so do cong nghe nha may loc dau dien hinh nghe van hanh thiet bi hoa dau 1616

8/2/2019 So Do Cong Nghe Nha May Loc Dau Dien Hinh Nghe Van Hanh Thiet Bi Hoa Dau 1616

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B LAO NG - THNG BINH V X HITNG CC DY NGH

D n gio dc k thut v dy ngh (VTEP)

Logo

Gio trnh

M un: S CNG NGH V HOT NGCA NHMY LC IN HNH

M s: HD M

Ngh: VN HNH THIT B HA DU

Trnh : lnh ngh

H Ni - 2004


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2

Tuyn b bn quyn:Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh.Cho nn cc ngun thng tin c thc php dng nguyn bn hoc

trch dng cho cc mc ch v oto v tham kho.

Mi mc ch khc c lch lchoc s dng vi mc ch kinhdoanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghimcm.Tng cc Dy ngh s lm mi cch bo v bn quyn ca mnh.

Tng cc Dy Ngh cm n v hoannghnh cc thng tin gip cho chngtI sa cha,hiu nh v hon thintt hn tI liu ny.

a ch lin h:D n gio dc k thut v ngh

nghipTiu ban Pht trin Chng trnh Hcliu................

M ti liuM quc t ISBN:......


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3

LI TA

(Vi nt gii thiu xut x ca chng trnh v ti liu)

Ti liu ny l mttrong cc kt qu ca D n GDKT-DN ..

(Tm tt ni dung ca D n)

(Vi nt gii thiu qu trnh hnh thnh ti liu v cc thnh phn tham gia)

(Li cm n cc c quan lin quan, cc n v v c nhn tham gia )

(Gii thiu ti liu v thc trng)

Sch hng dn gio vin l tI liu hng dn ging dy cho tng mun/mn hc trong h thng m un v mn hc o to cho

ngh cp ..Cc thng tin trong ti liu c gi tr hng dn gio vin thit k v t chc ccbi dy cho m un/mn hc mt cch hp l. Gio vin vn c th thay i hoc

iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin v bi cnh thc t trong qu trnh o to. y l ti liu th nghim s c hon chnh tr thnh Sch hngdn gio vin chnh thc trong h thng dy ngh.

H ni, ngy . thng. nm.Gim c D n quc gia


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4

MC LC mc Trang

LI TA ................................................................................................................. 3

MC LC ............................................................................................................... 4

GII THIU V M UN....................................................................................... 7V tr, ngha, vai tr m un .................................................................................. 7

Mc tiu ca m un .............................................................................................. 7

Mc tiu thc hin ca m un .............................................................................. 7

Ni dung chnh ca m un.................................................................................... 8

CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN ........................................ 9

YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN ............................................. 11

BI 1. MT S S CNG NGH IN HNH NH MY LC DU ........... 12

1.1. KHI QUT CHUNG HOT NG CA NH MY LC DU .................. 12

1.1.2. Qu trnh ch bin. ..................................................................................... 14

1.1.3. Pha trn, tng tr v xut sn phm .......................................................... 17

1.2. CC S CNG NGH IN HNH CA NH MY LC DU ............. 20

1.2.1. S ch bin du nh ............................................................................. 21

1.2.2. S ch bin du nng ........................................................................... 21

1.2.3. S ch bin du trung bnh ................................................................... 22

1.3. CC THNH PHN CA NH MY ............................................................. 23

1.3.1. Cng trnh nng lng, ph tr. ................................................................. 28

1.3.2. Cng trnh ngoi vi...................................................................................... 28

1.3.3. Cng trnh chung. ....................................................................................... 28

1.4. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................... 29

BI 2. H THNG NHP DU TH V B CHA DU TH ........................... 30

2.1. NHP DU TH............................................................................................ 30

2.2.. NHP DU TH C NHIT NG C CAO ..................................... 32

2.2.1. Phng php dng du thay th ................................................................ 332.2.2. Phng php gia nhit ng ng ............................................................ 35

2.3. B CHA DU TH ..................................................................................... 40

2.3.1. Chc nng khu b cha du th ................................................................ 40

2.3.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ................................................................. 41

2.4. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................... 42


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BI 3. S V QU TRNH HOT NG CA H THNG NNG LNG,

PH TR ............................................................................................................. 43

3.1. H THNG PHT IN V HI .................................................................. 43

3.1.1. Gii thiu chung ......................................................................................... 43

3.1.2. Cu hnh v s h thng ....................................................................... 453.1.3. Nng cao hiu sut s dng nng lng bo v mi trng ............... 48

3.2. H THNG CP KH NN ............................................................................ 49

3.2.1. Vai tr h thng kh nn.............................................................................. 49

3.2.2. H thng kh nn trung tm ........................................................................ 50

3.3. H THNG NN KH CC B ..................................................................... 56

3.3.1. t vn .................................................................................................. 56

3.3.2. H thng kh nn cho phn xng cracking .............................................. 57

3.4. H THNG CP KH NIT .......................................................................... 603.4.1. Gii thiu .................................................................................................... 60

3.4.2. Cc phng php sn xut kh ni t .......................................................... 61

3.4.3. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ................................................................. 61

3.5. H THNG NHIN LIU............................................................................... 66

3.5.1. H thng kh nhin liu ............................................................................... 66

3.5.2. H thng du nhin liu. ............................................................................. 70

3.5.3. Cc h tiu th chnh .................................................................................. 72

3.6. H THNG NC LM MT ...................................................................... 72

3.6.1. H thng nc lm mt bng nc bin ................................................... 73

3.6.2. H thng nc lm mt kiu thp bay hi ................................................. 78

3.7. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................... 81

BI 4. S V HOT NG H THNG CNG TRNH NGOI VI .............. 82

4.1. B CHA SN PHM................................................................................... 82

4.1.1. V tr khu b cha ....................................................................................... 82

4.1.2. Sn phm v kiu b cha ......................................................................... 83

4.1.3. Chc nng khu b cha v phng php xc nh dung tch cha .......... 84

4.2. B CHA TRUNG GIAN ............................................................................... 86

4.2.1. B cha m .............................................................................................. 86

4.2.2. B cha cu t pha trn ............................................................................. 87

4.3. H THNG PHA TRN V XUT SN PHM ............................................ 87


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4.3.1. Cc phng php pha trn sn phm........................................................ 88

4.3.2. Xut sn phm............................................................................................ 93

4.4. H THNG X L NC THI .................................................................... 94

4.4.1. Cc ngun nc thi .................................................................................. 95

4.4.1.1. Nc thi b mt ln du ........................................................................ 954.4.2. H thng x l nc thi ............................................................................ 95

4.5. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................. 104

BI 5.IU KHIN HOT NG CA NH MY ........................................... 105

5.1. H THNG IU KHIN V AN TON NH MY .................................... 105

5.2. H THNG IU KHIN QU TRNH ....................................................... 106

5.2.1. Chc nng v thnh phn h thng iu khin........................................ 106

5.2.2. Qu trnh iu khin ................................................................................. 108

5.3. H THNG DNG KHN CP .................................................................. 1095.4. CC TIU H THNG IU KHIN THNH PHN .................................. 109

5.4.1. H thng o mc ...................................................................................... 109

5.4.2. H thng iu khin van vn hnh bng m-t (MOV) ............................ 110

5.4.3. H thng gim st my mc, thit b ........................................................ 110

5.5. H THNG PHNG CHNG CHY N.................................................... 110

5.5.1. H thng cnh bo ................................................................................... 110

5.5.2. H thng chng chy ................................................................................ 112

5.6. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................. 113

CC BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO V GII QUYT VN . ................. 114

TR LI CC CU HI V BI TP ................................................................ 116

I. CU HI V BI TP NNG CAO ................................................................. 116

II. CC CU HI BI TP TRONG BI............................................................. 119

CC THUT NG CHUYN MN. ................................................................... 132

TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................... 133


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GII THIU V M UN

V tr, ngha, vai tr m un

Hc vin ca cc trng cao ng k thut cngg nh sinh vin ti ccTrng i hc lin quan n lnh vc ch bin du kh thng c o to k

v cc cng ngh in hnh v s hot ng ca tng phn xng ny mt cch

n l. S hot ng ca cc phn xng cng ngh trong mi quan chung vi

cc phn xng cng ngh khc cngg nh trong mi quan h vi cc phn

xng nng lng, ph tr, cng trnh ngoi vi, cng trnh chung,... cha c

cp nhiu trong chng trnh dy v hc. Do vy hc vin sau khi ra trng

khi tham gia pht trin cc D n ch bin du kh hoc lm vic trong c s

cng nghip ch bin du kh thng b ng v mt nhiu thi giantm hiu tipcn thc t.

M un ny nhm gn kt s hiu bit ca hc vin thu nhn c t cc

mn hc cng ngh phn xng n l t chng trong mi quan h tng th

ca Nh my trong thc t.

Mc tiu ca m un

Hc xong m un ny hc vin c nng lc:

- M t c mt s s cng ngh in hnh nh my lc du hin i.- M t c tng th qu trnh hot ng ca nh my h tr cho vic

vn hnh cc phn xng ring bit sau ny cngg nh cng tc phi

hp vn hnh gia cc phn xng c lin quan.

- M t c vai tr v hot ng ca cc h thng nng lng, ph tr,

cng trnh ngoi vi ca nh my.

- M t c mi quan h gia cc phn xng cng ngh trong s

cng ngh vi nhau v vi phn xng, h thng nng lng, ph tr,ngoi vi,...ca nh my.

Mc tiu thc hin ca m un

Hc xong m un ny, hc vin c kh nng:


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- M t c s khi cu hnh cng ngh in hnh ca mt nh my

lc du, mi quan h gia cc phn xng.

- M t c s v qu trnh hot ng ca h thng nng lng, ph

tr: H thng pht in, h thng sn xut v phn phi hi, kh nn iu

khin, h thng kh nhin liu, h thng du nhin liu, h thng nc

(nc lm mt,...).

- M t c s v qu trnh hot ng ca h thng cng trnh ngoi

vi: H thngnhp du th, h thng b cha du th, b cha sn phm,

cc b cha trung gian, h thng xut sn phm v h thng thu gom x

l nc thi.

- Trnh by c nguyn l hot ng ca cc s nh my tng t.

- Trnh by c nguyn l iu khin nh my, cc h thng iu khin

v m bo an ton chnh trong nh my.

Ni dung chnh ca m un

1. Mt s s cng ngh in hnh nh my lc du.

2. H thng nhp du th v b cha du th.

3. S v qu trnh hot ng ca h thng nng lng, ph tr

4. S v hotng h thng cng trnh ngoi vi.

5. iu khin hot ng ca nh my


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CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN

1. Hc trn lp v s cng ngh in hinh nh my lc ha du, h thng

nhp du th, s v hot ng h thng nng lng ph tr, s vhot ng ca h thng cng trnh ngoi vi v h thng o lng, iu

khin t ng nh my.

2. T nghin cu cc ti liu lin quan n cc phn xng cng ngh, nng

lng ph tr.

3. Thm quan, thc tp cc c s ch bin du kh.


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S quan h theo trnh t hc ngh

An tonlao ng

K thutphng

thnghi m

Thnghimchuynngnh

Bo d- ng

thit b

Chuyn d phng

Mn chung

Chnhtr

Phplut

GDQP

GDTC

Toncao cp

Ngoing

Tin hc

nh h-nggintip

Sn phmdu m

n mnkim loi

ng hcxc t c

Ki n thcc s nhm

ngh

Ki n thcc sngh

Vn hnh thit bchbin du kh

K thutmi trng

nhhnggintip

Thc tp ttnghi p

Thc hnhtrn thit bm phng

Qu trnhx l

Chng ct -chbin

du

Tn tr vvn chuynx ng du

Mn c bn

Qu trnhthit b

Haphn tch

Hav c

Hahu c

Hal

C kthut

Vt li c-

ng

QTdoanhnghip

Dng co

Qu trnhreforming

Qu trnhCracking

Cngnghchbin kh

Th p c ccu t cho

xng

S cng nghnh my lc du

KT inKT

in tV kthut

Ha hcdu m &

kh

Thc tpqu trnhthit b

Ghi ch:

S cng ngh v hot ng ca nh my lc du in hnhl m un c s ca ngnh ha du. Mi hc vin phi hc v t kt qu chpnhn c i vi cc bi kim tra nh gi v thi kt thc nh tra trong chng trnh o to.Nhng hc vin qua kim tra v thi m khng t phi thu xp cho hc li nhng phn cha t ngay v phi t im chun mi c php hctip cc m un/ mn hc tip theo. Hc vin, khi chuyn trng, chuyn ngnh, nu hc mt c s o to khc ri th phi xut trnh giychng nhn; Trong mt s trng hp c th vn phi qua st hch li.


