars did not rely on the Catholic Church’s Scholars did not rely on the Catholic Church’s Latin translation of the Bible, but returned to Latin translation of the Bible, but returned to the sources, the Greek and Hebrew the sources, the Greek and Hebrew manuscripts. As people studied the Bible, they manuscripts. As people studied the Bible, they wanted to reform the church by abolishing any wanted to reform the church by abolishing any religious practices that were not found in the religious practices that were not found in the Bible.Bible.

Beginning with Beginning with Martin LutherMartin Luther (1483- (1483-1546), the movement to reform the 1546), the movement to reform the Catholic Church, the Catholic Church, the Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation, quickly met opposition , quickly met opposition from Catholic Church leaders. As a from Catholic Church leaders. As a result, leaders of these reform result, leaders of these reform movements broke away from the Catholic movements broke away from the Catholic Church and formed their own churches. Church and formed their own churches. In England, the religious turmoil caused In England, the religious turmoil caused by the Reformation led many to try living by the Reformation led many to try living in the New World where they could in the New World where they could practice their beliefs without interference. practice their beliefs without interference. In Spain, zeal to defend the Catholic faith In Spain, zeal to defend the Catholic faith and to evangelize others led many and to evangelize others led many Spanish missionaries to the New World in Spanish missionaries to the New World in search of conversions among the Native search of conversions among the Native AmericansAmericans

COLUMBUS AND THE COLUMBUS AND THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGECOLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus (1451-1506), an Italian explorer (1451-1506), an Italian explorer

representing Spain, set out in 1492 to find a new route to representing Spain, set out in 1492 to find a new route to Asia. After his historic voyage, the native cultures in the Asia. After his historic voyage, the native cultures in the newly discovered Western Hemisphere began to mix with newly discovered Western Hemisphere began to mix with European cultures. This mixture of cultures, called the European cultures. This mixture of cultures, called the Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange, had several results:, had several results:

Europeans brought tea, sugar, and coffee to he New World.Europeans brought tea, sugar, and coffee to he New World. The New World offered tobacco, potatoes, corn, tomatoes, and The New World offered tobacco, potatoes, corn, tomatoes, and

chocolate to Europe.chocolate to Europe. Europeans brought over animals such as horses and cattle as Europeans brought over animals such as horses and cattle as

well as plants that were not native to the New World.well as plants that were not native to the New World. The Europeans and Native Americans exchanged words from The Europeans and Native Americans exchanged words from

their languages.their languages. Europeans brought their communicable diseases to the New Europeans brought their communicable diseases to the New

World. In some Native American cultures, European diseases World. In some Native American cultures, European diseases killed as many as 80% of Native Americans. Their immune killed as many as 80% of Native Americans. Their immune systems were not accustomed to these diseasessystems were not accustomed to these diseases

Native American societies were Native American societies were destabilized as Europeans began destabilized as Europeans began interacting with them. Because interacting with them. Because of European diseases and of European diseases and advanced weaponry, the advanced weaponry, the population of the Native population of the Native Americans declined. In addition, Americans declined. In addition, Spanish conquests destroyed Spanish conquests destroyed whole Native American societies whole Native American societies such as the Aztec and the Inca such as the Aztec and the Inca nations.nations.

COLUMBUS EXCHANGECOLUMBUS EXCHANGE

EUROPEAN RIVALRY AND EUROPEAN RIVALRY AND EXPLORATION IN THE NEW WORLDEXPLORATION IN THE NEW WORLD

For many European rulers and merchants, the New World For many European rulers and merchants, the New World offered opportunities for wealth, power, and adventure. offered opportunities for wealth, power, and adventure. The rulers of Spain, Portugal, France, and England The rulers of Spain, Portugal, France, and England wanted more territory so their power and importance wanted more territory so their power and importance would surpass those of other nations.would surpass those of other nations.

Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal – Explorers from these countries – Explorers from these countries wanted gold and riches. They also imported slaves to wanted gold and riches. They also imported slaves to work on plantations. In addition, Catholic missionaries work on plantations. In addition, Catholic missionaries came to bring Christianity to the Native Americans of came to bring Christianity to the Native Americans of Mexico and South America.Mexico and South America.

France and EnglandFrance and England – Explorers from these countries – Explorers from these countries visited eastern North America about 1500. They also visited eastern North America about 1500. They also became fur traders, but after 1600, they established became fur traders, but after 1600, they established permanent settlements. The French settlements were permanent settlements. The French settlements were mainly in Canada. The English settlements centered on mainly in Canada. The English settlements centered on the thirteen colonies in eastern North America which later the thirteen colonies in eastern North America which later became the United States.became the United States.

