social science i & ii - scert - the state council...
TRANSCRIPT
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SOCIAL SCIENCE I & II
TEACHER TEXT
STANDARD
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TEXT BOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
Acadamic Co - ordinator
Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12, Kerala. E-mail:[email protected]
Type setting by: SCERT Computer Lab.
Government of Kerala
Education Department
2016
Chithra Madhavan
Research Officer, SCERT, Thiruvananthapuram.
EXPERTSDr. P.P Abdul Razak
Associate Professor, P.S. College, Thirurangadi
Dr. I.P Joseph
Acadamic Co - ordinator (Reld) S.C.E.R.T, Kerala
Manoj K.V
Research Officer, SCERT, Thiruvananthapuram.
Kannada Version ParticipantsGanesh Kumar S
H.S.A., S.G.K.H.S. Kudlu
Bhanu A.C.
H.S.A. G.V.H.S.S. Mulleria
Suresh P., H.S.A., G.H.S.S. Bekur
Sanjeeva M.
H.S.A., G.H.S.S. Paivalike
Kannada Language Experts
Dr. Shrikrishna Bhat P.Professor (Rtd), Govt College KasaragodDr. Subrahmanya Bhat,(Rtd. Principal), Govt. College, KasaragodProf. Rama Bhat,Rtd. HOD, Govt. College, Kasaragod
Abdul Aziz VP, V.P.K.M.M.H.S.S. PuthurPallikkal, Malappuram
Jamal.K, RA.C.H.S.S. Kadameri, Kozhikode
Jaya Krishnan.O.K, K.P.C.H.S.S.Pattannur,Kannur
Pradeepan.T, G.H.S.S. Kallachi, Kozhikode
Muralidharan Nair P.N,N.S.S.H.S.S.Anikode, Kottayam
Yusuf Kumar S.M, Govt. Model Boys H.S.SAttingal, Thiruvananthapuram
Rathanakaran T.
G..B.H.S.S. Malappuram
Dr. P.T. Shri Kumar, M.N.K.M.H.S.S.Palakkad
Hari Pradeep S, S.V.H.S. Pullad, thiruvalla,Pathanamthitta
Prasad.V.G, G..H.S.S. kadamanitta,Pathanamthitta
Sabu. C.G,
Yeldoo.P. V.G.H.S.S. Thodupuzha
Nishanth Mohan. M, Govt. Tamil HSS Chala,Thiruvananthapuram
Willfred Jhone. S, M.G.H.S.S. kaniyapuram,Thiruvananthapuram
Vijaya Kumar. C.R., G..H.S.S. Mithyamala,Thiruvananthapuram
Unni Krishanan U., G..H.S.S. Venharmudu,Thiruvananthapuram
Shanlal A.B, G..H.S.S, Harippad
Shajumon.S, P.N.M.G.H.S.S, Kunthalloor,Chirayinkizhu
Dr. P. Babukuttan, DIET Kollam
E.C. Mohanan, G.T.T.Z. Chitoor, Palakkad
Thomas .K.J, G.V.H.S.S. Kunali, Idukki
Varghees Pothan, St.Jhons H.S.S. Muttam,Mavelikkara, Alapuzha
Yahiya .P, G.G.M.G.H.S.S. Chalappuram,Kozhikode (proof reading)
SOCIAL SCIENCE - II
SOCIAL SCIENCE - I
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C ~flOfl fl }V~fl OOV OfiOW. OOfl fl @O V
M}fiflO Wfl BM .
@V}
pOfl flfl %o M} fiV ICT flWV fl @V}
} Ofl. flfly flfl pOV fl~V fi}, V fl
Ofifl AVflfl O}V fl ICT }V flO flfl.
ICT Ofl @V} M%V fiOW GM @ fid fl
fiV sflflM %fl @OV VfiOfl.
M{O
flVfl flfl ~fl ^fifl ICT }Vfl fiOW. fek
fl}fl AOMOMV p fl VX AP flsflM} ICT fl fl fiOfl. BMfl
OV B fid fl`. V VM flV fl @ flOQ }fl
ICT fid OW. OOfl V fl @tOMtfl OOfl
@ flV fl JWfl Bfl flOW.
-
18
@O p
fifl}
OO flWV VW fifl}flfl vtfiOfl. O BSV
lflVfl, O{O lflVfl, fil%flVfl, VflVfl, fO e }yVfl
VM ~V fl MVflV @fl @O}fi GMfl vtfiOfl. }V~
Ofizfl fl flWV fiWO fl fl vtfiOfl. BM} flWVfl
Ofl% %flOQ fiV fiofiVfl fl OflM,
DfiVOQ VflM AWfiOfl. ICT }Vfl flVfl flfl, O ~ BVV
MOVflM~fiOfl.
1.10 Vfl, fl fifl%Vfl, Of BV fl fl flVfl
%fl fifl V MO V Ofl}fl @
fltflfl, fO ffi fl Vfl fl fifl% fl fltflfl, fO
Offl fl flfl p Ofl fl Vy fl flVW. BV fl
fl _ Afl flV fl OV fisW.
efl} ek
flV fl AflQ sflV efl} V MM oOfi V fl
V{fiOfl. OO ^lflnOV fidflfl flfl Pflflfl
efl} flfi BfiOW. efl} fi~fl }V~, fiVfl
(efl} fi~fl fiOVfl), efl} ffi flfi VM C
ekfl fl flfl pOfl DfiW.
MO Vfl
fl M G~ tfl V VflV pO fl
~flM~fiOfl. MO Vfl flOQW %Vfl
fl% Wfl pV flfl PflV AflQ sfl} VflfiOfl.
e}~fi} fl fi
e}~fi} fl fifl% fl flM flV fl pO @tOMsfl,
-
19
}V~ - 10
fiV OO fi~fl fl fiOfiOfl.
fl|}
fl flM Oyflfl GM fl }} fl pOfl
VflWfiOfl.
Pfi - d fi _M}
%V Pfi d fi AWfl _M} V , Mfi flfl
fiOW. pOfl p flV V OO }M}V d fi flsflOlOQ
@OfiOfl. flflflR O} (multiple intelligence) fl M}Vfl BOQW
V{fiOfl.
M~ V Mfl fl Vflfl
fl M~O M V B~ fl Vfl fl fifl% %y
GMflfl pOfl fiO flflR VflV JMW.
fl} GM Afl
fi fi M%V V OO lflnOV }, fl} V fl
vtfiOflfl @fl%W.
flO}Vfly
flVfl Gfl, }Vfl fiW
fl% flO fl ofl fiV OO }M}V fl @ tfiOW.
}V~fl lflnOV G %V VflOfl fl vV, flO} VflyV fl
@ tfl fl ofiO @V}.
ffi O Oy
M flP PVfl @ flfl fl V flV fl W
Gflfl flO V fl VOfl fl%fi ffi OVfl. } fl
-
20
@O p
} fl @}flOflfl, B} fl @}flOflfl, ^ flfl fl%, PV
sfl MM, d fi _M} , fl%}O _M} , ~fi% V fl OVfl fl%,
flV , }O fl}fi, J}s flflO
ffi OVW. flOQ fl MOMsfl C flV YlOV fl pOfl
@tfiOW. flP A}MV flflMflflfl BM} OVfl
%V flOVfl}.
fl%
oVfl eVV fiVfi Vflfi eVfl oOQ fiO O fl%V,
O}%V B. JMfl o @ GM M @ GMfl ~flfl
C O ekflfl d fl oflfl Oy O}%W. }M}
d oMV d fl}fl M Ot eV fl oflfl Oy fl
VflW.
OflQVfl
GM fl C flfl VM flOfl Pfl OflQVfi
OflQVfl. MflflOo MY OflQV Yfizfl %~OW @MWfiO
OflQ VV pOflfl pflfl Pflflfl O fl
fisfiOW.
flOQ OflQVfl
flOQ G fi~fl OflQV fl MPfiO d fl O}%W.