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YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN

V kin thc

- M t c mt s s cng ngh in hnh Nh my lc du hin

i.

- M tc tng th qu trnh hot ng ca Nh my h tr cho

vic vn hnh cc Phn xng ring bit sau ny cngg nh cng tc

phi hp vn hnh gia cc Phn xng c lin quan..

- M t c vai tr v hot ng ca cc h thng nng lng, ph tr,

cng trnh ngoi vi ca Nh my.

- M t c mi quan h gia cc phn xng cng ngh trong s

cng ngh vi nhau v vi chc nng, nhim v, hot ng ca cc h

thng nng lng, ph tr, ngoi vi,.. ca Nh my.

V k nng:

- c v hiu c bn v s nguyn l ca nh my.

- c v hiu c s nguyn l ca cc phn xng, H thng

chnh trong nh my lc ha du c bn.- M t c chc nng nhim v ca tng phn xng cng ngh,

nng lng ph tr v cng trnh ngoi vi trong nh my.

- M t c mi quan h gia cc phn xng.

V thi

- Nghim tc tham gia cc bui hc trn lp.

- Ch ng n li kin thc cc mn hoc/m un c hc trc y phc v tt cho vic tip thu m un ny.

- Tch cc tham kho tm hiu cc s nh my phn tch s hot ng

ca tng h thng.


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BI 1. MT S S CNG NGH IN HNH NH MY LC DU

M bi: HD M1

Gii thiuS cng ngh ca Nh my lc du hin nay i theo hai khuynh hng:

- Sn xut ra cc loi nhin liu phc v cho phng tin giao thng

(LPG, nhin liu phn lc, xng, du Diesel v du t l).

- Ngoi sn xut ra cc loi nhin liu phc v phng tin giao thng

cn tp trung sn xut ra cc nguyn liu phc v cho ha du

(propylene, BTX) hoc xy dng km theo cc phn xng ha du

nh: polypropylene, s si tng hp (PET), LAB...

Ty theo ngun nguyn liu (du th), c im th trng tiu th, nng

lc ti chnh v trn ht l li nhun em li, ch u t cc cng trnh s

quyt nh la chn s cng ngh cho Nh my. S cng ngh nh my

ngoi kh nng sn xut c sn phm c cht lng p ng c yu cu

ca thi trng cn phi c kh nng linh hot trong vn hnh nhm p ng

c nhng yu cu ngy cng cao v cht lng v nhng bin i tht

thng ca nguyn liu (du th).Mc tiu thc hin

Hc xong bi hc ny hc vin c nng lc:

- M t c s cng ngh in hnh ca Nh my lc du.

- Nu c sn phm chnh ca cc s cng ngh ny.

- M t c mi quan h gia cc phn xng trong s .

- M t c cc thnh phn chnh trong Nh my.

Ni dung chnh

- Tng th hot ng ca mt Nh my lc du in hnh.

- Cc s cng ngh lc du in hnh.

- Cc thnh phn chnh trong Nh my.

1.1. KHI QUT CHUNG HOT NG CA NH MY LC DU

Cngg nh bt k qu trnh sn xut no, qu trnh ch bin du th cngg

tri qua cc cng on chnh: nhp nguyn liu, ch bin v xut sn phm.


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Tuy nhin, nguyn liu v sn phm ca qu trnh ch du kh c nhng c

th ring (nguy c chy n cao, tnh cht lu bin c bit,..) v vy, m cc

hot ng ny c nhng c im rt ring bit so vi cc qu trnh sn xut

khc. Qu trnh hot ng ca Nh my lc du t khu nhp nguyn liu, ch

bin ti xut sn phm c m t khi qut trong hnh H-1 A v H-1 B.1.1.1. Nhp v tng tr du th

Cng vic u tin ca nh my lc du l nhp du th, tng tr trc khi

ch bin. Phn ln cc nh my lc du uc xy dng gn bin, do vy,

phng tin vn chyn du th ch yu l s dng tu du. Ty theo iu kin

t nhin ca cng bin v iu kin u t m tu du s dng vn chuyn du

th cho nh my c ti trng khc nhau. Vic s dng tu du c ti trng cng

ln cng cho php gim c chi ph vn chuyn, tuy nhin, s lm tng chi

ph u t ban u cho h thng b cha v chi ph no vt lung lch. Cn c

vo kt qu so snh hiu qu kinh t mang li, ch u t s phi chn phng

n ti u cho vic la chn ti trng tu vn chuyn du th.

Hnh H-1 A Khiqut hot ng ca Nh my lc du

Trong thc t, cc tu du c s dng vn chuyn du th cho nh my

lc du ph bin trong khong t 60.000 tn n 250.000 tn. C bit cc tu

du c ti trng 500.000 tn n 1 triu tn c s dng vn chuyn du

BN NHP DU TH

BN XUTSN PHM

KHU CNGNGH PH

TR

B CHA DUTH

PHN XNGIN

B CH A SNPHM

HOTNGKHAI THC

DU

TUYNNGNGM

CTUC


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th ti cc kho trung chuyn hoc kho d tr quc gia m t khi s dng cho

cc nh my lc du.

Do ti trng cc tu du ln nn bn nhp thng xa b, v vy, du th

vn chuyn vo nh my thng phi t ngm di bin. H thng ng

ng nhp c thit k m bo vn chuyn c cc loi du d kin ss dng (c bit l du th c nhit ng c cao cn phi c gii php

chng qu trnh ng c du th trong lng ng gia cc ln nhp). Du th

nhp t tu du c tng tr ti khu b cha. Cc b cha du th ngoi

chc nng d tr nguyn liu cn c nhim v tch mt phn nc ln trong

du. Cng sut cha khu b cha du th c thit k kh nng cha

c lng du ca tu du ln nht cng thm mt s ngy d tr vn hnh

thch hp. Vi cc nh my t su trong t lin gn m du hoc tuyn ng

dn du th du th c nhp trc tip t tuyn ng dn du.

1.1.2. Qu trnh ch bin.

Du th sau khi c n nh v tch s b nc trong khu b cha c

a i ch bin. nhn c cc sn phm theo yu cu ca th trng, du

th phi tri qua hng lot cc cng on ch bin v x l. Cng on u tin

l tch du th thnh cc phn on, du th c a ti phn xng chng

ct p sut kh quyn. Ti thp chng ct ny, du th c tch thnh cc

phn on khc nhau v sau a ti cc phn xng ch bin tip theonh: chng ct chn khng, cracking xc tc cn, phn xng reforming, phn

xng ng phn ha Naphtha nh, alkyle ha. n gin ha, trong khun

kh ca m un ny ch m t qu trnh ch bin da trn cu hnh cng ngh

s dng ph bin nht hin nay nhm cung cp khiqut v qu trnh ch bin

ca nh my. Cc kin thc su v tng qu trnh ch bin c trnh by

trong cc gio trnh ca m-un/mn hc khc ca chng trnh o to ngh

vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh. Qu trnh ch bin c m t khi qut

trong cc mc di y.Thng thng, du th qua phn xng chng ct p sut thng

c phn tch thnh cc phn on chnh: LPG, Naphtha nh, Naphtha nng,

Kerosene, phn on diesel nh (Light Gas Oil), phn on diesel nng (Heavy

Gas Oil) v phn on cn chng ct kh quyn. Trong , mt s phn on

c coi l sn phm hoc l cu t pha trn (phn on Kerosene, Naphtha

nh, phn on du diesel nh v phn on du Diesel nng) m khng cn

a i ch bin tip ngoi tr vic a qua cc thit b x l loi b tp cht

(nh lu hynh, ni-t,...). Cc phn on khc thng c em ch bin tip


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thu c cc sn phm c gi tr cao hn. Mt s hng ch bin tip cc

phn on du th sau khi c tch ra t phn xng chng ct du th l:

- Kh ha lng(LPG) c a ti phn xng thu gom v x l kh

sn xut kh ha lnghoc nguyn liu cho qu trnh Alkyle ha.

- Naphtha nh (Light Naphtha): nng cao cht lng xng, trong cc

Nh my lc du hin nay, phn xng ng phn ha naphtha nh

(Isomezation) c lp t ng phn ha naphtha nh nhm nng

cao cht lng ca xng (tng s Octane v gim hm lng benzene

trong xng). Sn phm ca phnxng ny (Isomerate) c a ti

b cha cu t pha xng. Tuy nhin, naphtha nh ph hp cho qu

trnh ng phn ha th trc khi a ti phn xng Isome, phn

on naphtha nh c x l bng hydro loi b tp cht. Nhmnng cao hiu qu kinh t v n gin cho qu trnh vn hnh, bo

dng, nu trong Nh my lc du c c phn xng Reforming v

Isome th ton b phn on Naphtha (c Naphtha nng v Naphtha

nh) s c x l chung trong phn xng x l hydro, sau mi

tin hnh tch ring ra hai phn on lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh

reforming v isome ha.

- Phn on naphtha nng (Heavy Naphtha): Vi a s cc Nh my lcdu, sn xut xng c cht lng cao, phn xng Reforming phi

c lp t sn xut cu t pha xng c tr s Octane cao.

Naphtha nng trc khi a vo phn xng Reforming c x l,

lm sch trong phn xng x l Naphtha bng hydro. Sn phm ca

phn xng ny (reformate) c a ti b cha cu t pha trn

xng hoc a ti phn xng tch BTX tch Benzene, Toluene, P-

Xylene lm nguyn liu cho ha du, phn cn li em i pha trn xng.

- Phn on cn chng ct: Cn chng ct chim mt t tng i lnso vi nguyn liu ban u (khong 50% khi lng du th), v vy,

ch bin tip phn on cn l yu cu bt buc ca cc Nh my lc

du hin nay nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca Nh my. Ty thuc vo

tnh cht du th v hiu qu kinh t em li m cn chng ct c

ch bin theo cc hng khc nhau. Hng th nht (a s cc Nh

my lc du trc y p dng), cn chng ct p sut kh quyn

c a n ct chng ct p sut chn khng nhm tch phn

on ph hp cho qu trnh cracking v sn xut nha ng. Hng


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th hai l cn chng ct c x l bng hydro t cht lng cho

qu trnh cracking, hng ch bin ny ch ph hp vi cc loi du

trung bnh. Hng th ba vi cc loi du nh c hm lng lu h ynh

thp, cn chng ct c a thng ti phn xng cracking m

khng cn c qu trnh x l s b.

Cho d cn chng ct kh quyn c x l s b bng phng php no

i chng na th mt phn ln lng cn s c a ti phn xng cracking

nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca phn on nng. Cng ngh cracking c th

p dng l cng ngh cracking xc tc xc tc thng thng hoc

hydrocracking. Cng ngh hydrocracking cho php thu c sn phm cht

lng cao, tuy nhin, cngg c nhng nhc im nht nh l u t ln,

khng cho php pht trin ha du km theo. V vy, cng ngh cracking thngthng c s dng tng i ph bin (trong khun kh gio trnh ny

khng trnh by s cng ngh c phn xng hydrocracking).