SUMMARY OF FACTORS LEADING SUMMARY OF FACTORS LEADING TO NEW WORLD EXPLORATIONTO NEW WORLD EXPLORATION The The CrusadesCrusades increased European desire for Asian increased European desire for Asian

spices and cloth.spices and cloth. Europeans desired new Europeans desired new trade routestrade routes to India and to India and

China.China. Navigation skills improved through better use of Navigation skills improved through better use of

instruments like the instruments like the compasscompass (magnetic direction (magnetic direction indicator) and indicator) and astrolabeastrolabe (determined location by (determined location by stars), and the construction of the stars), and the construction of the caravelcaravel (a (a stronger ship).stronger ship).

Methods of warfare improved through the use of Methods of warfare improved through the use of guns, cannons, and horses.guns, cannons, and horses.

Leaders desired land, power, wealth, and Leaders desired land, power, wealth, and conversions – “Gold, Glory, and Gospel.”conversions – “Gold, Glory, and Gospel.”

People were searching for religious or political People were searching for religious or political freedom.freedom.

SPANISH COLONIZATION SPANISH COLONIZATION THE AMERICASTHE AMERICAS

Spain was the first European Spain was the first European nation to discover the New nation to discover the New World. Quickly, Spain mobilized World. Quickly, Spain mobilized its resources and began its resources and began conquering these new lands. conquering these new lands. These Spanish explorers were These Spanish explorers were called called conquistadorsconquistadors (Spanish (Spanish for “conquerors”).for “conquerors”).

IMPORTANT IMPORTANT CONQUISTADORSCONQUISTADORS

HERNANDO CORTEZHERNANDO CORTEZ (1485-1547) (1485-1547) conquered the Aztec Empire in conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519 with the help of only 600 1519 with the help of only 600 soldiers.soldiers.

FRANCISCO PIZARROFRANCISCO PIZARRO (1476?-1541) (1476?-1541) conquered the Inca Empire in conquered the Inca Empire in 1535.1535.

FOUR REASONS THE SPANISH FOUR REASONS THE SPANISH WERE ABLE TO CONQUER THESE WERE ABLE TO CONQUER THESE TWO NEW WORLD EMPIRES WITH TWO NEW WORLD EMPIRES WITH VERY SMALL NUMBERSVERY SMALL NUMBERS The Spanish had better weapons. They could The Spanish had better weapons. They could

use guns and cannons against Native use guns and cannons against Native American bows, arrows, and spears.American bows, arrows, and spears.

The Aztecs and Incas had never seen fair-The Aztecs and Incas had never seen fair-skinned people or horses, so they were skinned people or horses, so they were frightened.frightened.

The native peoples thought the Spanish were The native peoples thought the Spanish were gods fulfilling the prophecies of their religion.gods fulfilling the prophecies of their religion.

Lacking immunity to European diseases, entire Lacking immunity to European diseases, entire native populations were destroyed by measles native populations were destroyed by measles and small pox.and small pox.

Other Spanish explorers claimed many Other Spanish explorers claimed many parts of North America for Spain. parts of North America for Spain. Francisco CoronadoFrancisco Coronado explored the explored the area of present-day New Mexico in area of present-day New Mexico in 1540 in search of the legendary Seven 1540 in search of the legendary Seven Cities of Gold. From 1539-1542, Cities of Gold. From 1539-1542, Hernando de SotoHernando de Soto explored the areas explored the areas of present-day Georgia, Alabama, and of present-day Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi in search of these same Mississippi in search of these same legendary cities. Both of these legendary cities. Both of these explorations ended in failure, but they explorations ended in failure, but they provided information about the native provided information about the native cultures and land in these areas. In cultures and land in these areas. In 1513, another explorer named 1513, another explorer named Juan Juan Ponce de LeonPonce de Leon explored Florida explored Florida looking for looking for The Fountain of YouthThe Fountain of Youth. . Once again, this mission ended in Once again, this mission ended in failure, but it did provide information failure, but it did provide information that aided later Spanish conquests in that aided later Spanish conquests in Florida.Florida.

ST. AUGUSTINEST. AUGUSTINE St. Augustine was a settlement on the St. Augustine was a settlement on the

Florida coast. It was the first European city Florida coast. It was the first European city in North America and was founded by the in North America and was founded by the Spanish in 1565.Spanish in 1565.

St. Augustine was vital to maintaining St. Augustine was vital to maintaining control of Florida and the Spanish trade control of Florida and the Spanish trade from Mexico.from Mexico.