O~ - O~ M MOz, fl_}
O~ M V MOz, fl_}, O~ fl}fl O~O M V
Ofl}fl flO oOfiVfl flO }V~VMfi @tOfiOfl. P
fl_}M}flfi fl_} @V} GM fl_} ekflfl %V
fltfiOW. O~ fl}fl O~O M Vfl Ofi V } fi
fl}fl O~fl fl}fi fl Os O flM}VV OyVflfl
GM fl fi fl %V fiOfl. O~O M MOz V
-
21
}V~ - 10
fl_} fl JMfl ffi W fl}fl fl fifl%W flfl lflnOV fl
@ flr VfiOfl.
M~fl Oy
flflPOWfl fOWfl M~ fl}fl fl Osfl fl%
fl}fl fl fiV fl flfl M~ Oy flflR Vfl. MY%Vfl V @VV
OyVfl V fl lflo M~, % V }V fl pOfl
flV @tfiOflfl C Oy fi~fl @V}W.
O fl O}
O fl MM ~flOflfl efl} fi eVV @~ @V}W.
Ofl O}flfl vtfl pVVfl flOQ MOMsfl
@tfiOflfl O @V}W. O fl fl fiO, O fl OVfl, O fl
P OVfl, O fl ~flO Vfl lflnOV fl Afifflfl.
@V Ofl}Wfl ~flO
~ }M}ek Oflfl flOfi dV~ ~MM}
flflfiV fl}fl @ lflnOVfl fl`~. flOQ fl BM} lflnOVM
fl ~flOfl fl pOfl @tfiOfl. B-fl, BMl m, fO
e}yVfl V DfiV fl Ofl}fl o ~flOfl @V
Ofl Vfly fiV flOQV JWfiOfl. @VWfl O V
BMl m Ofl ~O}fl fl pOfl flO ~fiOfl.
fl ~flO
~O V flVV fl d . flVfl
flOQ flfi fifl zfl @. fiV fl MM ~V fl fisfl YlOV fl
pOfl fi%sVflfl @V}W.
-
22
@O p
} @ oOfi
C flflfl V } fi GM ekflfl pOfl
JWfiOW. MM flVfl, OQ OyVfl
OsVfl V fl flM}VM flsfl V Ofl}fl ekfl fl
fltfiOflfl BM @V}W. fl}fl @fl fl Mfifflfl fiV
GMfl } @fl oOfiV MfiV pOfl
@tfiOfl. flV ekfl fl flnoflfl pOfl flflR DfiV
JMfl.
Oy
flOQ fl dkfl, AfiV Ofl%O}%fl, fl V @O MflflO
flV flO OyOQ fiV YlOVfl pOfl @tfl
V{fiOfl. %V AfiV, fl_} BVV MM MflV fl fl
ekO ~V fl V{flfl @V}W.
DfiV M~-flzflVfl
DfiV M~fl flzflV Ofl} }MVfl flO
flloMfi pOfl @tfiOfl. O GM fl fl OflQV,
OV Vfl O flV flOQV ~OsfiOfl.
O fi fl
fl, O flVfl, V V B} O V Oflfl
} AfiVfl Otfl} GM @ flVfiOfl. flflM }fl
BVM flflOV PfiOfl. @OQW OV DfiVM DMmVfl
O O }MV fl ~fl _}Vfl, Yfl Vfl, V fl pOfl
flV @tfiOfl. O fi fl fl oflfl BV flflR
VflWfiOfl.
-
23
}V~ - 10
MV }
pOfl MV }fl fl vtflM~fiOfl. VMsfl - yfl| GM fiVfl
pOfl flflfl. pOV _}V Os MV }fl oOfi fiOfl.
OO lflnOV M%Vfl C MV }fl fl vtfiOflfl @O
O}%W.
fl}fl Vfly
flO M}flfi fl}fl Vfly fl flOQV OfiOfl. fl}fl
Vfly @V} fl}fl fl} fl ~OsfiOfl. fl}fl fl fiWO lflnOV
flO ~OsfiOfl.
flO
fl fiO flflVfl, @Y}V fl }fl Bfl fiWO
Vfl, lflnOVfl flOfl YlOVW. flfl %dO
M, fl V B}V fl fl fl }M}= GM ekfl fl
flnofiOfl. flO}fl MMW lflnOVV fisfiOfl.
pOfl O flfl C YlOV fl WlfloOMsfl OO
V fl vtfiOfl. flV J y AflV AflQflfl
OO lflnOV fl OflfiOflV Oflo Vy fl fl fisfiOW. fi
fl}fl OOfl PflV VflV BM} AflVV MM ~flO, O,
fl fi BVV J}fl fisfiOfl. M} PflV flO C VflV fl
Csfifl Wflfi GMfl fifl VfiOfl. OV
lflnOVfl, SPC, NCC, Scouts & Guides, JRC, MV O }fiO, VMfi%
Vfl V flfifl%V Offl fl
fiOVVfiOfl.
1.11 OflQ A} Oy (Right Based Education)
flOQ OflQV fl y%fl dV~ M} @ flr Vfl flfl Qfi fi}} .
C fl fiV flOQ OflQV MOzVW @ fiO O flV fl _W.
-
24
@O p
} ofifl Oy OflQ flfl- 2009 Ofl%V}Wflfl C no JMfl
flVfl. flOQ G fi~fl OflQV fl MPfl dflfl fl fl
O}%W. Oy OflQV Ofl}fl fiflV @Vfl flfl flflR YlOVW
MVtflfl.
n VflO (Participation)
n } (Provision)
n MOz (Protection)
VflO (Participation)
n flOQV MM G ~fi% V @fl fl Ofifl}.
n ~fi% V @flOQ flflR Vy B.
n fl% V fl~VV MOMsfl fisVfl lflnOV Vfl
V @O fl}.
n fl%V fl fi fl~V fl l fiV OO PflV
flO Vfl Vfl}.
n }V~fl sflfl ^lflnOV V qVV Pfi
VflO fl~.
n fl%Vfl %fl V @O Vfl}.
} (Provision)
n O{O fiV}flfl, ek fl OOQ fl fiOfl @O
fi V fl~.
n %o flfl OO flVfl OOQ Vfl~.
n O, O {VV OWfl }V~ V fl~.
n OO lflnOVV @V} OOfiOyV fl flOOQ JWOsfl
@OV Vfl}.
n O fl}fl Pfisfl {VV @V} DOyV @OV V Vfl~.
-
25
}V~ - 10
RTE 2009 fiV fifl}
n 1 M 5 W }V~V Oflfl flOQV 200 OOfl V
800 VMmV fi flfl fiOfl.
n 6 M 8 W }V~V Oflfl %VV 220 OOfl
V 1000 VMmV fi flfl fiOfl.
MOz (Protection)
n fl V V fi fi fl fl @ flfl.
n fl Os fi fi~fl OsV{fl.
n Os O @ O d% Vfl.
n @O %fi~flM fl V Vfl}.
n flVfl V SW} . fl G @MWfiOfl}.
n flfl fl flfl fl flP} Wfi GM W.
Ofi d flOQ OflQ MOy AfiV2002 flfi ~MV fi MflflO o fl flOQVWfl fi flfi
"flOQV fiV JMfl dV}fl' GM fi%Ofl y%flM fl @MWfiO}fl.
B A OfiM O fl% 2005 O OflQ MOy AfiV
Oflfl V 2012 Ofi M} flOQ OflQ flflV A "Ofi
M} flOQ OflQ AfiV' O% fl~. fl M fifl fl}
OflQV fl V flOQ OflQV fl MPflfl AfiV OW.
C flOQ OflQVfl vtfl }fl Hfl tM Bfl Hfl
sflM ~ @O fi_fiOW.