Phn xng cracking xc tc cn c xem l tri tim ca mt nh my lc ha

du chuyn ha hydrocacbon c gi tr kinh t thp thnh hydrocacbon c

gi tr kinh t cao hn v l tin cho pht trin cc sn phm ha du. Cc

sn phm chnh ca phn xng cracking bao gm: phn on nh (kh nhin

liu v kh ha lng), xng, phn on ct trung bnh (light cycle Oil) v du cn

cracking (decant oil), mt phndu mt mt do to cc v trong qu trnh tisinh xc tc. Cc sn phm ca phn xng cracking xc tc li c ch bin

tip theo cc hng tng ng:

Phn on nh c a n phn xng thu gom v x l kh thu hi

kh ha lngv kh nhin liu cung cp nhu cu nhin liu ni b Nh my. Kh

ha lngc em x l v phn tch tip ty theo mc ch s dng. Phn

on nh c ch bin theo cc hng chnh sau: Hng th nht tch

propylene lm nguyn liu cho ha du ( sn xut polypropylene), phn cn

li s c no ha thu sn phm LPG, mt phn butane cngg c tch ra lm cu t pha xng. Hng th hai tch propylene ring lm nguyn

liu cho ha du, phn cn li s lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh alkyl ha.

Xng cracking: Xng cracking cn c x l tip gim hm lng lu

hynh v hm lng olefine p ng tiu cht lng. Xng cracking c th ch

c ngt ha (bng kim hoc phng php merox) m khng s dng

phng php x l bng hydro, iu ny ty thuc vo ch tiu cht lng sn

phm v hm lng olefine cho php trong xng. Vi cc quc gia c quy nh


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khng t cht lng. Pha trn mt s sn phm chnh ca nh my c trnh

by trong cc mc di y.

a. Pha trn xng

Vi cu hnh nh my lc du in hnh, xng c pha trn t cc cu t

chnh l: xng cracking, reformate, alkylate, isomerate/naphtha nh v Butane.Ngoi cc cu t chnh nu trn, c th pha thm cc loi ph gia khc (cc

ph gia tng ch s Octane nh MTBE, TAME, toluene,...). Vic pha trn c

tnh tan ti u thu li nhun cao nht t cc cu t pha trn sn c v nhu

cu ca th trng.

Cht lng ca xng c quy nh bi nhiu ch tiu, tuy nhin, trong

thc t ch mt s cc thng s quan trng c kim sat v iu khin trc

tuyn nh: ch s Octane, khi lng ring, hm lng benzene, hm lng

cht thm, hm lng lu hynh. Sau khi ho trn, cht lng sn phm c

kim tra t yu cu s c bm ti b cha sn phm, sn phm khng t

yu cu c a tr li cc phn xng cng ngh ch bin li.

b. Pha trn diesel

Vi cu hnh nh my lc du in hnh, diesel giao thng c pha trn

t cc cu t chnh l: du diesel nh (Light Gas Oil), du diesel nng (Heavy

Gas Oil) t phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn, phn on du

nh (Light Cycle Oil) t phn xng cracking xc tc cn c x l bnghyr v mt phn phn on Kerosene. Ngoi cc thnh phn chnh trn, cc

phn on diesel t phn xng chng ct chn khng, cc phn xng x l

cn, gasoil bng hydro cngg l thnh phn pha trn diesel. Trong thc t,

nhiu nh my tt c cc phn on diesel (LGO, HGO, LCO, VDO,..) u

c a v phn xng x l bng hydro (GO-HDS), v vy, thnh phn cu

t pha trn c th gim i do c ho trn trc.

Cht lng ca diesel c quy nh bi nhiu ch tiu, tuy nhin, trong

thc t ch mt s cc thng s quan trng c kim sot v iu khin trctuyn nh: ch s cetane, khi lng ring, nhit im ng c, hm lng

lu hynh. Sau khi ho trn, cht lng sn phm c kim tra t yu cu

s c bm ti b cha sn phm, sn phm khng t yu cu c a

tr li cc phn xng cng ngh ch bin li.

c. Pha trn du t l

Qu trnh pha trn du t l n gin hn so vi pha trn xng v diesel

do thnh phn chnh ca du t l l du cn qu trnh cracking, ch mt lng

nh cc cu t khc c pha vo cn cracking iu chnh nhit im


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ng c v khi lng ring sn phm. Vi cu hnh nh my lc du in

hnh hin nay, du t l c pha trn t cc cu t chnh l: du cn ca qu

trnh cracking (Decant Oil), phn on du diesel nng (Heavy Gas Oil) t phn

xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn, phn on du diesel (Light

Cycle Oil) t phn xng cracking xc tc cn v phn on kerosene. Vicla chn cu t no pha trn vi du cn cracking nhn sn phm du t

l ty thuc vo tnh cht ca du cn v tiu chun cht lng sn phm. Hai

tnh cht c bn c kim sat trong qu trnh pha trn l khi lng ring v

nhit ng c.

1.1.3.2. Tng tr v xut sn phm

Sn phm sau khi pha trn p ng tiu chun c a ti b cha sn

phm. Ty theo tng loi sn phm, phng thc vn chuyn m cc b cha

c cu to v tng th tch cha khc nhau. Nguyn tc chung l cc sn phm

c bay hi ln nh kerosene, xng, diesel c cha trong cc ch cha

mi ni, cc sn phm c bay hi thp nh du t l c cha trong cc

b mi c nh c thit b gia nhit bn trong.

Sn phm trong cc b cha s c kim tra cht lng tng th ln cui

trong phng th nghim trc khi xut hng. y l cng vic cn thit do yu

cu v kinh doanh v nguyn tc kim sat cht lng. Sn phm theo tiu

chun cht lng c nh gi bng rt nhiu ch tiu, song trong thc t snxut khng nn v khng th kim tra trc tuyn tt c cc thng s ny bng

dng c o lng t ng, nhiu ch tiu ch c th xc nh trong phng th

nghim, v vy, vic kim tra ln cui cht lng sn phm ti b cha sn

phm trc khi xut hng l cng vic cn thit. Cc b cha c kim tra

cht lng t yu cu s c php xut cho khch hng.

Vic xc nh tng dung tch, s lng b cha thch hp ca khu b cha

cho tng loi sn phm l cng vic lm quan trng, c nh hng n kinh ph

u t v vn hnh nh my. S lng v tng dung tch b cha ca mt loisn phm phi tho mn mt s yu cu: Tng th tch b cha phi t nht

bng ti trng ca phng tin vn chuyn ln nht (ti trng tu) cng thm

s ngy d phng thch hp. S lng b cha phi c xc nh sao cho khi

xut hng th ngoi cc b ang xut hng vn cn t nht mt b khc sc

cha sn phm t nh my chuyn ra. Tng tr v xut sn phm l cng on

cui cng trong chu trnh hot ng ca nh my. Hnh nh thc v tng th

hot ng nh my lc du t khu nhp n xut sn phm c minh ho

trong hnh H-1 B.


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Hnh H -1 B Hnh nh tng th mt nh my lc du

1.2. CC S CNG NGH IN HNH CA NH MY LC DU

Vic thit k mt nh my ch bin mi loi du l phi thc t v c kha

cnh kinh t v vn hnh. S cng ngh ca mt nh my lc du trc ht

da vo sn phm nh my nh sn xut v sau l nguyn liu s dng.

Vic nh hng r rng ngun nguyn liu v sn phm cho php thit k nh

my hot ng hiu qu hn, vn u t s thp hn, tuy nhin, vic thit k

phi m bo mt linh hot nht nh trong vn hnh v tnh n vic m

rng trong tng lai. Ngoi nguyn liu v chng loi sn phm, tiu chun

cht lng sn phm v tiu chun mi trng cngg c nh hng khng nh

ti cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my. Trong thc t sn xut cho thy, trong

thi gian qua tiu chun v mitrng ngy cng c quy nh kht khe hnth cc nh my lc du xy dng trc y khng ngng phi nng cp

p ng yu cu v cht lng sn phm v cc ngun thi.

Vic xc nh cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my c ngha v cng quan

trng tnti v pht trin trong mi trng cnh tranh gay gt hin nay trong

lnh vc lc du. Ty theo tnh cht ca du th, cht lng v chng loi sn

phm m s cng ngh nh my c thit k c nhng c th ring. Tnh

cht ca du th nh hng nhiunht n s ch bin (c bit l phn

ch bin phn on nng) l t trng ca du. Theo t trng, du th cphn ra nhiu loi khc nhau, theo cch phn loi ny, du th c t trng

iu kin tiu chun d > 0,884 c coi l du nng, d = 0,8300,884 l du

trung bnh v du c t trng d < 0,830 l du nh. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cngg

phn chia du th chi tit hn thnh cc loi khc nhau theo t trng. ch

bin tng loi du th ny cn phi c s cng ngh tng ng thch hp.

Cc s cng ngh in hnh ch bin cc du th ny c trnh by

trong cc mc di y.


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trnh coke ha v sn xut nha ng. S cng ngh in hnh ch

bin du nng c trnh by trong cc hnh H - 3A v H - 3B.

Theo s cng ngh ny, cn chng ct kh quyn s c a ti thp

chng ct chn khng phn tch cn chng ct thnh cc phn on ph

hpcho qu trnh cracking v qu trnh sn xut nha ng/coke. Ty theotnh cht c th ca du th v yu cu v sn phm m phn cn chng ct

chn khng s c a i sn xut nha ng hay sn xut coke du. Vi

du th rt nng cn chng ct thngc s dng sn xut coke du

(s hnh H-3B), du th nng va phi, cn chng ct chn khng thng

c s dng sn xut nha ng v mt phn pha trn du t l (s

hnh H-3A). Trnh cng ngh ch bin du hin ti cho php sn xut

coke du c cht lng cao, c th s dng trong cng nghip luyn kim. Tuy

nhin, u t cho dy chuyn sn xut coke ny tng i cao, v vy, khi th

trng tiu th coke cho luyn kim khng ln, vn u hn hp ngi ta ch

sn xut coke du lm nhin liu. Vi mt s loi du nng va phi (hoc du

trung bnh) cn chng ct chn khng s c s dng sn xut nha

ng. S cng ngh ch bin du nng vi hai sn phm khc nhau (coke

du v nha ng c trnh by trong hnh H - 3A v H - 3B.

1.2.3. S ch bin du trung bnh

Ngoi hai s ch bin du nng v du nh in hnh trnh by trn,mt s s cng ngh trung gian khc c s dng ch bin du th

trung bnh. Theo s cng ngh ny, cn chng ct du th p sut kh

quyn khng c a ti thp chng ct chn khng m a ti phn xng

x l cn bng hydro. Ti y, cc tp cht c loi b, mt phn nguyn liu

c cracking nh to ra cc sn phm nh hn (ch yu l phn on

diesel), nh vy sn phm thu hi c t phn xng ny l phn cn thch

hp cho qu trnh cracking v mt phn cc phn on nh (Gasoil v

Naphtha). S cng ngh ch bin du trung bnh c trnh by trong hnhH-4. Vic a cng ngh x l cn bng hydro cho php nng cao c hiu

sut thu hi cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao nh diesel, naphtha nng cao

cht lng sn phm v gim bt c yu cu x l tp cht cc giai on

ch bin tip theo do cn chng ct c loi b nhiu tp cht sau khi qua

phn xng ny.

Tuy nhin, cn lu , cc s cng ngh trinh by trong gio trnh ch l

nhng s ht sc s lc v c tnh cht in hnh. Trong thc t ty theo


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tnh cht c th du th v yu cu v cht lng v chng loi sn phm m

c s thm bt mt s phn xng cho ph hp yu cu.

1.3. CC THNH PHN CA NH MY

Trong Nh my lc du, ngoi cc phn xng cng ngh c xem l tri

tim ca nh my th cn cc hng mc cng trnh quan trng khc cu thnhln mt nh my hon chnh, m bo s hot ng bnh thng ca nh my.