When the explorers and conquistadors When the explorers and conquistadors explored these new areas, they were explored these new areas, they were generally greeted warmly by the Native generally greeted warmly by the Native Americans. However, when the Spaniards Americans. However, when the Spaniards began to kill, rob, or enslave these native began to kill, rob, or enslave these native peoples, the Native Americans fought back peoples, the Native Americans fought back fiercely. As a result, the Spanish refrained fiercely. As a result, the Spanish refrained from taking control of all of North America.from taking control of all of North America.

FRENCH, DUTCH, AND FRENCH, DUTCH, AND ENGLISH COLONIZATIONENGLISH COLONIZATION

With the defeat of the Spanish With the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, other Armada in 1588, other European powers began setting European powers began setting up their own colonies in areas up their own colonies in areas not yet claimed by Spain in not yet claimed by Spain in North America. The three main North America. The three main nations involved in this new nations involved in this new colonization were France, the colonization were France, the Netherlands, and England.Netherlands, and England.

THE FRENCHTHE FRENCH Sent expeditions down the St. Lawrence Sent expeditions down the St. Lawrence

River and mapped the area around the riverRiver and mapped the area around the river Made careful accounts of Native American Made careful accounts of Native American

peoples in the areapeoples in the area Early explorers claimed the lands Early explorers claimed the lands

surrounding the St. Lawrence River and the surrounding the St. Lawrence River and the Mississippi River for France.Mississippi River for France.

The land around the Mississippi River was The land around the Mississippi River was named Louisiana, after King Louis XIV.named Louisiana, after King Louis XIV.

The French built forts along the Mississippi The French built forts along the Mississippi including a large port city called New Orleans including a large port city called New Orleans (1718).(1718).

The cultural influence of the French in the The cultural influence of the French in the United States can be seen in the French United States can be seen in the French words for places in the Mississippi delta words for places in the Mississippi delta region as well as Cajun music and Creole region as well as Cajun music and Creole foods.foods.

THE DUTCHTHE DUTCH The Dutch began exploring the Hudson The Dutch began exploring the Hudson

River in 1609. Seventeen years later, River in 1609. Seventeen years later, Dutch settlers bought the island of Dutch settlers bought the island of Manhattan from the local Native Manhattan from the local Native Americans. Soon, the Dutch had a thriving Americans. Soon, the Dutch had a thriving colony called New Netherland based out of colony called New Netherland based out of the port city of New Amsterdam, later to be the port city of New Amsterdam, later to be renamed New York. In 1664, England renamed New York. In 1664, England conquered this Dutch colony. Many words conquered this Dutch colony. Many words from the Dutch entered the English from the Dutch entered the English language at this point, including language at this point, including Santa Santa ClausClaus, , spookspook, and , and bossboss..

THE ENGLISHTHE ENGLISH

The English established The English established colonies on the eastern colonies on the eastern seaboard of North America. seaboard of North America. There were three regions of There were three regions of English colonization along the English colonization along the Atlantic seaboard of North Atlantic seaboard of North America: the Southern Colonies, America: the Southern Colonies, the New England Colonies, and the New England Colonies, and the Middle Colonies.the Middle Colonies.

SOUTHERN COLONIESSOUTHERN COLONIES The first English attempt at colonizing the The first English attempt at colonizing the

present-day United States occurred in the present-day United States occurred in the South. In 1587, South. In 1587, Sit Walter RaleighSit Walter Raleigh sponsored a group of 100 settlers on the sponsored a group of 100 settlers on the island of Roanoke in present-day North island of Roanoke in present-day North Carolina. The governor of the settlement, Carolina. The governor of the settlement, John White, returned to England for John White, returned to England for supplies. He told the settlers that if they supplies. He told the settlers that if they were not there when he returned the were not there when he returned the following year, they should leave a cross following year, they should leave a cross carved in the tree symbolizing attack by the carved in the tree symbolizing attack by the Native Americans or leave the name of the Native Americans or leave the name of the location if they had to move. When he location if they had to move. When he returned he found the word returned he found the word CROATOANCROATOAN carved into a tree. White knew this to be carved into a tree. White knew this to be the name of a nearby island but he was the name of a nearby island but he was unable to reach the island and returned to unable to reach the island and returned to England. This first colony is called England. This first colony is called The The Lost ColonyLost Colony..

The first successful attempt at The first successful attempt at colonizing in the South occurred at colonizing in the South occurred at Jamestown. The Virginia Company Jamestown. The Virginia Company founded Jamestown as a charted founded Jamestown as a charted colony in 1607. This company was a colony in 1607. This company was a joint-stock companyjoint-stock company (a private (a private company that sells shares to company that sells shares to investors). The purpose in founding investors). The purpose in founding the colony was to produce a profit for the colony was to produce a profit for the investors in England. Because the investors in England. Because the investors were not there at the the investors were not there at the colonies, they sent a governor to colonies, they sent a governor to represent their interests and gave represent their interests and gave the settlers the right to elect the settlers the right to elect burgessesburgesses (representatives). These (representatives). These representatives began meeting in the representatives began meeting in the House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses in 1619. in 1619.

