SOCIAL STUDIES

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Hunters and gatherers•wandering/nomadic lifestyles• Used animals for food,

clothing, and shelter• Bones used for tools• Hunted animals and gathered

plant, berries, for food

Domesticate• To tame plants and animals for

human use

Why were plants and animals domesticated?

• Animals were used to work• Plow saved time and labor• Plants were raised for food

Primary Sources

• Records and artifacts made by and for the people who lived in that time• Artifacts, tools, letters

Secondary Sources

• Records made by people who were not part of an event• Internet articles, magazines,

replicas, encyclopedia, etc

What did the earliest settlers need to live?

•Water source (river valley)•Mild climate for a long

growing season• Fertile soil for farming

How did artifacts from a civilization get to a new

place?• Trade caused artifacts and

ideas to spread to new places

Mesopotamia

• Ziggurats-temples• Sumerian city-states• Code of Hammurabi• “land between two rivers”

Egypt

• Ruled by Pharaohs• Used irrigation• Papyrus used to write/record• Calendar for flooding seasons

Indus Valley

• Known for monsoon winds and rain storms

Phoenician Trade

• Trade with Egypt and Greece across the Mediterranean Sea• Phonetic alphabet, indigo dye

and cloth, boating and shipbuilding skills

Mandate of Heaven

• Chinese believed that heaven (God) gave their emperors the right to rule

Silk Road

• Trade routes that connect China and Asia to the lands around the Mediterranean Sea

Forms of Writing

• Greek – alphabet• Egypt – hieroglyphics• Chinese – symbols• Sumerian - cuneiform

Alexander the Great

• Expanded the Greek empire through many conquests (into Asia, India, Egypt) @ 330 BC• Was made pharaoh of Egypt• Hellenistic Period-blending of

Greek and Asian cultures

Describe a classical civilization

•Major advancements in science and engineering• Elaborate architecture•Writing system, language,

religious beliefs

Vassal

• In the Middle Ages, a noble who offered protection in return for the use of his land

Quran

• Holy book of Islam

Vedas

• Sacred books of the Hindu

Torah

• Sacred books of the Jewish (Judaism)

Hinduism

• Religion of the India• Belief in many gods and

reincarnation

Judaism

• Religion of the Jewish people• Belief in many gods and

reincarnation

Christianity

• Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ• Jesus is son of God

Buddhism

• Based on the teachings of Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama)

Who is Siddhartha Gautama?

• Son of a wealthy king• Saw suffering and wanted to

end it• Began religion of Buddhism• He is called “Enlightened One”

Which two religions began in India?

• Hinduism• Buddhism

Which three religions began with Abraham?

• Islam• Judaism• Christianity• (monotheistic, holy city of

Jerusalem)

Major River Civilizations

•Mesopotamia-Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (now Iraq)• Egypt-Nile River• China-Huang He (yellow)River• Indus Valley-Indus River

Cuneiform

• Wedge-shaped writing from Mesopotamia

Oracle Bones

• From Ancient China • To predict the

future • For religious and

political purposes

Which civilization?

Ziggurat Pyramids

• Egypt• Mesopotamia

Which civilization?

Hieroglyphics Silk Robe

• Ancient China• Egypt

Which civilization?

Terra Cotta Army Shaduf

• Ancient Egypt• Ancient China

Which civilization?

Rugs and textiles Gold Burial Mask

• Ancient Egypt• Ancient Persia

Which civilization?

Parthenon-columns Coliseum-arches

• Ancient Rome• Ancient Greece

What was the purpose of the Great Wall of China?

• Protection from invaders

Ancient Greece

• Polytheistic• Democratic form of government• Legal trials with jury made of

ordinary people

Athens

• Named for the Greek Goddess of Wisdom• Lost Peloponnesian War against

Sparta

Ancient Rome

• Representative Democratic form of government• City of power for the Catholic

Church

Describe the feudal system

• In the Middle Ages, this allowed the rulers to control large amounts of land• Serfs- (poor) did all the farm

labor• For power, protection, wealth

Disease

• In 14th century, Black plague killed thousands• Plague spread easily along

trade routes• Death occurred quickly

Charlemagne

• Fought for Christianity• Crowned emperor of Rome by

the pope in 800 AD• First Roman emperor

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

• Established school for navigation• Encouraged sea exploration and

trade• Purpose: to get spices from

Persia and China

Nautical innovations

• Shipbuilding• Navigation tools astrolabe

Nautical innovations

• Shipbuilding

Caravel with Lateen sail for speed

Nautical innovations

• Shipbuilding

Galleon Frigate

How have humans adapted to their environment?

• For water: build levees, dams, irrigation systems• Trade-establish trade routes• Agriculture-use plants, crops

native to that area

What are Push and Pull Factors?

• Push-pushes people out of an area –ex. Natural disasters and war• Pull-pulls people into an area-

ex. City improvements, jobs

What physical factors discourage migration?

•Mountains• Deserts•Waterfalls, large rivers

On a map:

• River Valley civilizations• Mediterranean Sea • Alexander the Great lands• Silk Road• Sea trade Routes