Cc hng mc cng trnh l cc phn xng nng lng, ph tr, cng trnh

ngoi vi v cng trnh chung. Gia cc phn xng cng ngh v cc phn

xng nng lng, ph tr, cng trnh ngoi vi,... c mi quan h khng kht,

gn b hu c vi nhau khng th xem nh bt c mt b phn no. Cn nhn

mnh rng cc phn xng cng ngh hot ng bnh thng cn phi c

s h tr ca cc phn xng nng lng, ph tr v cc h thng cng trnh

khc.Trong thc t, ngoi cc phn xng cng ngh, mt nh my lc ha

du in hnh bao gm cc hng mc cng trnh chnh sau:

- Cng trnh nng lng, ph tr;

- Cng trnh ngoi vi;

- Cng trnh chung.

Vic phn chia thnh phn cc hng mc ny c th khc nhau i cht

gia cc nh thit k, tuy nhin s khc bit ny khng nhiu. Cc hng mcny li bao gm nhiu phn xng v cng trnh khc nhau.


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HNH H-2 S CNG NGH CH BIN DU NH


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HNH H-3A S CNG NGH CH BIN DU NNG VI SN PHM NHANG


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HNH H -3B S CNG NGH CH BIN DU NNG VI SN PHM COKENG


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HNH H - 4 S CNG NGH CH BIN DU TRUNG BNH


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1.3.1. Cng trnh nng lng, ph tr

Cc phn xng v cng trnh nng lng, ph tr c chc nng cung

cp nng lng, cc tin ch cho cc phn xng cng ngh v ton nh my

nh in, hI nc, nhin liu, kh nn, nc cng ngh, nc sinh hot, i

khi khng c s phn bit rch ri gia cc phn xng cng ngh v cc cngtrnh nng lng, ph tr, v d nh h thng hi v pht in, vic cung cp

hi v pht in ch yu t phn xng in trong nh my v t cc ni hi

tn dng nhit trong cc phn xng cng ngh. Hot ng ca h thng pht

in v cp hI ca nh my gn lin vi hot ng ca cc phn xng cng

ngh v c tc ng tng h vi nhau.

Phn xng v cng trnh nng lng, ph tr bao gm mt s cc hng

mc chnh:

- H thng pht v phn phi in.

- H thng sn xut v phn phi hi.

- H thng kh nn iu khin.

- H thng cp kh Ni t.

- H thng kh nhin liu.

- H thng du nhin liu.

- H thng nc (nc lm mt,...)

1.3.2. Cng trnh ngoi viCng trnh ngoi vi trong nh my lc du c chc nng h tr cho hot

ng ca cc phn xng cng ngh, m bo cht lng sn phm v m

bo ngun thi p ng c tiu chun mi trng. Cng trnh ngoi vi bao

gm mt s cc hng mc chnh:

- B cha trung gian

- B cha sn phm

- H thng xut sn phm (ng b, ng thy)

- H thng pha trn sn phm- H thng uc

- H thng x l nc thi

- Khu b cha du th

1.3.3. Cng trnh chung

Cc cng trnh chung trong nh my lc du p ng nhng nhu cu

chung cho ton nh my, h tr cho qu trnh sn xut, qun l, iu hnh sn

xut v m bo iu kin lm vic ng tiu chun cho cn b nhn vin vn

hnh, qun l nh my. Cng trnh chungbao gm mt s cc hng mc chnh:


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- Cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng (Nh hnh chnh, phng iu khin

trung tm, phng th nghim, xng bo dng, sa cha, nh y t,...)

- ng ni b v h thng chiu sng

- H thng phn phi in

- H thng thng tin linlc- H thng iu khin t ng.

Tuy nhin cn lu , vic phn chia nh my thnh cc b phn l theo

tng quan im. Cch phn chia nh trnh by trong gio trnh l cch phn

chia ph bin hin nay trn th gii trong thit k, qun l cng trnh lc h a

du. Trong thc t c th c cch phn chia khc, tuy nhin, iu quan trng l

xc nh r c chc nng nhim v ca tng b phn.

1.4. CU HI V BI TP

1. Cho bit l do c nh my lc du thng phi t ti b bin c iu kin

thun li xy dng cng nc su?

2. Chc nng, nhim v ca khu b cha du th.

3. Hy cho bit cc c s chnh quyt nh cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my

lc du? Cc s cng ngh in hnh ang c s dng.

4. Thnh phn chnh ca nh my lc du, chc nng ca cc b phn ny?


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BI 2. H THNG NHP DU TH V B CHA DU TH

M bi: HD M2

Gii thiuVn vn chuyn, nhp v tng tr du th l mt trong nhim v quan

trng m bo vn hnh lin tc ca nh my lc du. Nhm gim chi ph

vn chuyn, hin nay, cc nh my lc du thng xy dng gn cc v tr c

th xy cc cng bin kh nng tip nhn cc tu du c ti trng ln. i

vi cc nh my t ti v tr khng c iu kin t nhin thun li (mc nc

bin nng) th cc cng tip nhn du th thng l dng cng mm (phao rt

du mt im neo) c t v tr xa b mc nc tip nhn cc tu

du ln. H thng nhp v tng tr du th l mt phn quan trng ca Nh

my lc du v c nhiu c th ring so vi mt cng nhp hng ha hay sn

phm thng thng khc. V vy, vic thit k v vn hnh h thng nhp, tng

tr du th l nhng cng vic cn quan tm m bo s vn hnh lin tc,

an ton v hiu qu ca nh my. Hiu r c qu trnh nhp du th v tng

tr du th ti khu bcha l mt bc khi u quan trng trong qu trnh

vn hnh Nh my lc ha du sau ny.

Mc tiu thc hinHc xong m un ny hc vin c nng lc:

- M t c H thng nhp du th vo Nh my.

- M t c nguyn tc v phng thc vn chuyn du c nhit

ng c cao.

- M t c cc chc nng ca b cha du th v phng thc xc

nh tng dung tch b cha.

Ni dung chnh

- H thng nhp du th qua bn rt du mt im neo (SPM).- Nguyn l v phng thc vn chuyn du c nhit ng c cao,

cc phng thc gia nhit ng ng in hnh.

- Khu b cha du th ca nh my.

2.1. NHP DU TH

Nh cp, ngoi tr cc nh my lc du t cnh cc m du hoc

tuyn ng dn du ln c th cho php nhp nguyn liu bng ng ng, cn

li i a s cc nh my lc du u phi nhp du th nguyn liu t rt xa.

V vy, vn la chn phng tin vn chuyn gim chi ph du th, nng


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cao hiu qu hot ng l mt trong nhng vn quan tm nghin cu ngay

t khi trin khai cng trnh. Phng tin vn chuyn ph hp nht p ng

c yu cu l cc tu du c ti trng ln. i theo xu th la chn phng

tin vn chuyn ny l vic la chn v tr xy dng nh my phi c kh nng

tip nhn c cc tu du c ti trng ln. Trong khun kh bi hc ny chgii thiu phng thc nhp du th bng ng thy, v y l phng thc

vn chuyn du th ch yu cho nh my lc ha du.

Vic vn chuyn du th cho nh my thng s dng cc tu c ti trng

ln (trong khong t 60.000 250.000 tn), v vy, trong thc t kh c vng

bin no c iu kin t nhin c su tip nhn cc tu du c ti

trng ln nh vy bng cc cng cng (do kh khn cho vic xy dng, chi ph

xy dng tn km). Phn ln cc nh my, vic nhp du th nh mt cng

nhp du mt im neo (Single Point Mooring -SPM). Cc cng nhp du mt

im neo thng v tr cch xa b, c su cho php cc tu du c ti

trng ln cp bn.

Nhp du th bng cng SPM c nhiu thun li, cho php tip nhn c

tu du cti trng ln m khng cn xy dng h thng cng cng c u t

ln, xy dng kh khn. iu quan trng l phi tm c mt vng bin c

su v din tch tu du cp bn v quay tu t pheo neo v b tr

tuyn ng dn du.

Hnh H-5. S nguyn l nhp du th qua cng SPM

Khong cch t v tr t cng SPM cng gn nh my cng tt tip

kim chi ph u t, xy dng ng ng ngm v gim chi ph vn hnh. H

thng nhp du th ny bao gm mt phao neo, h thng ng ng ngm

di bin dn du th, ng thu gom (PLEM), h thng du ra, h thng gia

nhit, bo n ng ng. S H thng nhp du th bng SPM n gin

ha c m t trong hnh H 5.


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Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng ny nh sau: Sau khi cp bn, neo u,

tu ch du c ni vi h thng ng ng nhp du qua ng mm. Du th

c bm t tu du ln khu b cha nh bm trn tu du. i vi loi du

th c nhit ng c cao, c bit l cc loi du c hm lng parafin ln,

du c gia nht trn tu n nhit thch hp c th vn chuyn ddng bng bm v nhit lng sao cho nhit lng mt mt trong qu

trnh vn chuyn t tu ti khu b cha khng lm nhit ca du th thp

hn nhit cn thit cho php vn chuyn trong ng ng (nhit ny ti

thiu thng cao hn nhit ng c ca du 5 -10 0C). Du th t tu du

c dn ti khu b cha nh h thng ng ng dn ngm di bin. Do h

thng ng ng dn du c t ngm di bin, chnh lch nhit gia

nc bin v du tng i ln, dn n tn tht nhit l ln nu ng vn

chuyn khng c cch nhit mt cch thch hp. V vy, cc ng ng dn

du c bc mt lp vt liu cch nhit c bit nhm gim tn tht nhit

ng thi c bn tn ti trong mi trng bin.

Ty thuc vo loi du m nh my s ch bin m h thng nhp du th

c thit k tng ng p ng yu cu. Mt trong nhng kh khn ny sinh

trong qu trnh vn hnh nh my lc du cn phi c xem xt gii quyt

ngay t giai on thit k vn ng c du trong ng ng sau mi ln

nhp du c nhit ng c cao. Sau mi ln nhp du th, mt lng dung k cn tn ng trong ng ng, nu khng c gii php thch hp

x l th du th s nhanh chng ng c trn thnh ng gy tc nghn mt

phn hoc hon ton ng ng. Vic ny c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng

ti s tn ti ca h thng nhp du ni ring cngg nh s hot ng an ton

ton, hiu qu ca ton b nh my. gii quyt vn ng c ca du th

trong ng ng vn chuyn ngi ta c cc hng gii quyt chnh sau y:

- a du th ra khing ng sau mi ln nhp du v thay th bng

du c nhit ng c thp hn;- Lp t h thng gia nhit trn ng ng gi nhit du lun cao

hnnhit ng c hoc lng ha du trc mi ln nhp;

- Dng ph gia h thp nhit ng c ca du.

Nguyn l hot ng ca cc gii php cng ngh ny s c trnh by

phn di y.

2.2.. NHP DU TH C NHIT NG C CAO

Nh my lc du c ch bin du th c nhit ng c cao th h

thng nhp du cn phi c thit k trnh hin tng ng c ca du


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th trn ng ng gia hai ln nhp du k tip nhau. Chu k gia hai ln

nhp du th tng i di (ph thuc vo cng sut nhmy v ti trng tu

vn chuyn), v vy, nu khng c gii php chng ng c cho du th nm

trn ng ng sau mi ln nhp th kh nng du ng c gy tc nghn

ng ng l rt ln. Vic tc nghn tuyn ng nhp du th khng ch gy rahu qu trc tip l phi thay th sa cha tuyn ng m cn lm nh tr sn

xut ton b nh my do thiu nguyn liu. y l s c nghim trng, gy thit

hi ln v kinh t.. Hin nay, nh s pht trin ca khoa hc, cng ngh, ngi

ta c nhiu gii php gii quyt vn ng c ca du th trn ng

ng. Cc gii php cng ngh chnh c s dng gii quyt vn ny

bao gm: dng ph gia gim nhit ng c ca du, dng h thng gia

nhit ng ng v phng php thay th du th trong ng ng bng mt

loi du nh c nhit ng c thp (Flushing Oil). Phng php s dng

ph gia n gin cho h thng thit b, tuy nhin, do gi ph gia tng i cao

lm nh hng n hiu qu kinh t, ngoi ra, vic s dng ph gia cngg c

th s nh hng n qu trnh ch bin. Phng php gia nhit ng ng

m bo an ton vn hnh cao, tuy nhin, chi ph vn hnh tng i cao mc

d chi ph u t ban u thp hn so vi phng n dng du nh thay th.