THE HOUSE OF BURGESSESTHE HOUSE OF BURGESSES

The House of Burgesses limited The House of Burgesses limited royal authority and increased royal authority and increased citizen participation in the citizen participation in the colonial government. This colonial government. This experimental democracy experimental democracy became the living example for became the living example for how to create a democratic how to create a democratic government for the United government for the United States. It became a model for States. It became a model for other English colonies to follow.other English colonies to follow.

THE SOUTHERN COLONIESTHE SOUTHERN COLONIES

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.and Georgia.

In 1663, King Charles II granted land to In 1663, King Charles II granted land to eight proprietors of North and South eight proprietors of North and South Carolina. These proprietors sold large Carolina. These proprietors sold large tracts of land for tracts of land for plantationsplantations (vast farm (vast farm land devoted to one main crop). These land devoted to one main crop). These colonies attracted wealthy landowners colonies attracted wealthy landowners from the Church of England, French from the Church of England, French Protestants called Protestants called HuguenotsHuguenots, and , and indentured servantsindentured servants (people who (people who became servants for seven years to pay became servants for seven years to pay for their passage to the colonies).for their passage to the colonies).

SOUTHERN COLONIES CONT.SOUTHERN COLONIES CONT.

The economy of the Southern Colonies The economy of the Southern Colonies was based on crops of tobacco, rice, was based on crops of tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton. The plantation owners indigo, and cotton. The plantation owners imported African slaves as laborers on imported African slaves as laborers on these plantations.these plantations.

Traders from the Southern Colonies Traders from the Southern Colonies established a established a triangular trade routetriangular trade route. . From the Caribbean, they brought From the Caribbean, they brought molasses to New York to be made into molasses to New York to be made into rum. Traders then took some of the rum to rum. Traders then took some of the rum to West Africa to be exchanged for slaves. West Africa to be exchanged for slaves. Then traders brought the slaves to Then traders brought the slaves to plantations in the Caribbean or the plantations in the Caribbean or the Southern Colonies where they bought Southern Colonies where they bought molasses again.molasses again.

NEW ENGLAND COLONIESNEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New HampshireIsland, and New Hampshire

Early settlers were Early settlers were Puritans and PilgrimsPuritans and Pilgrims who had separated from the Church of who had separated from the Church of England. They sought religious freedom in England. They sought religious freedom in the New World and settled in Plymouth, the New World and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts.Massachusetts.

Life in New England colonies centered Life in New England colonies centered around towns with a single church. Most around towns with a single church. Most earned a living by farming.earned a living by farming.

Contributions to democracy included the Contributions to democracy included the Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact (1620) which (1620) which guaranteed just and equal laws for all. guaranteed just and equal laws for all. Adult males also made laws for the Adult males also made laws for the community at community at town meetingstown meetings..

MIDDLE COLONIESMIDDLE COLONIES

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and PennsylvaniaMaryland, and Pennsylvania

Dutch, Swedish, and British colonists Dutch, Swedish, and British colonists settled here. settled here. William PennWilliam Penn who was a who was a QuakerQuaker (a persecuted religious group) was (a persecuted religious group) was proprietor of Pennsylvania. Many proprietor of Pennsylvania. Many persecuted religious groups settled in his persecuted religious groups settled in his colony. In Maryland, colony. In Maryland, Roman CatholicsRoman Catholics enjoyed religious freedom.enjoyed religious freedom.

Farming, fishing, shipping, and trading Farming, fishing, shipping, and trading were important in the Middle Colonies. were important in the Middle Colonies. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the city of brotherly love, was the largest city in the brotherly love, was the largest city in the thirteen colonies.thirteen colonies.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE IN THE COLONIESLIFE IN THE COLONIES Emphasis on Emphasis on individual freedomindividual freedom, ,

hard workhard work, and, and self-relianceself-reliance..

MercantilismMercantilism was the main was the main economic system. In this system, a economic system. In this system, a nation’s power is measured by its nation’s power is measured by its gold reserves. If a country exports gold reserves. If a country exports more than it imports, this country will more than it imports, this country will possess a surplus of gold in possess a surplus of gold in exchange for its exported goods. exchange for its exported goods. Great Britain used its colonies as a Great Britain used its colonies as a place to export its goods and receive place to export its goods and receive gold in exchange.gold in exchange.