social psychology. social psychology two major assumptions –behavior is driven by context...
TRANSCRIPT
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Social Psychology
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Social psychology
• Two major assumptions– Behavior is driven by context– Subjective perceptions guide our behavior
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Conformity and obedience
• Social norms– Your example?– Milgram– Conclusions:
• Anxiety prevents us from breaking norms• We need to justify our actions• Context directs our feelings and behavior
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Conformity and obedience
• Would you resist group pressure?– Studies say: Probably not.
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Asch study
•Demonstrates suggestibility as a form of conformity.
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Milgram study
• Subjects believed they were participating in a study on the effects of punishment on learning– Shock was delivered for each mistake made– Each shock was larger than the previous one
• Milgram found that obedience is highest when:– Authority figure is nearby– Authority figure is convincing and associated with a
powerful institution– Victim is depersonalized and/or distant– Disobedience has not been modeled by others
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Conformity and obedience
Conditions that strengthen conformity:
One is made to feel incompetent or insecure. The group has at least three people. The group is unanimous. One admires the group’s status and
attractiveness. One has no prior commitment to a response. The group observes one’s behavior. One’s culture strongly encourages respect for a
social standard.
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Conformity and obedience
• Why do we conform?– To be liked– To be right– To be alike
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Group influence
• Individual behavior is influenced by the presence of others– Social facilitation– Social loafing– Disindividuation
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Group influence
• Individual behavior may also influence the behavior of the group
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Group influence
• Group behavior is influenced by the interactions within a group– Group polarization– Groupthink
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Social relations
• How we relate to one another through a variety of attitudes and actions
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Prejudice
• An unjustifiable, most unconscious, attitude toward a group and its members– Beliefs– Emotions– Predisposition to act
• Discrimination = behavior
• How common is prejudice?– Implicit association test
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Social roots of prejudice
• Social inequalities increase prejudice
• Social divisions increase prejudice
• Emotional scapegoating
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Cognitive roots of prejudice
• Categorization
• Availability heuristic
• Just-world phenomenon
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Attraction
• Influenced by:– Proximity– Physical attractiveness– Similarity
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Romantic love
• Passionate love
• Companionate love
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Social thinking
• Attribution theory - our interpretation about the cause of someone else’s behavior– Dispositional attribution– Situational attribution
• Fundamental attribution error
• Self-serving bias
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Attitudes and actions
• Attitudes are beliefs that influence who we feel and act– Attitudes direct our behavior– Our actions can also direct our attitudes
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Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
• Examined the effects of role playing on attitudes and behavior– Arbitrarily assigned volunteers to play the role
of prisoner or prison guard
– Demonstrated that role playing can have a strong effect on beliefs
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Cognitive dissonance
• Tension that results from opposition between actions and beliefs
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
• Strategy for gaining compliance– People who agree to a small request will later
agree to a larger request• Charities• Alliances
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Can attitudes be legislated?
• Can people’s beliefs be changed by creating laws that enforce specific behaviors?