Xut pht t nh gi tin cy vn hnh, chi ph u t v chi ph vn hnh,

cc nh my lc du p dng ph bin l phng php dng du nh thay thdu th trong ng ng sau mi ln nhp. Mt s nh Nh my p dng

phng n gia nhit ng ng bng in.

2.2.1. Phng php dng du thay th

Phng php dng du thay th c s dng rng ri trong cc Nh

my lc du trn th gii gii quyt vn ng c du th trn ng ng

trong qu trnh nhp du th. Nguyn l ca phng n ny rt n gin: sau

mi ln nhp, du th c nhit ng c cao c y ra khing ng v

thay th vo bng loi du nh c nhit ng c thp hn. Phngphp ny c u im l d dng vn hnh v tin cy hot ng ca h thng

c kim nghim trong thc t bng nhiu cng trnh. Tuy nhin, u t

ban u cho h thng ny tng i ln.

2.2.1.1. S cng ngh

S cng ngh ca h thng nhp du th s dng phng php dng

du thay th chng ng c du th trong ng ng c trnh by trong

hnh H-5. Theo s cng ngh ny, cth thay th du th trong ng

ng sau mi ln nhp bng du nh v ngc li y du nh ra khi h thng


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hi nc ngng. Phng php ny ch p dng cho gia nhit ng ng trn

b c chiu di khng ln.

Hnh H-6 Gia nhit ng ng bng hi

2.2.2.2.Gia nhit bng in

ng ng c th gia nhit bng phng php dng dy in tr truynthng hoc phng php hiu ng dng in b mt trong in trng cao p.

Phng gia nhit bng in tr truyn thng ch thch hp cho cc tuyn ng

trn b. Phng php gia nhit bng dng in b mt trong mi trng in

trng cao p l cng ngh mi c p dng gia nhit ng ng dn du

th c nhit ng c cao, c bit l tuyn ng ngm di bin. Trn th

gii hin nay cngg c nhiu cng trnh p dng cng ngh gia nhit ny.

a. Phng php dng in b mt

Phng php ny c u im l u t ban u thp hn so vi phng

php dng du thay th do ch u t mt ng ng m khng cn thm

ng ng dn du ra. Tuy nhin, chi ph vn hnh ca phng php ny cao

hn so phng php dng du ra thay th. Chnh v vy m cc nh u t

thng cn nhc gia phng php gia nhit bng in v phng php dng

du nh thay th quyt nh la chn gii php thch hp cho h thng nhp

du th ca nh my lc du. la chn phng php thch hp phi tin

hnh nh gi, so snh y tnh kh thi c kha cnh kinh t v k thut. Nguyn l hot ng

Gia nhit bng dng in b mt da trn nguyn l khi c dng in cao

p (khong 40.000 V) i qua mt dy dn th trn b mt ca kim loi xut hin

dng in gi l dng in b mt ( tng t nh hin tng dng in cao

tn). Di tc dng ca dng in, b mt kim loi s b t nng ln. Da vo

hin tng ny, ngi ta p dng vo gia nhit ng ng. S nguyn l

qu trnh gia nhit ng ng s dng dng in b mt cao p c m t

trong hnh H-7A. Theo s nguyn l ny, thc hin c qu trnh gia


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nhit, trn b mt ca ng ng cn gia nhit ngi ta hn cc ng gia nhit

(heating tube), bn trong cc ng gia nhit ny c t cc dy in cho dng

in cao p i qua. Khi c dng in cao p i qua dy dn, trn b mt ca

ng gia nhit xut hin dng in trn b mt, di tc dng ca dng in,

ng gia nhit b t nng ln v truyn nhit sang ng ng cn gia nhit.

Hnh H-7 A Nguyn l gia nhit bng phng php dng in b mt cao pCu to v nguyn tc vn hnh h thng gia nhit ng ng dn

du

H thng gianhit ng ng du th bao gm cc b phn chnh: My

bin p to ngun in cao p, h thng dy cp, cc ng gia nhit, ng ng

v v cch nhit. S tng th lp t v cu to h thng gia nhit bng

phng php dng in b mt cao p c minh ho trong hnh H-7B. Theo

s ny, dc theo ng ng dn du th ngi ta hn cc ng nh (gi l

ng gia nhit) pha trong lng cc ng gia nhit ngi ta lp dy dn cho dng

in cao p chy qua. thun li cho qu trnh lp t bo tr , mi mt on

ng nht nh ngi ta lp mt hp ni dy cp in. S ng lng ng gia

nhit c lp t ph hp cng sut gia nhit v c b tr sao cho s phn

phi nhit ng u trn tit din ng cn gai nhit. Nhm tng tin cy ca

h thng, mt cp din v mt ng gia nhit d phng c lp t b sung.

Phng php gia nhit ng ng c nhiu u im trong vn hnh. Theo

phng php ny, du th c nhit ng c cao sau khi nhp t tu duphn cn li trong ng ng khng cn phi y ra khing ng m vn

gi nguyn trong ng. Khi chun b nhp chuyn du th tip theo, th h thng

gia nhit ng ng c khi ng (thng trc khi nhp du 24 ting)

a phn du cha trong ng v trng thilngc th chuyn ng c trong

ng ng bng bm. Khi kt thc qu trnh nhp du th, h thng gia nhit

dng hot ng tit kim chi ph vn hnh. Phng php dng in gia nhit

ch cn mt ng ng dn m khng cn hai ng ng tun hon du

ra. Phng php ny c tin cy vn hnh cao, khi c s c xy ra (du b


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Hnh H-8- B - Minh ha ng ng dn duc gia nhit bng dy in tr

truyn thng

Trong h thng ng ng nhp du th, cho d c s dng phng php

du thay th th mt s phn tuyn ng du th trn b vn phi gia nhit bng

in, do mt s on ng khng th thc hin c bng phng php gia

nhit khc.

Vic xem xt la chn phng php no thch hp gii quyt vn

ng c du th trn ng ng nhp c xem xt trn nhiu yu t: u t

ban u, chi ph vn hnh, iu kin c th ca tng d n. Mi phng n la

chn u cn phi m bo tin cy ca h thng, hiu qu kinh t mang li

hp l.

Hnh H-8 C- Cu to mt dy in tr in hnh


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Hnh H-8 D- S lp t h thng gia nhit bng in truyn thng

2.3. B CHA DU TH

2.3.1. Chc nng khu b cha du th

Du th sau khi nhp vo nh my t tu du c tn tr trong cc b

cha. Khu b cha du th c t ti v tr thun li cho vic nhp nguyn

liu cngg nh phi ph hp vi ng dng cng ngh chung ca ton b

nh my trong qu trnh ch bin nhm ti u mng ng ng ni gia cc b

phn trong phn xng. Tng dung tch khu b cha cn phi c thit k

tip nhn c cc tu du c ti trng ln nht c s dng vn chuyn

du cho nh my v m bo c s ngy d phng thch hp. S ngy d

phng du th cho nh my ty thuc vo chin lc kinh doanh, an ton vn

hnh, tnh n nh ngun du cung cp. Trong thc t, s ngy d phng c

chn trong khong t 11 ngy n 20 ngy vn hnh ty thuc vo iu kin c

th nh tnh n nh ngun du cung cp, khong cch vn chuyn. Ngoi

chc nng tng tr v d phng nguyn liu cho nh my, khu b cha du th

cn c chc nng tch s b nc trong du nng cao hiu cc qu trnh

ch bintip theo. Mt khc, lng nc trong du th gim s cho php gim

c cng sut ca thit b tch mui phn xng chng ct du th p

sut kh quyn.

Trong mt s nh my, cc b cha du th cn c xem xt, thit k

cha cn ca phn xng chng ct p sut kh quyn trong nhng trng

hp phn xng cracking xc tc cn hoc phn xng chng ct chn khng

c s c trong thi gian di m bo s hot ng mm do v hiu qu


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hot ng ca nh my. Hnh nh ca b cha du th trong nh my c

minh ho trong hnh H-9.

2.3.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

B cha du th thng l nhng b cha tr mi ni, bn trong c thit

b gia nhit trnh du b ng c v duy tr du th nhit thch hpcho qu trnh vn chuyn. H thng gia nhit s dng trong b cha du th

thng l kiu gia nhit ng rut g s dng hi nc thp p. Phng php

gia nhit ny n gin trong thit k, ch to vi chi ph u t v chi ph vn

hnh thp nhng vn m bo hiu qu gia nhit. trnh to coke cc b v

m bo nhit ng u, bn trong cc b du th ngi ta lp cc my

khuy trn c kh.

Hnh H-9 Hnh nh khu b cha du th trong nh my

Mi b cha c lp h thng o mc t ng cp s liu, tn hiu

phc v cho vic thng k, qun l v iu khin qu trnh nhp v xut du th

ra khib cha. Khi du th trong b t mc cao trong b th cc van ng

ng nhp vo b s ng li, ngc li khi du th t mc thp nht trong b

th ngng qu trnh xut du ra khib cha. tch nc trong du th, du

sau khi nhp c n nh nc t do trong du lng xung pha y b v

tho nh k ra ngoi vo h thng nc thi ln du. Nhm xc nh thi im

thch hp tho nc lng ng v trnh kh nng du b tho ra cng nc

lng ng, pha y b ngi ta lp u o pht hin giao din gia du v

nc.

Vic xc nh s lng v tng th tch ca b cha du th c ngha

quan trng i hot ng ca nh my ni chung cngg nh cng vic xut

nhp du th ni ring. Trong thc t, tng th tch khu b cha du th c


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xc nh s b bng tng th tch ca mt tu ch du c ti trng ln nht

c s dng vn chuyn du cho nh my v s ngy d phng. V s

lng b cha phi m bophn b sao cho kch thc ca cc b cha ph

hp cc tiu chun thit k ang p dng ph bin, d dng cho ch to, mua

sm vt t thit b,...Cc b cha du th thng c th tch rt ln (thng t60.000 m3 - 90.000 m3) c kt cu kiu b cha mIni, v vy, vn thit k,

ch to v xy dng cc b cha du th tng i phc tp. Tiu chun thit

k cho cc b cha thng p dng tiu chun API (Hoa k).

2.4. CU HI V BI TP

1.Ti sao trong thc t ngi ta hay s dng bn nhp du mt im neo

(SPM) tip nhn tu du th cho cc Nh my lc du. Nguyn l hot ng

ca nhp du th qua bn nhp du qua SPM?2. Trnh by cc gii php cng ngh trnh hin tng ng c du

th c nhit ng c cao trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Nguyn l hot ng

ca phng php du thay th.

3. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca h thng gia nhit bng dng in

cao p b mt. u, nhc im ca phng php gia nhit ny.


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BI 3. S V QU TRNH HOT NG CA H THNG NNG

LNG, PH TR

M bi: HD M3

Gii thiu

H thng nng lng, ph tr ng mt vai tr quan trng v c mi quan

h hu c vi cc phn xng cng ngh trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh

my lc, ha du. Tuy nhin, vai tr v hot ng ca cc phn xng nng

lng, ph tr trong nh my lc ha du cha c gii thiu mt cch y

c bit l mi lin h qua li vi cc phn xng cng ngh. Trong phm vi

bi hc ny s gii thiu khiqut v cc h thng ny v nhn mnh mi quan

h ca n i vi ton b hot ng ca nh my.Mc tiu thc hin

Hc xong m un ny hc vin c nng lc:

- M t c chc nng nhim v ca h thng nng lng, ph tr.

- M t c s cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng ca tng h

thng: H thng pht in v phn phi, h thng sn xut v cp hi,

h thng kh nn iu khin, h thng nc lm mt,

Ni dung chnh

- H thng pht v phn phi in.- H thng cp hi.