1.12 flMlMV
ofifl Oy OflQ Oflflfl @O/@Oflfl flMl (mentor)
GMflW V{fl}. flV @ fl flMlMVV flo .
OOfl V fl fldfl}fltfl flV V%_Vfl @~ @O.
-
26
@O p
Oy Pflfl flflR YlO @O - % MM BMfl flo
}VW. %V ek fl M}fl P } %VV ek fl
Vfl y% @OV fl JWOsfl PWfl @O/@O
Ofl%%fiOW.
fl fl fl }flt %V GMflfl fl}Mfl fl flM}.
fl flfi AV %V @O M fl fl fi AVfl}. %V fl flM
fl fi~, Of, Oz, @MWfiO flflM}Vfl Vr @ O r fllo fl~
GMfl fl ~ @O @ @O fl lflo tOfiOfl. B fl ~
O ~Mfl flVflV @O fi~fl BVfl fisfl zVO
@OW. fiVV } fl fl flOflfl.
~Mfl flVfl PV} fl}fl OlflMO V fl @%tOfl
@Ofl C OW flV fl VflfiOVfl}.
n V M%
n }MW Afl flfl
n flVfl M} fiOz
n
fiV flVflV fi~, @MWfiO fl}fl MOz B}V fl fit, @Ofl
flVfl OOW d OMsV } O @O/
@OW Vflfl~Oflfl.
flMlMV flO V%% , , M, ek fl D}fltfl fiO
@O flflM}flV fl @Ofl flVflV JWOsfl}. @ fl fi}
GM flfl @flO{fifl A% P GM flfl flMlMV
Ofl%^lflnOVfl flflMflflfiOfl. fiV fiO ^Vfl, OMV
B}V B VVW. %fl JV flWfl ~fl fl V }fl
fl% flMlM } .
flMlMV flO
n @O V %V D}fl Oy @ flVfl fl}.
n @O V %fl ek fl Vfl}.
-
27
}V~ - 10
n % fl}fl fl MM VnoVfl}.
n %fl OOfl V~ V P} O DMmVfl}.
n ^lflnOV flO fO ek fl fl}fl ~fi%Vfl OVfl
Vflfl.
n }fl V fl MM VnoVfl %fl OOfl
Vflyfllo Ofl}fl ~flfl Vfl}.
n O, Pfis, AfiV, ~ ^fl OO flV %V
XflO fl}fl fl VnoVfl}.
flMlMVV fl fi~fl OV fl , BMfl fi
PflWfl M} y%fl fl}fl %fl P} OOQ flOVfl
PflflWfl VfiOW.
fl G @Ofl "flMl' GMflWfl %Vfl "flMn'
V Wfl V{fl flO flMlMV VfiOfl. }V~fl G %V fl
y| y| VflMVMfl OMsfl, ~Mfl VflM V~fl fl fl%O fi~fl
~flfl A }V~fl Ofl @OV VflM dfl fl fisflfl.
1.13 @Ofl fiO flflR ~ fi~M}
(Code of Professional Ethics for School Teachers)
1. %VMWfl dVfl
1.1 G %VMV fi~, }M ~%flfl.
n G %VMV fi~flM ~%flfl.
n OOfl Mfl %VV fi Vy fisflfl.
n %V A}, AP flflM}flVfl fltfl fi~fl
flfl.
1.2 e~, fl}, V%, y%, A%O ~V~, , MV, d GMfi flV
fi, O} V flflfl} V fl Vflfl.
n efl} }}M}V, fl|}fl flV, fO ^V
@OWfl MO fl}fl fl %Vfl fltflfl.
n @O PV} MOVfl M }}VV fl @fl fl
Jlflo fl flfi VMfi zfl fiflfl.
-
28
@O p
1.3 %fl O, O, }O, fO fl}fl ^V {VVV
O }y o.
n Oy %fl fiO fl}fl O OVfl
y%}fl} OMsflfl OYloW.
n Oy %fl O {VV } fifl}Wfl.
n %fl %MWfiy @flfl Oy flflR O=WfiOfl.
1.4 Oy G YloVfl %fl P} VsfiOfl.
n P GM fl ~ %Wfl efl} OflQVfl
V V fl VflfiOfl.
n @Ofl VM fl fi ~O @flVfl
%fl fl YVfl @ A} OOfl flfi
flzfl flMlfl sflfl.
n fl G Ofl%^lflnOVfl G %V Pfl
XflOV fi} fisfiOfl.
n MflflO o MY @MWfiO V } Jfl fl}fl OMsfl
Mfl flOQ OflQ OflV fl V flOQ OflQ MOz fl~fl
V fl @Ofl Vfl lflo fiOW.
n fl flOfl VW fl flVfl %fl fifl
OflQVV OQfl flMlflsfl.
1.5 %fl flWfl O fl}fl ~flfl OlVfl O V
@ fl`Omo fid V fl fiOfl.
n O{O } ~ %flfl fi O fl}fl
~fl fl Vflfl~flfl @Ofl flflflR O}%W.
n %fl G OV fl fl lflnOVfl BfiOfl.
1.6 pOfl M ~fl Vfl fl}fl ^V fl JVMtfiOfl.
n efl}, e}~fi}}, fl}, ~O}, }M}= flflM} M
Vfl pOfl fid fl @MVWfiOfl.
n O}%V Ofl}fl fifl M cfi (An%O) 51 G
flfl @%tOMsfl, @ "G' flM "O' W AflVfl
-
29
}V~ - 10
Vfl lfloOMsfl fiOfl.
1.7 %V @V}VV fl @Ofl/@O fi fi~fl fl QfiOfl.
n M} y%fl A %fl , V ek , @fl_,
OOfl fi~ flflM}flV fl V{, fi fl V @V}
Q fl M} sfl~fiOfl.
1.8 %Vfl fisfl @ PV} ^V V}fl fl Osflfl fl}fl
BM} flV fl O flW V ~flfi @V } ~flfl.
n O Os AWfl @OV %fl PV} flV fl
~flfl .
n C V fl %fl J~VW fiOM DfiW}OQfl.
1.9 %V fl Vflfl, A}MOPQfisflsflfl, fiOW, OW,
}OW d% Vflfl flflM}flV fl sfl.
n MWO d%M, OsV{flOflM, fizflM %flfl
MPfl d @OW.
n D}fl OflflOV O O GM } O VfiOfl.
n BM} fiV %V fl O fl OzV Ofl}fl @Ofl
~fiOfl.
1.10 fi fi~fl MWO fizflM %fl fl MPflfl.
n fi fi~fl MWO fiz, O VflVfl }, fiY%O
DflOfl O AY} %fl fl @fi Wfl}.
DfiV V, V sflfl MWO fizfl fl }
V} flfiM Ofilfl% fl}fl G... fit V%_V fl @Ofl
fiOW.
2. OOfl fl}fl dMV BfiO dVfl
2.1 }M-}flflMV fl}fl OOMV fl%O }% BfiOfl.
n %V Ofl}fl fl` ~flflOQW @ }MV VflMV
D}fl MO% BlfloOflfl @V}.
-
30
@O p
n @O fl}fl } M % fl}fl @Ofl MM fl
fl` OlVfl}.
n }fl flOQ W fl}fl W lflnOV Ofl}fl @OM
~flfl _` }fl flfl}.
n {Vfl M% %V DMmVfl V fl }MV
^_%flM flflM Mfl flM}Vfl }fl
Vflfl.
2.2 %fl OQ OQ }fl lflnOVM flfl.
n B} %V flflM %fl OQ OQ DMmVfl fi~fl
} sfl fl lflosfiOfl.
n @fi fi~fl } fl fl.
n JMfl V %V fl } W (e~,
fl}, A%O ~, ...) VflM D %V fi fl fi
DMmVflfl.
