So you had a Revolution…. Now what?

Now What?

• Congress of Vienna– After Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo, European

diplomats met to devise a peace settlement that would restore Europe to the way it was prior to the French Revolution

– Congress dominated by Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria

– Decisions made at the meeting were designed to bring stability and order by repressing nationalistic feelings and preventing liberal political change unleashed by the French Revolution and Napoleon

The Congress of ViennaGoal Action

• To prevent France from going to war again

• Strengthen countries around France1. Add Belgium and Luxembourg to

Holland to create the kingdom of the Netherlands

2. Give Prussia lands along the Rhine River

3. Allow Austria to take control of Italy again

• To return Europe to the way it was in 1792, before Napoleon

• Give power back to the monarchs of Europe

• To protect the new system and maintain peace

• Create the Concert of Europe, an organization to maintain peace in Europe

Now What?

• Balance of Power and Restored Monarchs– Congress of Vienna established balance of power

so that one European power was not more powerful than another militarily

– Restored more conservative powers• Conservatism – set of beliefs held by those who wanted

to preserve traditional ways

– Congress of Vienna was a reaction against revolutionary ideals

Map of Europe Prior to Congress of Vienna

Map of Europe After Congress of Vienna

Now What?

• New Revolutions in Europe– The Congress of Vienna helped to maintain peace

among nations in Europe for almost 100 years– Revolutions did occur within nations because

revolutionaries were unhappy with the results of the settlement

– Opposed the restoration of old European powers and monarchies

New Revolutions in Europe

• Causes– Two main causes of the new revolutions• Liberalism

– People opposed the power of monarchs and sought democratic reforms

• Nationalism– People wanted independent nation-states that were free from

foreign rule

Now What?

• Revolutions of 1830– The French were alarmed by the monarch’s

attempt to restore absolutism in France– The French people revolted and create a

constitutional monarchy– Attempts at independence were successful in

Greece and Belgium but unsuccessful in Italy, Germany, and Poland

Now What?

• Revolutions in 1848– France• King Louis Philippe’s government was denounced which

prompted another revolution• The King stepped down and a republic was established• Within months of the uprising, upper and middle-class

interests gained control of the government and violently put down w workers’ rebellion in Paris• Fighting left bitter feelings between working and

middle class

Now What?

• Revolutions in 1848– Austrian Empire• When students revolted in Vienna in 1848, Metternich

tried to suppress them• Ran into trouble when workers joined the upset

students• The government agreed to certain reforms but when

the military took over, revolutionaries were imprisoned, executed, or exiled

Now What?

• Revolutions in 1848– Italy and Germany• Rebellions in Italy were successful just for short periods• In Germany, student protestors helped to push for the

creation of assemblies that represented the people• Revolutions were unsuccessful as they were

disorganized and turned on each other

Now What?

• Impact of the Revolutions– The revolutions in 1830 and 1848 frightened

European rulers– Some agreed to reforms but the revolts were

unsuccessful• Most revolutionaries did not have widespread support• Sometimes the revolutionaries themselves were

divided• Powerful government forces often crushed the revolts

Now What?

• Absolutism in Czarist Russia– Impact of the French Revolution• Russian czars strove to keep the ideals of the French

Revolution – liberty, equality, and fraternity – from reaching their people• Unlike the countries of Western Europe , Russia

changed very little in the 1800s

Now What?

• Absolutism in Czarist Russia– Political Conditions• Russian czars resisted reforms, fearing that change

would weaken their control• Czars fought the introduction of democracy into their

society, although these same ideals were gaining momentum in other parts of Europe

Entrance Ticket!

• What is Feudalism? How is it set up?

Feudalism

• Evolved from the need to protect land from invasions

• Kings, Lords, Vassals, Serfs– Church/Pope– Monarch– Lords, Nobles, Priests– Knights, Vassals– Peasants, Serfs

• Castles• Chivalry

Now What?