- H thng kh nn.

- H thng cp kh Ni t.

- H thng kh nhin liu.

- H thng du nhin liu.

- H thng nc lm mt.

3.1. H THNG PHT IN V HI

3.1.1. Gii thiu chungCngg nh bt c mt nh my sn xut no, in l mt nhu cu tt yu

i vi nh my lc ha du. Tuy nhin, vic cung cp in i vi nh my lc

ha du c nhng yu cu ring bit. S c phi dng nh my lc ha du

khng c k hoch l rt cn hn ch trong vn hnh, v khi dng nh my bt

thng s gy thit hi ln v kinh t: vic khi ng li hot ng nh my l

cng vic rt kh khn phc tp, rt nhiu sn phm khng t cht lng sn

sinh ra trong giai on ny cn phi ch bin li. Mt khc, khi dng nh my

bt thng xut hin nhiu nguy c gy mt an ton nh my v gy nhim


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mi trng. Trong cc nguyn nhn phi dng nh my th nguyn nhn do s

c in chim t l tng i ln, cbit l cc nc km pht trin. V vy,

ngun in n nh l yu cu hng u gim thiu thit hi v l do ngun

cung cp nng lng. Trong thc t, ty thuc vo tiu chun thit k nh my,

tiu chun an ton m h thng cp in c thit k khc nhau (theo tngquc gia), i vi a s cc nh my, thng thng c ba h thng cung cp

in cho nh my: ngun in do nh my t sn xut, ngun in ly t ngoi

hng ro nh my v ngun in d phng trong trng hp khn cp (ch cp

cho mt s h tiu th nht nh). Phn xng pht in trong nh my c

thit k m bo p ng nhu cu tiu th in ni ti v cp mt phn hi

b sung cho h thng cung cp hi.

Ngoi nhu cu v in nng, trong cc nh my lc ha du c nhu cu

ln v hi nc cc mc p sut khc nhau. Hi nc c s dng cho

cc mc ch chnh l: pht in, lm ng lc cho mt s ng c tuc bin, gia

nhit, phc v bo dng, Hi nc c sn xut t ni hi ca phn

xng pht in, cc ni hi tn dng nhit trong nh my. Nhu cu hi trong

nh my lc ha du ( cc mc p sut khc nhau) l rt ln cho cc nhu cu

gia nhit, chy cc ng c (s dng ng c tuc bin hi) dn ng thit b

c cng sut ln, ti khng n nh. Hi trong nh my c sn xut nhiu

cp khc nhau (c phn chia da theo p sut v nhit ) p ng ccyu cu s dng a dng ca cc h tiu th:

- Hi c p sut rt cao: Hi mc p sut rt cao (trn 100 at) c s

dng cho mc ch chy cc tuc-bin hi ca my phtin.

- Hi cao p: Hi p sut cao (p sut khong trn 40 at) dng dn

ng cc tuc bin ca mt s my nn, my bm c cng sut ln v

ti khng n nh, ngoi ra hi cao p cngg c s dng gia nhit

trong mt s phn xng cng ngh.

- Hi trung p: Hi trung p (p sut khong 12-15 at) c s dng dn ng mt s tuc bin hi v cho mc ch gia nhit.

- Hi thp p: Hi thp p trong nh my thng l dng hi thp p qu

nhit (p sut trong khong 4 at) c s dng vi mc ch chnh l

gia nhit v bo dng my mc thit b..

ngun hi cung cp c n nh, cngg nh tng cng kh nng

iu tit kh nng cung cp hi cc mc p sut khc nhau, hi trong nh

my c ni kt thnh mng li phn phi. Chi tit h thng pht in v

hi c trnh by trong mc di y.


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3.1.2. Cu hnh v s h thng

Trong cc nh my lc du, thng thng c mt phn xng pht in

p ng nhu cu in nng ni ti ca nh my (ngoi tr cc quc gia nh

vng Trung ng ngun in li quc gia n nh v rt r). Vic xy dng

mt phn xng pht in bn trong nh my lc ha du khng ch vi mcch ch ng ngun cung cp in nng, an ton ngun in cung cp m cn

c ngha nng cao c hiu qu kinh t chung nh my do tn dng c

cc ngun du thi, kh thi cht lng thp lm nhin liu. Ngoi ra, phn

xng in cn c vai tr b sung lng hi nc cho cc h tiu th trong

nh my m cc ni hi tn dng nhit trong cc phn xng cng ngh khng

cng sut p ng.

Trong thc t, v nguyn l, cc tua bin dn ng my pht in c th s

dng loi tua bin kh hoc tua bin hi. Tuy nhin, do c th ca nh my lc

du m tuc bin hi v i km theo l cc l hi cao p c s dng ph bin

trong cc phn xng in ca Nh my lc ha du. L do ca vic s dng

cu hnh ny l:

- Nhu cu hi trong nh my lc ha du l rt ln, lng hi c sn

xut t cc phn xng cng ngh do tn dng cc ngun nhit thi v

ngun kh nhin liu d tha khng p ng c nhu, v vy, cn phi

c ngun cung cp hi b sung cho nhu cu ton nh my. Gii phpthch hp v mt k thut v kinh t l phi hp gia vic pht in v

cp hi cho b sung cho h thng hi ca nh my.

- S dng tuc bin kh pht in c th n gin ha phn xng

in, tuy nhin, khng ph hp vi nh my lc ha du v nu dng

tuc bin kh th ngun du v kh s dng phi sch trong khi Nh my

thng tn ti mt lng ln du thi hoc du cn c cht lng thp

cn phi c tn dng. Nu s dng cc ngun nhin liu ny cho

tuc bin kh th cn phi u t thm mt khon kinh ph khng nh chocc thit b x l lm sch ngun nhin liu ny.

Chnh v nhng l do trn, trong nh my lc ha du, ngi ta thng

phi hp sn xut in vi sn xut hi nng cao hiu qu qu trnh tn

dng nng lng nhm tng cao hiu qu kinh t v gim c lng kh thi

vo mi trng. S tng qut qu trnh sn xut in, hi v chu trnh tn

dng nng lng c a ra trong hnh H 11.


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H thng phi hp sn xut in v hi bao gm mt s ni hi thch hp

sn xut hi siu cao p dn ng tua bin hi pht in. S ni hi c

xc nh trn c s m bo cn bng hi trong ton nh my v m bo

d phng nht nh. Vi mc ch cn bng nhu cu s dng hi cc mc p

sut khc nhau trong, mt h thng cc thit b gim p (Let down) c lpt iu tit ngun cung cp hi. in nng sn xut t phn xng in

c kt ni vi h thng phn phi in ca nh my. Hi nc c a ti

mng li phn phi, thng thng trong Nh my lc du c quy m ln c

bn cp hi: hi siu cao p, hi cao p, hi trung p v hi thp p. Hi siu

cao p (HHP) ch c s dng pht in v mt phn gim p cho cp hi

cao p trong trng hplng hi cao p thiu ht. Hi cao p (HP) v trung

p (MP) c s dng chy cc tuc bin hi dn ng v gia nhit. Hi thp

p c s dng vi mc ch chnh l gia nhit v cc hot ng bo dng

my mc thit b. Hi c sn xut t cc phn xng cng ngh v phn

xng in c a ti h thng phn phi hi. H thng cung cp hi trong

nh my c chia thnh ba cp cao, trung v thp p. Hi c cp ti cc

h tiu th bng mng li ng ng.

Gia cc cp hi c h thng iu tit m bo cn bng nhu cu hi

trong ton nh my. Khi p sut h thng hi gim p (do nhu cu tiu th cao

hn) cc thit b sn xut hi cp p sut ny khng m bo p ng nhucu th lp tc hi cp cao hn s c gim p b sung cho nhu cu

t bin v hi cp p sut thp hn.

Hi nc sau khi i qua cc tuc bin hi, mt phn hi nc s ngng t,

phn hi khng ngng s c ha vo h thng hi thp p. Nc ngng

cao v trung p cngg c a ti b phn tch thu hi hi thp p v thu

hi nc ngng em x l, ti s dng. H thng phn phi hi phi c thit

k trn c s cn bng gia cung cu, tuy nhin, cng sut cung cp thng

phi ln hn 10-20% so nhu cu bnh thng m bo hot ng n nhca h thng trong trng hp c nhng nhu cu t bin v tnh n m rng

trong tng lai. Mt im cn lu trong qu trnh thit k, vn hnh h thng

sn xut v phn phi hi l phi tnh n ht cc tnh hung khi mt phn

xng cng ngh c thit b sn xut hi gp sc th vn phi m bo cn

bng cung cu hi trong mi trng hp, trnh nh hng ti hot ng ca

cc phn xng khc do thiu ngun hi.

Nhm gim chi ph vn hnh, nc ngng t cc h tiu th s c thu

gom li, x l ri cp cho cc thit b snxut hi. Lng nc ngng hao ht


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s c b sung bng nc kh khang v nc x l cho ni hi siu

cao p.

Hnh H-12 A Tn dng nhit t cc vng cng ngh trung gian c nhit cao

Hnh H-12 B Tn dng nhit t cc ngun kh thi cnhit cao

3.1.3. Nng cao hiu sut s dng nng lng bo v mi trng

Mt trong xu th tn dng nng lng ph bin trong thit k, vn hnh

cc nh my ni chung cngg nh trong nh my lc ha du ni ring l tn


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dng ngun nhit thi ti s dngtrong ni b Nh my. C hai ngun nhit

thi chnh l ngun nhit ca cc sn phm hoc cc sn phm trung gian c

nhit cao v kh thi cc l t (bao gm cc l ti sinh xc tc).

Phng thc tn dng nhit u tin l s dng cc dng cng ngh (sn

phm/sn phm trung gian) c nhit cao gia nhit cc dng nguyn liuhoc cc dng trung gian khc (cn phi c nng cao nhit ). Nhm thc

hin c tng ny, ngi ta lp t cc thit b trao i nhit cc dng

cng ngh ny thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit cho nhau. Hin nay, cc phn

mm thit k ng dng (v d phn mm PINCH) cho php d dng tm c

cc gii php ti u cho vic tn dng nhit thi theo nguyn tc ny. Mt trong

v d v phng thc tn dng nhit ny c minh ho hnh v H - 12 A.

Phng thc tn dng nhit th hai l tn dng ngun nhit thi c nhit

cao t kh thi cc l t v cc thit b ti sinh xc tc ca phn xng

cracking (FCC). Cc ngun kh ny nhiu khi cn cha thnh phn kh nhin

liu nhng c hi vi mi trng (v d nh kh CO) cn phi c x l (t

chuyn ha thnh CO2). Gii php cng ngh tn dng ngun nhit ny

l lp t cc ni hi tn dng nhit sn xut ra cc loi hi cao, trung p v

thp p. Ngun hi ny s c ho vo mng cp hi ca ton Nh my

vn hnh cc tuc bin hi hoc gia nhit. Vic tn dng ngun nhit thi ny

cho php gim bt c tiu hao nng lng, nng cao hiu qu kinh t vgp phn bo v mi trng. Mt trong v d v phng thc tn dng nhit

ny c minh ho hnh v H-12B.

3.2. H THNG CP KH NN

3.2.1. Vai tr h thng kh nn

Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, kh nn c ngha c bit quan

trng do nhng c trng ringca ngnh cng nghip ny: ri ro chy n cao,

nhiu cht c hi, qu trnh cng ngh phc tp i hi phi iu khin t

ng qu trnh, yu cu an ton vn hnh cao... Chnh v vy, phn ln qutrnh u c iu khin t ng. Trong iu khin hot ng nh my, vic

iu khin hot ng cc van chim mt v tr quan trng. iu khin t ng

cc van trong cng nghip ch bin du kh c th dng m t in hay bng

kh nn. Tuy nhin, van c iu khin bng kh nn c mt s u im, thm

ch mt s van ngng khn cp bt buc phi dng kh nn v l do an ton.

Cht lng ca kh nn v tin cy ca h thng ny ng mt vai tr quan

trng trong vic m bo hot ng bnh thng v an ton vn hnh nh my.