2.3 } M~O Mfl Ofl}fl %VV A V V DMmVflM}
sflfl.
n } M~, , fl}, MOV fi. C fl ~Mfl
}V~V Oyflfl.
n } }fl HO}fl.
n ~ fl|} fl}fl G M~V fl Vfl fl fi
BfiOfl.
n C fl fi @ }}V fl pOfl flO fl ek%O
fl} @V}W.
2.4 dflflflVV fi, V}fl fl fi~fl
Ofl% lflnOVV Oty OfiOfl.
n G fl}, MO fl}fl V V fl DMlflsfl fi~fl
lfllOVfl }V~fl sflfiOfl.
n ofifl O oflM ~ V ~fifl. O
}fi JMfl flflfl GMflfl flflR flVfiOfl.
-
31
}V~ - 10
n JMfl %o VflM ^OQW /}V~flfl
fl.
n flOfi fO, dPfifl {VV fl % sflV @O/
@O JMfl O W } sfl.
3. @ ~fl V fifiWVs BfiO dVfl
3.1 ~ y~fl fl fl M} fl~flfl.
n J %fl fl M} OOfl W sflMV @O fl
} Oflfl~fiOfl.
n M}W flfl~fl ek flV Ofl}fl, @ fi~fl Ofl}fl
ek fl M @ fl Ofl%OQ } VfiOfl.
n flVM } V @ flM flsflOl @O
O}%WfiOfl.
3.2 fifiWVMV V B}MV Afl flfl sflM
} ek fl oVflfl.
n fl O{O eV~fl fl fltflfl fl}fl G @OV }flfi
A OsflV fisfl @ Ofl O D} fl }yfl
DMlflsflfl.
n BM} fiMmVfl %fid fl}fl O
fl fi G @O %yVfiOfl.
n fl fi fi~fl flV fl sfl G @O
JVXlflo, ^^%, P}O V%% V Ofl%^lflnO
BfiOfl.
n @O fl } fl flV flfl}flf%flfl G fl
BM} P lflnOV XflM} sfl @O V VfiOfl.
3.3 fifiWVs VVMV fiOfl.
n fl G @Os @ fiV}, @fl
%VV Ofl~ GMfl fl fis @MV VVM
fiOfl.
3.4 @Ofl SWW l }V~V fl sflfl @ B} SW Oy
-
32
@O p
lflnOV }sWOflfl fl%O.
n @Ofl SWW l sflM @O lflnOV
flfi Olo zfl DMmVflfl.
n SW l sfl M fl ~O }} M}VV
OQflflMmVflM VV OyVflfl.
3.5 } lflnOVfl fl}fl ~fi% Vfl OQVVM} fitOfl
fi DsflV @ B} flV fl fiOfl.
n fi fi~fl V fl fiPOMsfl Ossfl fl
DsflVV fl @Ofl %flM @ }M fiOfl.
3.6 fifiWVVflW fl}fl flfi @OVVflW @ V} AfiV fl
sfl.
n } fl VflMVO @O Bfl.
n O=V fifiWV flfi Afi sfl.
n fifiW/fifiWV VMfi @
OMsflM @ fl fl @O Vfl OQ }fiOfl.
3.7 fifiWV, %V @ } Gfl fifiW flfi
fifiz sfl.
n @O VX fi~fl @flVflfl. @V fl fiV fi~fl
OtfiOfl.
n fifiWfl @ fi~flfl @ sfl fi~fl
} sfl.
3.8 fifiWV fi Vflyfllo fl Vflfl.
n @ D}fl t lflnOV fl ZfiOfl. }
@M} fl fl sfl fl~fiOfl. A @fl @M flOzVfifl.
3.9 fifiWV Ofl}fl ~fl flPO V fl VWsfiOfl. @V}V
} O fl O ~fltflfl.
n @V}OQW MVlo fifiWV flPO Vfl
VWsflMVW @V fl O fl Ofl%VV }
~flt}OQfl.
-
33
}V~ - 10
1.14 nfi_MV fl
OO V fl DfiWlflo }fl Ofl% lflnOV fl zflOW
eVfl ~fi% @O V VfiOfl. pO fl}fl @O
p fitfl lflnOV fl }V~fl flOQV @ flO fi~fl ~Ofl
@ fiOfl fid flfiOfl. ~Mfl OO Csfifl fiOVflflo
Ofl% lflnOVfl fid flfiOfl.
OO ^lflnOV e}V y%fl JVMtfl fidVfl
pPflfl lfiOfl. M} fl V R~flfl
y%fl lfiOfl.
flflM JMfl OQ fiOW }fl nfi_MV fl, Q fi%
V (SRG) / fl fl~V (Subject Councils) flMtflfl D}fl. JMfl
l V fl AWlfloOMsfl @O fl @fiO
n{ (Reflection Note) }, SRG/SC fl % sflfl. C n{fl
A @O flflM fid n{Vfl }VfiOfl.
nfi_MV fl fl fl fl OsW.
-
34
@O p
nfi_MV fl
p fl :
MO :
flfl :
fl (Theme) :
OO Vfl :
AflVfl :
OVfl :
}MVfl (V }) :
Vfl ( flOQ }) :
Vfl - fl fiVfl :
OOfiOyVfl :
D} Vfl :
Pfl y%fl
lflnO fl}fl V VMs (y%fl V fl BPfl RfiOfl)
flflSfifl/flflSfifl @O/@Ofl
-
35
}V~ - 10
@fiO n{ (Reflections)
Vfl Vfl fl}fl @Vfl (OO lflnOVfl fl}fl y%flPflVM ~V A)
n
n
n
n
flflMfl lflnOVfl fl}fl lflnOVfl
n
n
n
n
n
@fiO n{ (Reflection note) O?
%o OO VV flW s OO lflnOVfl ~%O @fiO n{ }fiOfl.
n C n{V fl ~ SRG fl flMtfiOfl.
n flflM fid VV O V%% fisfl.
n JMfl @fl C.E. OfitfiOflOQW.
-
36
@O p
flfi OO (Learning) GMflfl flOQ OW fl}fl M}W sflfl JMfl
O Pfl. OOflfl zflO VfiP fisfl @flVfl %oDfiV fl CsfiflMWfiOfl. flVfl VfiO OV Ofl}fl @O Vo O DMmVfiOfl. ~Mfl pVM VfiO OO (Learning Outcomes) V fl fi fiOfl. C lflnOV fl flP M%VV MOMsfl flMtfiOfl.
C O V OVfl, y%flVfl, OOfl V fl %fl Gflofl%O? OO V fl Vfl B fl D? @V fisfiOflflMfl PflVfiWfiOfl? @V fl fiV fisfiOfl? C fi~fl @O fi Vfl y%fl sfl flWfl}.
JMfl pV/YlO flfl O "H Oflfl}fl' GMfl y%flflPflfl fl OOfl y%fl (Assessment of Learning) GMfl OflVfl}.pV OOfl O %fl fl%, OO Vflyfllo GMVfly%flVfl}. Bfl y%fl JMfl M} }.
A OOfl fl S~tfl sVfl y%fl fl` flflR fl}.OO sflfl fifl @ O}VW @O @ qV fi fi fi~flXflO sflflfl. OOMWfl C y%fl fl}fl fisO (FeedBack) y%fl B Mfl M}W. B fl OOWfl y%fl (As-sessment for Learning) GMfl Oflflfl. OOfl V~VW Bfl M}sflfiO Pfl.
BMV OOfl V AflV fl fl}fl y%flV fl fl%Vtz tOfl "~flt Pfl'fl B. B fl flPO y%flMflVflfl~flfl. C O flPO y%fl flO OO Vfl}. B fl"y%flfi OO' (Assessment as Learning) GMfl Oflflfl.
OOfl O}fl fl _`fl "OOVWfl y%fl' fl}fl "y%flfiOO' GMVV OOsfiOfl. OOflfl , zflOfl AVflflOVflM} y%fl flfi fl fiOOfiOfl.