• Absolutism in Czarist Russia– Societal Conditions• A Feudal Society

– Rigid feudal social structure– Serfdom in Russia continued although the practice in Western

Europe had faded by the 1700s

Now What?• Absolutism in Czarist Russia– Societal Conditions• Freeing of the Serfs

– Embarrassing loses in the Crimean War against the Ottomans emphasized the need for Russian modernization

– Demands for reform, including the freeing of serfs, followed– Alexander II freed the serfs in 1861

» Good idea, except serfs did not have the ability to support themselves

» Freed serfs moved off their land and into cities leading to further discontent

Now What?• Absolutism in Czarist Russia– Societal Conditions• Russification

– Large country with many minorities– The policy of attempting to make all groups think, act, and

believe as Russians– Examples of policy in action:

» Russian czar Alexander III persecuted non-Russians» One language and religion» Russian religious policies encouraged anti-semitism and

pogroms» The authorities stood by and watched as the homes of

Jews were burned and their businesses and looted

• What were the immediate effects of the revolutions that occurred in Latin America?

Now What?

• Instability in Latin America– Geographic Barriers• Latin American nations that gained independence

covered a vast area and include several geographic barriers– Andes Mountains

• Fights between leaders and nationalistic feelings kept Latin America from uniting

Now What?

• Instability in Latin America– Social Injustice• Although there were revolutions, the social and

economic structures remained intact• Creoles replaced peninsulares as the ruling class• Established oligarchies in many Latin American

countries

Now What?

• Instability in Latin America– Military Rulers• Caudillos put together make-shift armies and

challenged centralized governments• Led to repressive dictatorships• Policies favored the upper class

Now What?

• Instability in Latin America– Economic Problems• Cash Crop Economies

– Unstable economies based on just one or two commodities– Exported one or two crops and imported many manufactured

goods– Unequal balance of trade led to very unstable economies

Now What?

• Instability in Latin America– Economic Imperialism• Economic gains attributed to foreign investments,

mining, railroad• Few benefits for majority of population because of rigid

class structure

Effects of Nationalism• Zionism– Rise of Nationalism led to

intensification of anti-Semitism in late 1800s in Europe

– As patriotism increased, intolerance for minorities and outsiders increased, including Jews

– What do we call violent attacks against minorities?

Effects of Nationalism• Zionism– As anti-Semitism grew,

Jews flocked to Palestine• Ancient Jewish

homeland

– Theodor Herzl• Jewish journalist called

for the creation of a Jewish state

• Led to Zionism – the movement devoted to building a Jewish state in Palestine

• How does Zionism effect politics today?

Nationalism in Asia• India– British controlled

Indian Subcontinent since the 1700s

– As Indian students learned about democracy and natural rights, they called increasingly for self-rule

Nationalism in Asia

• India– Indian National Congress

• In 1885 the Indian National Congress, or Congress party formed

• Composed of Hindu professionals with the goals of equal opportunities in government, modernization and democratic reforms

Nationalism in Asia

• India– Muslim League• Muslims and Hindus initially cooperated when trying to

achieve self-rule• Muslims grew distrustful of Indian National Congress

– Why?

• In 1906 Muslims formed the Muslim league to protect their rights and interests• The goal of self-rule would be achieved in 1947

Nationalism in Asia

• Turkey– Multinational Ottoman Empire faced challenges

from various ethnic groups and nationalism

Nationalism in Asia

• Turkey– Young Turks• Established by a group of liberals in 1890, the Young

Turks wanted to strengthen the empire and end Western Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire• In 1908, they overthrew the sultan and took control of

the government

Nationalism in Asia

• Turkey– The Armenian Massacre• Young Turks supported Turkish Nationalism• Abandoned the Ottoman practice of tolerance• Muslim Turks turned against Christian Armenians in the

Ottoman Empire• Accusing the Armenians of plotting with Russia against

the Ottomans, the Turks unleashed a massacre that resulted in the death of over a million Armenians over the next 25 years

Nationalism in the Balkans

Nationalism and Conflict in the Balkans

• Ottomans ruled this diverse area in the 1800s• Included Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania• Later in the 1800s, nationalistic movements rebelled against

foreign rule• European powers sought to gain land from weakened

Ottoman Empire• Russia supported Pan-Slavism

– Slavic people shared a common nationality– Would support Russia

• Tensions in the Balkans lasted into the early 1900s and would help ignite “the powder keg” of Europe and start WWI