Ngoi chc nng cung cp kh nn cho qu trnh iu khin t ng, kh nn


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trong cc nh my ch bin du kh cngphc v mt s qu trnh cng ngh,

lm ng lc cho mt s dng c sa cha nh v trong giai on khi ng,

bo dng nh my.

Ngoi h thng kh nn trung tm cung cp kh nn cho nhu cu chung,

trong nh my lc ha du cng c cc h thng sn xut kh nn cc b phcv cho cc nhu cu ring bit.

3.2.2. H thng kh nn trung tm

Kh nn trong nh my lc ha du gm h thng kh nn trung tm v cc

h thng kh nn cc b. Kh nn trung tm phc v cho nhu cu kh iu khin

cc van v kh nn cng ngh. Trong mc ny tp trung vo m t h thng kh

nn trung tm. H thng kh nn trung tm trong Nh my lc ha du c

chia thnh hai b phn: b phn sn xut kh nn v h thng phn phi kh

nn ti cc h tiu th trong nh my. Nguyn l hot ng v cc b phn ca

h thng s c trnh by trong cc mc di y.

3.2.2.1. B phn sn xut kh nn

Kh nn phc v trong nh my l khng kh trong kh quyn c nn ti

p sut thch hp v tch mt s tp c hc, hi nc cho mc ch s dng

(thng thng kh nn c p sut t 7-11 Kg/cm2). Ngoi yu cu v p sut,

khng kh nn phc v cho mc ch iu khin cn phi p ng c cc

yu cu v cht lng m ch yu l yu cu v m trong kh nn. S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca h thng kh nn trung tm trong Nh my

lc ha du c trnh by trong hnh H - 13. Theo s ny, b phn sn

xut kh nn bao gm cc thit b chnh:

- My trn kh;

- Bnh cha kh t;

- Bnh sy kh;

- Bnh cha kh kh.

a. Qu trnh hot ngKhng kh c cc my nn nn ti p sut thch hp (thng thng t

7-11 Kg/cm2), sau c lm mt bng thit b trao i nhit ri a ti bnh

cha kh nn t. Thit b trao i nhit lm mt kh nn c s dng c

th l kiu lm mt bng khng kh (gn km theo my trn) hoc kiu lm mt

bng nc (ty theo chng loi my trnv nh ch to).Ti thit b lm mt,

mt phn hi nc trong kh nn c ngng t v tch ra, tuy nhin, lng

hi nc trong khng kh nn theo yu cu rt thp, v vy, lng m trong

khng kh nn cn phi tip tc c tch ra cho ti khi t yu cu. Khng kh


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im so vi mt s kiu my nn khc trong di cng sut v p sut lm vic

ca n. Hnh dng my trc vt nh trong hnh H-14. My trntrc vt c mt s

u im so vi cc dng my nn khc:

u im ca my nn kiu trc vt so vi my nn kiu pt- tng:

- Khng c b phn chu tc dng ca ng sut mi do phi hot nglin tc (xc mng, pt-tng, van), do vy, t phi bo dng.

- Khng c b phn dao ng lch tm, v vy, my t rung ng hn

nh chi phcho nn mng cngg t hn.

- Kh nng phc v cao, t ti 99%.

HNH H13. S h thng sn xut kh nn

u im ca my nn kiu trcvtso vi mytrnkiu lytm:

- Kh u vo c th cha bi (cho php ti 300 mg/m3) hocgit lng

(iu m my nn khc dng nh khng cho php);

- Vn tc u ra thp, v vy, cho php a cht lng vo dng vi mcch lm mt hoc ra sch;

- Lu lng th tch ca ht my dng nh khng i khi t s nn

thay i, do vy, khng gy ra hin tng xung;

- C p ng rt tt gia mc ti v nng sut tiu th: 50% lu lng

tng ng 50% vn tc v tiu th nng lng bng 50%;

- Hot ng di vn tc cng hng th nht ca trc quay, v

vy, khng gy ra hin tng rung ng nguy him khi my vt qua

vn tc cng hng ny.


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vo bung t qua h thng dn phn phi kh. Kh cp vo thit b ti sinh

c cung cp bi my nn ring khng s dng kh nn chung ca nh my.

Thng thng, my nn ny c dn ng bi tuc bin hi. S cng ngh

ca h thng kh nn cc b trong phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si

c m t trong hnh v H-15.3.3.2.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Hnh H-16 A- Hnh dng ngoi my trn hng trc lp t trong thc t

Hnh H-16B- Cu to my trn hng trc mt ct ngangV nguyn tc, my nn kh s dng cp khng kh nn cho thit b ti

sinh c th dng l loi my nn kh kiu hng trc hoc my nn ly tm. Tuy

nhin, trong thc t my trnkiu hng trc thng c s dng hn do c

kh nng iu khin c p sut v cng sut my. My nn kiu hng trc

c hnh dng ngoi lp t trong phn xng cracking nh trong hnh H-16A.

Mt cch khiqut, my nn hng trc bao gm cc b phn chnh sau:

- Phn Ro-to (Rotor);

- Phn Stato (Stator);


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- V my v cc b phn ph.

a. R-to ca my nn hng trc

R-to ca my nn hng trc l mt b phn quan trng nht ca my

nn hng trc. y chnh l b phn to ra kh nng nn kh t p sut

thng ti cc mc p sut cao hn. Cu to ca b phn ny tng i phctp gm nhiu b phn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, v c bn c th chia r to my

nn thnh cc phn chnh:

- Trc ro-to;

- Cnh nn hng trc;

- Vnh trn ly tm;

- Kt cu gn cnh trnvi trc;

- Cc chi tit ph.

S cu to ca R-to my nn hng trc c m t trong hnh H-17,

H16 B v minh ha bng hnh nh thc trong hnh H-16C.

Hnh H-16C- Hnh nh minh ho cu to bn trong my nn hng trc

*)Trc r-to:Trc r-to c nhim v truyn chuyn ng v to kt cu gn cc

cnh nn. Trc my nn c kch thc khng ng u do yu cu kt cu c

kh v c bit l do yu cu v kch thc ca cnh nn hng trc khc nhau

dc theo chiu di trc r-to.*)Cnh nn hng trc:Cnh nn hng trc c bin dng cnh v c lp

t v tr thch hp to ra dng kh nn chuyn ng theo hng dc trc.

to hiu qu tt cho qu trnh trnv hiu sut my trn cao, kch thc

(ng knh) v nghing ca cnh nn hng trc thay i dc theo chiu

di trc r-to.

*)Vnhtrn ly tm:Vic kt hp cc cnh nn hng trc v cnh nn ly tm

cho php nng cao c p sut nn ca my nn, v c bit l trnh c

hintng nghn u nn do p sut nn thp. Vnh nn ly tm c lp vo


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giai on nn cui cng khc phc tnh trng nghn u nn (hin tng

ny hay xy ra nu ch s dng cc cnh nn hng trc). y l mt trong

nhng ci tin ng k my nn hng trc ca mt s hng sn xut my trn

ni ting nh MANTURBO.

Hnh H-17- Cu to r-to my trnhng trc

Vic a thm vnh nn ly tm s cho php m rng khong hot ng

ca my nn hng trc do thay i c gii hn p sut nghn ca y my

nn. Nh vnh nn ly tm, p sut ca y my nn tng ng k giai on

nn cui cng.

b. Stato my nn hng trc

Stato ca my nn c chc nng cng vi r - to my nn to dng khng ph hp cho qu trnh trn. thc hin c nhim v ny, stato c

lp mt tang trng trn gn cc cnh trntnh. Tang trng lp cc cnh nn

tnh c kt cu c th thay i c nghing ca cnh nn nh c th

iu chnh c ch hot ng ca my nn ph hp vi iu kin lmvic.

c. V my trn

V my nn c chc nng l kt cu c kh lp t r-to v stato. V

my cng c nhim v to ra cc khoang ht v khoang y ca my nn, gn

cc ca ht v ca y ni vi ng ng cng ngh.3.4. H THNG CP KH NI-T

3.4.1. Gii thiu

Kh Ni-t c vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, c bit

l i vi cc nh my lc ha du. Kh Ni-t l mt dng kh tr thch hp

cch ly cc mi trng hot ng c kh nng gy chy n (nu cc mi

trng ny tip xc vi nhau), cch ly cc sn phm d b -xy ha vi mi

trng khng kh. Ngoi ra, kh Ni-t cng c s dng rng ri trong giai

on chun b khi ng nh my, sa cha v bo dng my mc, ng


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ng nh dng ui khng kh ra khithit b. Kh Ni-t trong nh my c

cung cp thnh mng li ng ng ti cc h tiu th di dng kh c p

sut trong khong 7 11 Kg/cm2.

3.4.2. Cc phng php sn xut kh ni t

Hin nay, sn xut Ni-t v c bn vn i t khng kh trong t nhin. Qu

trnh sn xut Ni-t i t khng kh cho n nay c cc phng php chnh sau

y:

- Phng php ha lngkhng kh ri chng luyn truyn thng;

- Phng php hp ph phn t (Pressure Swing Adsorption - PSA);

- Phng php mng lc phn t (hp ph) kt hp k thut siu lnh

(molecular sieve adsorption and Cryogenic air separation).

3.4.2.1. Phng php ha lng khng khTheo phng php sn xut Ni-t truyn thng, khng kh c nn ti p

sut rt cao v lm mt thu hi khng kh dng lngri sau tin hnh

chng ct tch ring bit cc thnh phn Ni-t, -xy v Cacbonic dng lng.

Phng php ny c u im l cho php sn xut c ng thi nhiu loi

kh c tinh khit cao, ph hp cng sut ln. Tuy nhin, sn xut Ni -t theo

phng php ny u t ln do cc thit b lm vic p sut cao, gi thnh

sn phm cao nu nh mc ch ch thu hi Ni-t.

3.4.2.2. Phng php hp ph phn t

Phng php hp ph phn t da vo kh nng hp ph chn lc di

p sut ca mt s cht tch Ni-t ra khikhng kh. Phng php ny c

u im l n gin, h thng hot ng p sut khng cao. Tuy nhin,

phng php ny ch sn xut c Ni-t trng thikh m khng sn xut

c Ni-t trng thi lng, v vy, khng ph hp vi yu cu ca nh my

ch bin du kh (c nhu cu c nit lngv kh iu tit cung cu).

3.4.2.3. Phng php lc phn t kt hp k thut siu lnh

Theo phng php ny, khng kh c nn ti p sut thch hp

(khong 7-14 Kg/cm2) ri a qua mt sng lc phn t (hp ph) tch kh

CO2v hi nc ra khikh nn. Kh nn sau c lm lnh ti nhit rt

su nh k thut siu lnh tch Ni -t c tinh khit cao ra khihn hp.