OO Vfl y%flfl fi~fl OO flfifl fiOflV@OQ flVfly fi~fl y%fl flfi fl AflQ tOfiOfl. AflMOO V J}fl fisfl y%fl flfi (Outcome focussed assessmentapproach) fl AflQ tOfiOfl. OO Vfl flflRWfl OO lflnOV%fl "Pfl XflO' fl fl S~tfiOfl. fl%}O Afi , ^O
-
37
}V~ - 10
_M}, OOfl ~, @P, O ek B OO VflflRWfl OOfl o=VW.
M} fl}fl flV y%fl (CCE)M} fl}fl flV y%fl fi~flfl fllo AflQ
tOW. OflflOflfl flVfl M}W sflfl JMfl Pfl. COyM yV fl fl}fl ~flOV fl Go flnoV V Mfl fl %fly%fl Pflflfl M} sflfl~fiOfl. %fl ekO, fO, }O {Vfl fl %}fiflflR V~ GMfl Oflfl}fi. Pflfl flV}fl}fl flflMflOflfl %fl CCE fl Gsfl flflR flVflV{flfl.
VfitMV fi~M} flV A y%fl fl VfitMV fi~fl sfiOfl. fl
M} VfitMVVW W Ifl fiflMm VfitMV DfiWfl}. IflfiflMm VfitMV Vfis fiflMm fl}fl fiOs OsW.
Vfis fiflMm fiOs Vfis
90-100 A+
80-89 A
70-79 B+
60-69 B
50-59 C+
40-49 C
30-39 D+
20-29 D
20 OV E
y%fl Pflflfl M} flV AWflMfl vtfiOW.
CCE flVfl1. ekO flOQ MM y%fl.
2. fO, }O fl V~ BV fl W ~fiy.
-
38
@O p
ekO fl OOQ MM y%fl
flVfl Oflfl~fl G flVfl ekO fl nofl fifl}. OO,ek flVfl (flek , V{} ek , d ek ), Ofl OO, ~ flOO V AfiV Ps Oy flflM} G flV fl C flOQ fiflfl.~Mfl flOQ MMM} OO Vfl Vflfl~, @fl GoflnoVfiVMfl fitOMsfl y%fl sfiOfl. B Gsfl V flOsW.
1. M} (C.E.)
2. @ (T.E.)
M} (C.E.)
flO M} flV OO @ fiO OV fl fiOW. @MB AflVfl, }MVfl, ek flVfl, d fi Vfl GMfiflV VMtfl}. BV flfl OV fl %fl Oo. Ofi,K flVfl Vflfl, TOW fifl flO, flfl flO@Otflfl, d}O V flO Onflfl OV flOOfl flO O fiOfl. AflM OOflfl OfiOV Wfi, ek Wfl fl Wfi fi%tfl .
1 fl}fl 2 fi }V~V } (Theme) fl , V{}, @fl GM flV lflnOV fl tW. AflM C }V~V yflW fl} fl fl flV %flfl. flO M} %fl _Ofl}fl {Vfl OV {VV AflO, KflO, VV ~flflfl,D^` flMV Kflfl, {V B AO.
ek flV ~Mfl Afl fiOy M} flVfl Af%AflVfl, ~flOVfl fl}fl OVfl GMV fl Vfl lfloOfiOfl.B flfl M} fl _W.
l OO Pflfl
l fim%fifi
l YlO fllo (~Mfl YlO Jlflo OO V ) BV fl W fifiy.
-
39
}V~ - 10
OO Pflfl
OOfl %zfl fifl Pflfl }flM W. OOPflfl ~Mfl Ylo fl t @V} M fl fisfiOfl.lflnOfl flO V Afl fl}fl ~flOVfl, V OVfl GMV fl
sfiOfl. -, fl}fl @O VV fiV OV fl YlOV flV @ fl fiOfl.PflV OQ W OV Os OV fl flfl.
1. lflnOV VflO ( lflnOfl }sWOfl }, flPOlflnOV fl flfl fl%, VflM XflO, Afl flfl.)
2. Afl ~flO
3. OV M
4. @P/flMs
5. Rflfl/tflfl
Pflfl y%flOQ fisWfl ^OV fl ~Mfl^lflnOflfl y%fl t l RfiOfl. flVflfimflOQ fl Pflfl O=W DfiWfiOfl. @fl O fl
} BV fl VfitV fl %o fl fl RfiOfl.
1 M }sW flflMflflfl fl MSV } fl OMsfltflflA fl MSV MSfl fl @Mfi Vfl{ Ofl.
1. nfi_MV fl VflOOfl lflnOV fl fl}W Mfid sflOQ, fifl M}
fl sflOQ nfi_MV fl fl tflfl @OW.
nfi_MV flV OV fis YlOV fl OsflW.
l OO Vfl
l AflVfl/~flOVfl
l OVfl
l Vfl/fl fiVfl
l OOfiOyVfl
l fiPfl D} Vfl
l flfl
-
40
@O p
l lflnOVfl fl}fl JVMs P l, ~V fl R y%fl l.
l y%fl l ~V fl A @fiO n{Vfl
fl M{OflM Ot OO lflnOV fid , y%flM%Vfl, }M}Vfl, DOyVfiOfl.
2. } fimflO MM Vfl%fl fim O ekO fl OQ AW
RW. OOfl PflVVfl ^lflnOVfl ~fi%OflfimO OW. %fl d fi}, _M} PflVfl, y
Vfl fim O ~fl}. p flfl sflOQ fl }M}Vfl, @V ~%fiOyOQ % sfl }Vfl, lflnOV M}VXflO G ~Vfl fim OfiOfl. lflnOV flOVMs D} VV MM V fl fimOflfi RfiOfl.
%o flflV V t OOfl V~V @V} V fl, V%% fl @Ofl fisfiOfl. YlO O fl OO V fl% VOMtfl fi? GMfl fiPfl RW fimOVfl Ofl%%fiOfl.
fimO Aflo}flM Otflfl, Afl fl}fl fiVV fiVDfiRVflfl, } _M} V fl JVMtflfl fl}fl ~flM}fl AWfiOfl.flV fl RW flMtfiOfl. fimOOQ flV} fl}fl flflMflOflfiOfl.
fim%fifi OO ^lflnOfl flflMflflflV Vfl G D} V fl
fim%fifi @t sfiOfl. OOV MM flVflV}V fisO fisfl O fl fim%fifi fisfl}. Bfl OOfl fl}}Vfl}.
fim%fifi,
l fimflO
l B} Vfl (flPO , D}flV )
l B} OO O=Vfl (_}Vfl, MVVfl, OOfiOyVfl)
l dfi ^Vfl
l O%fimVfl
-
41
}V~ - 10
C fl fiOMt.
fim%fifi OQ OV Os OV fl flfl.
l Afl o}
l ~flOV fl } Wflfl
l fiV M
l y%}
l d}
fim%fifi OQ MM JMfl Dzfl fl fisfiy.
YlO fllo JMfl YlO OO VWfl lflnOVfl MMMV
VMtfl}. BOQMfl flV . JMfl YlO fl sflflO C flV} ek (G OO V fl V{) fl fl VlfloW._O , Ofl%Ofl, K flO , } fl}flD} OMsfltflflfl, ^V flVfl YlO OQ V{fiOfl. %o YlO OO V fl flVfl M} Mfl ~flfl flO finMV Qfi, Oo flV flDfiWfiOfl. YlO OO lflnOMV dW sflfiOW.
YlO OV A @MOV fl fit, VfitV ~%, @flO fl V} fl fl RfiOfl. JMfl @fl JMPQM} fl` YlOVflM YlO flfl @fl OflRfiOfl. BOQ OQfl ^OVfl @Ofl}fiOfl. Ofl OO, ~ fl OO, AfiV fl}fl Pfis Oy GM flVVPfl, fim%fifi, YlO fllo - GM V fl s Vfis fisfiOfl.
CE Vfis OMsfltflfl ~Mfl fl Pfl, fim%fifi, YlO fllo
GMV ~M Vfis fl OQ t O @V fl A, B, C, D, E VfisVV@ flOflW 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 GM V @MOV fl fisfiOfl. fiV Vfl Jlflo VfisflMmV A %fl CE Vfis fl OMsfltflflfl.
CE Vfis =Jlflo Vfis flMm
x 100Vr Vfis flMm
DzV, JMfl flVflV O s Pfl, fim%fifi fl}fl YlO
-
42
@O p
fllo BV Vfis @ flOflW A, B, B GMfl . GM Jlflo Vfis flMm 5 + 4 + 4 = 13 AW. Vr Vfl Vfis flMm 15.
Vfis flMm (fiOs 13
15x 100 = 86.67)
OW nofl O O s CE Vfis A AW. OV Onofl nofl flfiWCE Vfis fl OMsfltflflfl.
@ (TE)9, 10 M} flVV @fl fl V{OMsfl YlOV
OO V fl %fiOfl. fl Vfl, }MVfl, OVfl GM flV fl V{OMsfl @ fl sfiOfl. JyflVV fl}fl OVV J}fl fitfl y% V Vfl JVMtfiOfl.ek flVV @fl JVMtfl YlOV J yV fl A @ sfiOfl. OO VV J}fl Osfl fi~fl AflV fl fl}flOV fl sflOQ fiV V fl }fiOfl.
~Mfl YlO/Afl flVV M} O PflVV (ek OV} sflfl/~flOfl , AflVfl/~flOVfl BV fiV, Vfl flfl, y%fl, d}O O PflVfl) flofie(Weightage) fit fi O }, y% VflMfl S~t, ~O}fiOfl. VV fiV OV fl , @V A fl%fiOfl.
Ofl OO, ~ fl OO, AfiV fl}fl Pfis Oy GMfi flVVMM lfl% fl % (Performance Assess-ment) W sfiOfl.
@PQfl V fl A flV OtV fisW. Ofl OO,~ fl OO, AfiV fl}fl Pfis Oy GMVV C fi~fl Vfis fisfiOW.
fO, }O fl ekO flM}flfi fO, }O flV
flfl. Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning together, Learning to beGM yV fl B V{fiOfl. fO, }O flV OQMM OV Onofl yV fl sfiOfl.
1. ^ flfl O (Communication Skills)
2. @M}P y (Inter Personal Skills)
-
43
}V~ - 10
3. (Empathy)
4. VMV M{O (Coping with Emotions)
5. O J}sMV M{O (Copying with stress)
6. fl O (Problem solving skills)
7. ~fi% OVflfl (Decision making)
8. fl%}O _M} (Critical thinking)
9. d fi _M} O (Creative thinking skills)
10. %z (Self management)
ekO fl flV fl %fl @Ofi BV flsfiOfl. A flV Pfl VW, C flsfiOfl. B P O Vfl}fi GMfl fl
sfiOfl.
fO - }O fl %fl fl%fl MM}O @MVfl Vflfl~ RfiOfl. ~ %fl }OyV fl fi}fiOfl.
C MM RVfl nfi_MV fl fiOfl. fO, }Ofl fl %O OfitfiOy fl fl RfiOfl. BOQWflfl }fiO OMVfl fisW. %fl OO V~flRflfl C MM Vflz}O R~ BfiOfl.
fO - }O flMsV yV ~ %V MM@}fl}flflfl OM RfiOfl. D}flW %s yflRfiOW.
fiV ekO flMs fO }O flMs flVfl D}fl% fl y%fl RfiOfl. D}fl fl fi fltfl @V}Ofl%V fl OVMsfl @ @}fl}fl Vfis fl } R Ofl.
-
44
@O p
n OO Pflfl
n fim%fifi
n YlO fllo
JMfi fil
flfi : OO VV J}fl Osfl flfi
M} V flV (CCE)
ekO fl fO, }O fl
1. ^ flfl fl %(Communication Skills)
2. @M}%P y (InterpersonalSkills)
3. (Empathy)4. VMV MO (Coping
with emotions)5. O J}sMV M{O
(Coping with stress)6. fl O (Problem
Solving Skills)7. ~fi% OVflfl (Decision
making)8. fl%}O _M} (Critical thinking)9. dfi _M} O (Creative
thinking skills)10. %z (Self management)
n AflVflPflVflfl
M} @
-
OO flfi X
45
dek Mflfl fO V~fl flfi fifl Yl Vfl, AflVfl,Vfl, MVfl B}V Ofl} MM} V OfiMfiO} @flW. dek @fl PVV, P fl}fldV, d fl}fl O~VW MM Ofl} @fizW.Aflflfl Ofl%OQW }, Vfi, @%, d, dM flVW W%fiOflV @Vfl }Wfl MM flfi_ MMV fl fifl @fl%W.
dek OO O?
d BflW O zflV fl ~flfl, d fl D}fltflJVXno fl } } fl ~fl @OQ }OQM} O%fi flRVfl flOQ flWflfl dek OOfl DfiW. fO zVWVflMV d fl flfl sfl dfl fl fifl PV fl Wfl dek OOfl DfiW. fO zVVWOfl%} PV fl fl d ek OOflM VfiOfl. efl}ek, e}~fi}}, e}~fi} _M} , ofifl ek, fl|}, O fl fi, MYek,~P fl% B} V fl fl dek OOflM Vfl}.B dek OOfl DfiVfl flfi _flV flVOO DfiV OO V O= M} W.
V O~VW MM Vfi AflW. O~O Vfl ffi fiV fifl} GMfl fl ~flfl fl}fl Ofi flfl }y DMlflsfl zVfl Mfl ~flflVfi flOW. BM} V fl fiOz sfl V fifl MOz, V~fi @ GMfi AflV fl fl}Vfl VfiOOflM Vfl}.
fl } ffi sfl OfiV fl}fl DMlflsflzV MO fi }W.
dek OO flfi
-
X
46
dek I & II
}% O fiVfl }O fl fi O Ofl}floOfi V fl fl }fl OOflfl flOW. fO O M}V VMsfl V zVV JV @O , A%O MMVfl,ek O flVfl B}VV MM Vfl V fl fl }fl OOfl flOflOQV Vfl}. oOfiVfl o O=V Ay%flt M} oOfi fl fl M% }fl OOflM flVflVfl}.
d d fl, o, As} B}V Ofl} @fl W. OflQV flfl}fl O}%V fl B _%W. As} OflV @OV fiflV @V fl V~VW DfiWflfl fiVMfl @%OMsfl @V}flM%V flfifl d OOflfl flOQ fl Wfl}.
D} , }z, O, M~ }z GMVfl ffi fiV fifl} GMfl Ofl} OOflfi @%W. flflfl M Vfi_} V ekO }z fl}fl Ofl fl S}tfl A%OoOfi fl %V fl flOW.
d fO ffi fO MMV Ofl} OOW.fO MMV fl ~flOMsfl fO zV WW d flflflsfl } }fl ~flOflfi d OOfl DfiW.} VMs d flV fl fl%}OW y%fl t flV fl ~PflV fl oW Otfl Bfl %V fl Wfl}.
MPW fifl fO oOfi fl}fl ekfl fl flflO ~flOVfl fl fiVfl, Vfl V OVfl GMV fl fldek OOflfl flOW.
dek OO fiV?
H fl OflfiOfl GMM}flfi fiV OflfiOfl GMflfl Os W. AOydek OOfl flOQ PflV fiOfl.
dek OOfl @MVW VfiO P fl%Vfl OVOsW.