Hin nay, phng php sn xut Ni-t ny c s dng ph bin trong nh

my lc du nh nhng tnh nng u vit:

- Sn xut c c Ni-t lng v kh ph hp yu cu s dng;

- H thng hot ng p sut thp;


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b sung cho h thng phn phi. Thit b bay hi c nhim v chuyn Ni -t t

trng thilngsang trng thi kh nh thit b bay hi iu kin nhit mi

trng. m bo an ton vn hnh, h thng tng tr v bay hi Ni -t c

chia thnh hai h thng ring bit. Mt h thng cung cp cho cc nhu cu bnh

thng (nh ui kh, cch ly cc cht d xy ha,...) v mt h thng cungcp cho cc nhu cu c bit ihikh nng cung cp kh lin tc ng cht

lng yu cu (cc h thng cch ly mi trng d chy n nh h thng ti

sinh xc tc ca phn xng Reforming)

c. H thng phn phi

Kh Ni-t t thit b bay hi v thp phn tch siu lnh s c a ti

mng li phn phi Ni-t trong nh my. Vi cc h tiu th quan trng nh

phn xng Reforming, h thng cp Ni-t c thit k tch bit vi mng

li cung cp chung ton nh my. Khi nh my hot ng ch bnh

thng, Ni-t cp cho cc h tiu th l Ni-t trng thi kh thu t thp siu

lnh. Khi p sut h thng gim (nhu cu tiu th vt qu lng kh cung cp)

th h thng bay hi scp Ni-t b sung t cc bnh d tr Ni-t lngvo h

thng b p phn thiu ht. Ni-t c cp ti cc h tiu th bng mng

li ng ng.

d. Nhu cu Ni-t trong Nh my lc ha du

Kh Ni-t c tiu th ch yu cho cc mc ch cch ly mi trng nhtrong b phn ti sinh xc tc phn xng reforming, cc khu b cha sn

phm trung gian v sn phm cui d b -xy ha. Trong giai on chy th nh

my, mt lng ln Ni-t c s dng vi mc ch ui kh ra khithit b,

ph mi trng chnkhng (vi cc Nh my ch bin du kh, cc thit b ch

bin du tuyt i khng c mt ca -xy bn trong thit b nhm trnh

nhng thm ho chy n xy ra). V vy, trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh

cc Nh my lc ha du, cc phn xng ph tr ni chung v phn xng

sn xut Ni-t ni ring thng phi c hon thnh trc phc v chocc mc ch trn. Cc b cha cc cht d b -xy ha pha trn b mt

c ph mt lp kh Ni-t nhm ngn cn s tip xc ca -xy vi cc sn

phm ny, c bit l cc sn phm cracking.

3.4.3.3. Cht lng kh Ni-t yu cu

Ni-t s dng trong cc nh my ch bin du kh vi t cch l kh tr, v

vy, cht lng ca n phi t c tiu chun nht nh trnh nh hng

n hot ng chung ca nh my. Thng thng, thnh phn kh Ni-t cung

cp trong nh my lc ha du phi t c tiu chun nh sau:


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Bng 3-1 - Thnh phn kh Ni-t

Thnh phn n v o S lng

Nitrogen (% vol min) 99.7

Carbon Monoxide(CO)

ppm vol max 20

-xy - 10

Carbonic (CO2) - 20

Chlorine - 1

Hydrocarbons - 5

Nc - 5

Hydrogen - 20

Kh tr khc ppm phn cngli

3.5. H THNG NHIN LIU

Nhin liu trong Nh my lc ha du thng s dng c du v kh nhin

liu. Ngun kh nhin liu gi vai tr quan trng trong Nh my lc du do trong

qu trnh ch bin mt lng ln kh nhin liu c to ra nu khng c tn

dng s phi a ra ct uc t khng ch gim hiu sut thu hi v hiu qukinh t m cn nh hng ti mi trng. Vic s dng nhin liu trong Nh

my thng da trn nguyn tc u tin s dng ngun kh nhin liu trc,

phn thiu ht s c b p bng du. cung cp nhin liu cho cc h

tiu th, thng thng trong Nh my lc ha du ngi ta k lp t h thng

cung cp kh v du nhin liu trung tm.

3.5.1. H thng kh nhin liu

H thng kh nhin liu trong nh my c chc nng thu gom ngun kh

nhin liu trong nh my cung cp cho cc h tiu th. Trong Nh my lcha du, ngun kh nhin liu thu ch yu t cc phn xng cracking,

reforming, phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn, chng ct chn

khng, cc phn xng x l bng hydro (nh x l Naphtha, x l GO,...). Cc

h tiu th kh nhin liu chnh trong Nh my l cc l t trong cc phn

xng cng ngh nh: phn xng chng ct p sut thng, phn xng

pht in, phn xng reforming, cc phn xng x l bng hydro,... Vic thu

gom kh t cc phn xng nhiu khi khng n nh, c bit, khi mt s phn

xng hot ng khng bnh thng. khc phc tnh trng ny, mt thit b


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bay hi kh ha lng cung cp kh b sung h thng kh nhin liu. Thit b

bay hi hot ng khi p sut kh nhin liu trong h thng gim xung.

3.5.1.1. Nguyn l hot ng

H thng kh nhin liu trong Nh my lc ha du hotng theo nguyn

tc ca h thng trung tm. Kh nhin liu t cc phn xng cng ngh sc thu gom v phn phi trong mt h thng duy nht trong nh my m

khng c cc h thng kh nhin liu cc b. Kh nhin liu sn sinh trong cc

phn xng cng ngh sau kh x l t tiu chun (tp cht, p sut thu

gom) s c a ti bnh ho trn. Bnh ho trn kh c chc nng iu ho

p sut v lm n nh thnh phn kh cung cp ti cc h tiu th. Kh t bnh

ho trn c phn phi bng ng ng ti cc h tiu th. Nhu cu tiu th

v lng kh thu gom khng n nh, v vy, h thng c lp t thm mt

thit b bay hi LPG cung cp LPG cho kh nhin liu trong trng hp p

sut h thng phn phi st gim di p sut thit k. Vic diutit p sut h

thng thc hin nh h thng iu khin t ng. S cng ngh h thng

kh nhin liu in hnh c trnh by trong hnh H-19.

3.5.1.2. Cu to v chcnng h cc thit b trong h thng

H thng kh nhin liu bao gm cc thnh phn chnh sau: H thng thu

gom, bnh trn kh nhin liu, thit b bay hi LPG v h thng ng ng phn

phi (xem hnh H-19). Kh nhin liu c thu gom bng h thng ng ng. m bo h thng thu gom hot ng n nh v hiu qu trong qu trnh

thit k v vn hnh, p sut u ra kh nhin liu ti cc phn xng cng

ngh phi c xc nh thng nht. Kh nhin liu t cc phn xng cng

ngh c thu v bnh phi trn.

Bnh phi trn kh nhin liu c chc nng chng sung p sut cho cc h

tiu th, tch hydrocacbon ko theo v lm ng u thnh phn kh nhin liu

cung cp. Thng thng ngi ta thit k h thng vi hai bnh phi trn hot

ng song song, mi bnh c cng sut 100% yu cu. Nguyn tc thit k nycho php sa cha bo dng, thanh tra mt bnh phi trn m khng nh

hng n hot ng ca Nh my. Bnh phi trn thng c t ti v tr

trung tm ca cc h tiu th trnh tn tht p sut gia h thng thu gom

v cc u phn phi.


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P/X CRACKING

P/X X L

NAPHTHA

REFORMING

P/X CDU

P/X ISOMER

P/X X L

GASOIL

P/X THU HI

PROPYLENE

P/X X L XNG

RFCC

P/X PHTIN

H THNG THU HI KH N HIN LIU

BIUKHIN PLC

LPG B SUNG THIT BBAY HI LPG

BNH PHI TRNKH NHIN LIU

P/X TI SINHAMINE

CT UC

HYDROCACBONLNG

Hnh H-19 S H thng kh nhin liu trong Nh my lc du

H THNG PHN PHI KH NHIN LIU

H THNG PHN PHI KH NHIN LIU

HI THP P (LP)


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Thit b bay hi LPG c chc nay lm bay hi LPG t trng thi lng sang

pha kh b sung cho h thng nhin liu khi p sut st gim. Thit b bay

hi thng c thit k lp t hai b song song vi 100% cng sut yu cu

cho mc ch d phng v an ton vn hnh. Mi b thit b bay hi gm mt

bnh chng sung v mt thit b gia nhit s dng hi nc thp p. Thit bbay hi LPG va c chc nng b sung cho h thng kh nhin liu ng thi

l mt ng tiu th LPG khng t tiu chun. Nhit LPG sau khi bay

hi t 35 -40 0C.

3.5.1.3. Thnh phn kh nhin liu

Thnh phn ca kh nhin liu trong nh my ph thuc vo nhiu yu t

nh tnh cht du th, cu hnh cng ngh nh my, cng ngh p dng,... Tuy

nhin, thnh phn chnh ca kh nhin liu trong Nh my lc du sn sinh ni

ti trong qu trnh ch bin ch yu l kh hydrogen, C1, C2 v mt phn

hydrocacbon C3, C4.

3.5.2. H thng du nhin liu.

Nhu cu nhin liu trong cc Nh my lc ha du cho cc qu trnh gia

nhit l rt ln, v vy, ngun kh nhin liu sn sinh trong qu trnh ch bin

thng cngg ch p ng c 50-60% nhu cu v nhin liu. b sung

ngun nhin liu cho Nh my, ngi ta phi s dng ngun nhin liu lng.

Tuy nhin, nu s dng nhin liu lngl thnh phm nh du diesel hoc dut l s lm tng chi ph vn hnh nh my v gim hiu sut thu hi sn

phm. Trong Nh my lc du c mt s sn phm trung gian c cht lng

thp (du cn ca qu trnh cracking, cn chng ct kh quyn,...) v cc loi

du thi c th s dng lm ngun nhin liu thay th nhm gim ch ph vn

hnh Nh my. Trong thc t vn hnh, sn lng kh nhin liu khng n

nh, v vy, mt s h tiu th i lc khng th tiu th hon ton bng ngun

kh (nh phn xng pht in, phn xng chng ct du th p sut

thng,...) m phi b sung ngun nhin liu bng du nhin liu. Chnh v vy,mt phn cc l t cng sut ln trong Nh my lc ha du u c thit k

c th s dng ng thi c kh nhin liu v du nhin liu tng tnh linh

hot vn hnh mc d thit k ny lm tng gi thnh thit b.

3.5.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng

H thng du nhin liu trong Nh my lc du c thit k, hot ng

theo nguyn tc h thng trung tm (mt mng li cung cp duy nht). Theo

nguyn tc ny, du nhin liu c phn phi ti cc h tiu th bng mt

mng li ng ng duy nht. Du nhin liu (thng l du cn qu trnh


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b cha. Ti b cha ny, du ln trong nc s c tch ra, ng thi lng

nc b mt mt s c b sung. Vic s dng b cha nc c u im l

c kh nng d phng ngun nc lm mt, tuy nhin, dng b h s khng

tn dng c p d ca nc lm mt hi lu. V vy, trong thc t, i khi

ngi ta s dng s tun hon kn hon ton tn dng p sut d dngnc tun hon cho php dng bm c ct p thp. Trong trng hp ny b

cha s l b chu p c dung tch nh, khng c ngha d phng nc lm

mt. Nc lm mt cha trong b cha sau khi tch du c bm ti thit b

trao i nhit. Tiy, nc lm mt c nhit cao trao i nhit vi nc

bin c nhit thp hn h nhit nc lm mt xung gi tr thch hp.

Ty iu kin cng ngh c th m quy nh nhit nc lm mt sau khi ra

khi thit b trao i nhit ti u ha u t v hiu qu kinh t. Thng

thng nhit nc lm mt sau thit b trao i nhit khng ln hn 32 - 340C. Nc lm mt sau c a ti mng ng ng phn phi trong Nh

my. Nc bin sau khi trao i nhit s thi trc tip ra bin v tr thch hp

trnh nh hng ti mi trng. S cng ngh in hnh h thng nc lm

mt bng nc bin c m t trong hnh H-21.


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3.6.1.2. Cu to v chc nng thit b trong h thng

H thng lm mt bng nc bin bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: B

cha nc lm mt nhit cao, bm nc lm mt, thit b trao i nhit

nc lm mt/nc bin v mng li ng ng thu gom, phn phi nc

lm mt (trong khun kh chng trnh ny khng cp n h thng lync bin).

a. B cha nc lm mt

B cha nc lm mt l b hnh cn c ca thng vi khng kh bn

trong c lp h thng thu gom du ln trong nc. B c chc nng thu gom

nc lm mt t cc thit b trao i nhit, tch du ln trong nc, tch hi

hnh thnh trong qu trnh trao i nhit v b sung thm lng nc mt mt.

Ngoi ra, b cha ny l ngun nc lm mt d phng trong trng hp r r

ln trong mng li ng ng pha trc b cha th h thng nc lm mt

vn duytr

so do cong nghe nha may loc dau dien hinh nghe van hanh thiet bi hoa dau 1616

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