$ fiOz
$ ~ MV
-
OO flfi X
47
$ W%fiOy
$ fiO
$ fiz
$ fiOy
$ Vfl V fl flfl
$ E fl}fl
$ DOyV fl DfiWflfl.
fl%Vfl, fl fiVfl fl}fl V fl fl flO M%Vfl flOQVfiOfl. VflM ^lflnOVV @fiO M%VWWfiOfl. dOQMM flVfl Vfl GMVV MM ^^%Vfl, @VOyVfl @ fiz sflfl, ~V fl MVflfl, fiflfl, Vfl V flflfl Bfi lflnOV fl pVOQ MM OVfiOfl. @OQWpO fl}fl B} flO - ~fifl flVfl AflfiOVflfl.dek OOVW OV _ flV fl DfiW flfl.
$ pOVfl
$ B} OVfl
$ ~OVfl, OVfl
$ flVfl
$ }fl RVfl
$ lVfl, @m
$ ^~O OVfl
$ _}Vfl/fimfiVfl
$ / lO
$ I..n. }Vfl B}.
}, Vfi, d, @% V d GMfi flV OO V fl vtflMV dek SVM fl @V MMV fl fizV JtfiOfl. dek OOfl DfiVMY e k, O flfi, fl|}, efl} ek, fl%}O _M} ,~P fl% B}V OOQ @V} OO @ flVfl ~Mfl %V
-
X
48
dek I & II
fl fi~fl dek OOfl fid fl fl }fiOfl. BOQW fi~fl OO}M}V fl DfiWfiOfl. d ek OOVW DfiWflO OO}M}V fl OV OsW.
OO }M}Vfl
$ ^Vfir$ VflM ^^%$ M$ M%$ flfl $ eOo
^Vfir (fl)
Bfl dek OOfl W fl OO}M}VMW. flGMflfl JMfl flOQ MM JMfl @ JMPQM} ^fl` flM M }G flflM flMt %fl flO flVVfl JMfl OO}M}W. flW @ fl DVVW W%fiOfl . A flW Jfl M fl flMt Ofl. DzV 7 fi }V~fl "O, }V ek fi} fi ' GM fi%Ofl JMfl fl fl sfl_W. 7fi }V~fl M} flOQ JVfi B G flVflJtOMsfl fl Mfl flMtflfl. B fi flfl flMV flMWfl flMtflfl.
$ fi} Ofl flfi fi
$ } fi}
$ ekO Ofi} fi}
fl M}Vfl
fl AflQ (OWfiOfl)
~MV sflfl (~ MVOQW WV fl fisfiOfl/G fl}flM ~flOfl fisfiOfl)
M }
flMs
%
-
OO flfi X
49
OfitfiOy }~Mfl M}fl @O XOflfl @fl%W. OflOWfl fl ~%V OO fl fl fl%OW flVflV }flfl C }M}fiVW.
Ofl%fid (eOo)
eOo GMflfl ekO fl ^lflnOVMW. }V~fllflnOfl @MVW DMmVfl JMfl flfl fl ekO M}V
flO ~%Vfl Pflflfl sflflfl. fl OQ @V}~MVOQ, OfitfiOyOQ, fizV Vfl fiOyOQ B M%fl}.
eOo M}Vfl
$ flfl fl AflQsflfl
$ E
$ ~ MV
$ ~V fl OfitfiOflfl
$ OfitfiO ~V fl fiflfl
$ Vfl fiOy
$ flMs
$ eOo }
VflM % (Group Discussion)
_%fiO fl fl VflM flMtflfl. @OQ MM AflV fl VflM fl M flfl. VflM @fl fl OfitfiO flMtflfl. AflV flfl} flfl Ofl fl fl flflM} @fiO Vfl fl C}M}fl DfiWflfl. ^%fl G fl Xfl} GMfl OfiO @fl} M @M~fl D} G fl WflMfl @Ofl R_}tfiOfl. GV flMtfl M% WfiOfl.
-
X
50
dek I & II
M (Debate)@ flOW V ~OW @fl fl fifl Vfl flVfl }fiM V flfl. M B}fl flMtfl V~V fl flflP%ORMtfl M% fl}.
M}Vfl
$ O fl AflQ
$ dfl M flO
$ ~ MV
$ fisfil flflR @ flO V ~O V~V flMs .
$ fisfil OfitfiOy
M% (Interview)~ MVOQ fl}fl Afl fiOyOQ W C }M} fl DfiWflfl.fl fl AflQt O PV fl OMsflOflfl B W.M% OQ fl
- fl AflQ.
O Pfl fl Vflfl~ AflM~flfl.
Vfl }flfl.
fl}fl flflfl %flfl.
M% fi AflM~ Pfl fl flflfl.
Vfl Ofiflfl.
D}V fl Rflfl.
fl%z
M% @ M} fl fl}fl D}V fl AW M% }.
fl flMs .
OO (Field Trip)Bfl fi @flfl fl O JMfl OO}M}W. Pfl%V flO flVfl fl Wfl B flO M% fl}.
-
OO flfi X
51
$ MM
$ V fl fl O
$ @ flV fl M fl M%
$ fi @ flMmVfl}
M}Vfl$ fid
$ %z
$ }
fid }fl M% OO fl W ~%Vfl @V}flG lflnOV fl }fiOfl.$ fiVfiO , MO fl Vtflfl.
$ JV sflflfl.
$ MVfiO ~V fl %flfl.
$ dfl M flO
fid V fl sWfi @V fl %zfl M} eVfiOfl.fl flVfl/PflVfl flflM}W sflfl~flMfl C M}S}tfiOfl.
Ofi} M% }flfl ~Mfl flVfl fl fl }fiOfl. OMsflOMs~V fl OflOW fiWflM @Vfl }MWflM OO VV MM ~Vfl WflM S}tfiOfl.
fi%
fi%flfl dek @fl ~ MVOQW fl OO}M}VJMW. Ofi}VM ~V fl MVfl flO %V @ fl flO~flOflfl/ekfl @f%fl Vfl}. su VflMVM ~VflMVfl C OO fid OW. fl OQ MOMsflWfi no fi %M }flfl.
fln fis%OO lflnOfl @MVW MVfl _}Vfl, noVfl, V, }% }flyflOflVflB}V }V~fl G flOQV }fi OO lflnOV fl W
-
X
52
dek I & II
flflMflfl . fiV MVflV %fl fln fis%flOW. M}W MVfl fl}fl sOflflMmfi }fl @ flwOflM} sfl fln fis% flOW.
AM }
Ofl%O}flM Ot dek OOV M} ~ MV lflnOflflflO M}Mfi AMfiOfl. dek flVV MMAMVfl M}W OVfiOfl. AM GMflfl su fl}fl ^fl` flO OM fizfl W fl }V MOMsfl _OQOt%M AM @ Mfl AM AW OVfl flM Mfi flflOQV fisfiOfl. @ fl`OmoW MP flflM V fl}o ^V fl fiflVdek OQ MM ~V MV fl OVfl @fl_flsV flOQ flWfl Vflfl.
V flVfl, ~~OVfl, M_OVfl
}V~fl sfl lflnOV D} M fl V flVfl fl}fl ~}VflVfiOfl. BV fl eV}flM MPsfiOfl. @V} flflM lflnOVV@flMW DfiWflfl. M} y%flOQ BM} D}VflAflQsflfl. BOQ flWW fi fl}Mfl BPQ.%fl V A flO @MWfiO fl VflM} fekflfl flOQ VWflfi. } OMsflOflOV fl, oV fl (D} V fl) %fl VA flO d @MWfiO fl Vfl Bfl M% fl V flVfl ~~OVflfl}fl M_OVfl flOQV JWfl}.
-l fizl fizflfl dek OOV @}M} @V}W. Vfi fl}fl }VMM Afl fiOyOQ MM lV fl fiflfl dek OOV }flM flOW. lV O~} fl}fl fl%}~V fl fiW. BV fl OV flfiW ~flOMsfl BM}~VW MM fl OMsfltflfiOW. BOQW pOfllVfl, ~ lVfl, @m flflM}flV fl JWfiOfl. ~Mfl flVflVl fl fiOz sfl M% flMfl S}tfiOfl. H fl fiOzsfiOM fifiOM o %fi fl @Ofl fisfiOfl. VflM OMsflt ~Vfl fl}fl Vfl V fl flMt OfitfiOfiOfl. fiOz
-
OO flfi X
53
t V fi AflVfl fl l fizflfl MflDW.
~Mfl OO lflnOfl Pfl fl}fl Vfl D} fl ~Mfl flVflfilflO RfiOfl. M_O, AM, B} MVV fl }fiOW }fiOfl.
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58
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@} VfiOMflAV d V O _M}O AflVfl fi fl}fl. pV fitflAflVfl @flfiO OM~V fizfit AflVMV }fl t n{}flfl. @flfiO }}_M}Oflefl}, OflQVfl, flO%MsoflflVVfl AflVfl B}VVWV efl}, }M}=, flflP_M} , fl fl V % {V VV _M}Ofl J}flfitfl.
JMfi Gofin fl} = 285Gs fi Gofin fl} = 308
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fl fi Gofin fl} = 621 ~Mfl G o fin ~
V JMMfl fl}M} fitfl fi Gofin V flfl} fl}.@OQ W ~Mfl GofinVJMMfl fl}M} fit JMfl fl}flGsfi Gofinfl JMW flfiG o fin fl dflV flVfl}.
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fifl V M^ OM~
M^ OM~fl M} @OOQM fifl flfi M^ OM~flflGo flnoV fi}fl? GM fl-
M^ OM~fl AM V @ M}s Yl V Ofl}fl pV fitfl
^m%, no GM V fl fi~flOfl fl Vfl}.
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fitOfl fl flflMsfl Oyfi Mfl flnofl flO OMsflOfiOfl.
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d ek - 1: @O p dV} fl ~% OM~Vflfl
72
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flO pVfl AMflfl.@ M} VflMV pO fl fififl fiz V flzV fl
fifl}. @ M}
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-
73
@flfiO fiV @O} VVflOyfi fl?
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n @flfiO V O`Msfl (m)
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A History of Modern Time from 1789 - C.D. M. Ketelbey
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Contemporary World History - Arjundev
Peoples of the Sun - C. A Burland
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Bmfl M fl}fl dfl%fl hflMeV~O M~V fiV Ofl}Mfl flJM fl ^ V fi rfl flO fiflfl. VflMVfl, M fi r} , } fl V fl%, O fi^c}, fi fi~ GMVVMM ~V fl MV _%flMtfiOfl. @V fl OfitfiOflVhflM fl}fl hflM eV~O M~V fiVOfl}M ~flOfl fl VflVfiOfl.
Gs fi eV~O flflJM fi eV~O flfl Ofl} sfi }flV fl _% Gs fi eV~O flfl O fl} p V fl
AMflfl.
$ JM fi eV~O flfl O VMsfl20 % O flfi dV}fl fl}MfleV ~O flfl O Q PV flOyfi fl ?
$ JMfl fl}fl Gs fi eV~O flflVOyVV }V?
C Vfl AW VflMVflpO flM Gs fi eV~OflflPQfl OyV fl fifl}.
$ JM fi eV~O flfl fl}fl Gs fieV~O flfl OyVV @ fiO }Vfl.
$ JMfi eV~O flfl O zflVfl Gs fi eV~O flflOQOyfl.
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B} fi } dV}fl
86
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GMfi ~flOV flO ^^%flflOfitfiOflfl.
flfl zflVfl
Gsfi eV~O flfl zflVfl fi fl ^ V fi rM fl H%tflfl. BOQ OO%V fl flQVflMVW MVtfiOfl.VflM 1- flzflVfl, M~ fl}Vfl,MflflO o MYVflM 2 - }flV }M}=VflM 3 - fi} flVflM 4 - @ flflQ VflM V A flVVMM ~V fl MV VflM _% flMtfiOfl. JM fi VflM fl
flfl fi flfi flO lflnOV fl V %fl flH%tfiOfl. Gs fi VflM fl Gs fieV~O flfl M} }M}=VMsfiV nofl fl }fiOfl. fl fiVflM fl fi} fl eV~O M~VOW}Mfl fl fiOfl. Q fiVflM fl eV~O M~fl fl Osfl@ ^flflfl }fl^_%fiOfl.JMfi eV~O flflPQM} }WO zflV flMlflsflGs fi eV~O flflOQ fl}MOfitfiOy flO ^Vfirfl fl~%Vflfl.
`fl H @} y Vflfifl} `fl H dPfifl Ofl}fl %fl fl AMflfl.$ `fl H BMfl MY%V
sW. BO Q OyfiMflOMsfltflfl flfi? GM
fl O JM fi eV~O flflM} `fl H ^}flflVflMV _% fi m%M fl}fl}.
`fl H }flP% dVW}fl
JM fi eV~O flfl }flP%flfldfl MflM l
Afi OQ M}fl.
Yfiz
hflfio flfl VflO
Bfi VflO
Bfi fl}fl @ oV sfl flflVfl
fi fi MYl fl
fifl} flfl } V HOflfifl dV}fl
fi} fl O dV}fl Gsfl PyVW MVtno}fi. A 20 fi} Ofl fi} fl OVMt} @flfiO fi}}HOflfifl dV}Mfl VMt}fl.
C fl M} fifl}flfl } PQfl OyVfl V@fl HO fl fifl dV ~ V fiV tOno}Mflfl OMsfltfl_%fl}. d fl}}VM
flfl, Vfi%^fi As}
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flzVfl fifl} flfl} OQ Oyfl}fl GM OfitfiOyflO %fl fl ~%Vflfl.
fi d}fi d} GMflfl Gs fi
eV~O flfl M} VMsW.
$ fi d} GMfi fl?$ fi d} }~fifl dV~
A%O fl fl fiV }fl?$ fi d} AflV
eV~fiOy, SWfiOy, DfiOy GMV fi}Vfl ?
V fl Ofifl flO fi d} Ofl} ^^%flflAMflfl. eV~fiOy @Mfl~fl oVfl V fl M ffi flfi fiV fifl}GMfl fl _%fiOfl. BOQ pO}W ~OVfl, fl}OOVflB}Vfl DfiWOflfl.eV~fiOy VflyfiV fl @fiP^^%flfl OfitfiOflfl.
?y%flPQfl Vfl$ Afi-H fiV }flV fl flM} flflfi fiV fl fifi
YlOVfl ?$ d} Ms} O} W. C fiOfl fl @fiP.$ fi flfl OQ } OyVfl}. JMfi eV~O flfl
zflV fl fi ot.$ %fl M~ JM B Mfl flflOQ Oyfl}fl GMfl fi fl~fi?
O?$ @flfiOflMm A%O Ofl} eV~O fiV fl fiV }fl?$ M V hflM }V no }.$ JM fi eV~O flfl M} flflfi fiVflMm A%O-dPfifl
flVfl Gs fi eV~O flflOQ Oyfl} ? _%.$ @ fl BM fl @fiP.$ Vfi%^fi flzVfl fifl} flfl }OQ Oyfl}?
@fiP.$ eV~fiOy fizVfl fl O D} V Ofl}OQ Oyflfi? fl%.
AO VM
o A %u- @dfl% fi - BM @dfl% fioMV A fis % u% o- fifl% fi
fiO }M 1914-1968 - sfis }fiflfiO }M MsM VM - Ofi B>olm
AVfifiOyM @% - GM.G. Dfl
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B} fi } dV}fl
88
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y%W WOW - D}fltfiOflfl
1. d } {Vfl M} V fl ~flfl %V V fl}Mfl fl S}tfl}fl.
2. flflfififl fiVflMm OVOflfl fl%}OW @fiPfl%VV fl}Mfl fl S}tfl}fl.
3. Gsfi eV~O fl