snc2d 01 06 cell specialization -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cell Specialization
SNC2D1 Cells, Tissues and Organs
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Why Specialize?
• A single cellular organism performs all required functions in one cell.
• e.g., Amoeba.
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Why Specialize?
• Multicellular organisms are much more complex.
• The body needs to supply food and nutrients, transport materials, remove wastes and fight infection.
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Cellular Differentiation
• The process of creating specialized cells.• All cells in the body originated from the zygote undergoing mitosis.
• As an embryo develops, cells change their shape, contents and function.
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What Causes Specialization?
1. Cytoplasm Differences:• Asymmetric distribution of
organelles & other factors in zygote.
• Results in different daughter cells.
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What Causes Specialization?
2. Environmental Conditions:• Variations in temperature and nutrients.
3. Neighbouring Cells: • Substances produced by nearby cells can
diffuse to nearby cells.
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What Causes Specialization?
• The three factors listed may result in the expression of different genes within a cell.
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Abnormal Development
• Chemical contamination of the environment can affect cellular development.
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Tissue Types• Tissues are a collection of similar cells that perform specific functions.
• Animals have 4 types of tissue:1. Epithelial.2. Muscular.3. Connective.4. Nervous.
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Epithelial Tissue• Line the internal and external surfaces of the body.
• Form a barrier by connecting adjoining cell membranes.
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Muscular Tissue• Move the body or organ by contracting and relaxing.
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Connective Tissue• Strengthens, supports and protects other tissues.• Cells are in an extracellular matrix.
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Nervous Tissue
• Made of neurons with long projections that send and receive signals.
• Coordinates body actions.
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Tissues in the Arm
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From Conception to Birth
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Tissues Assignment
1. Read the handout “Tissues of the Human Body” and learn the tissue subtypes.
2. Answer the questions on the handout.
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Stem Cells
• Cells that can differentiate into many different cell types.
• The daughter cells have the same DNA, but different genes may be turned on or off.
Watch This!!!
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEB8656TCIE
WHAT IS A STEM CELL?!?!?
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Types of Stem Cells
1. Embryonic Stem Cells– Differentiates into any cell type.
2. Adult Stem Cells– Exists in some tissues but can only form specific
types of cells. – E.g., bone marrow stem cells form white blood
cells, red blood cells and platelets.
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Stem Cells
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Stem Cell Research
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Uses of Stem Cells• embryonic stem cells are found in embryos that are less than a week old
• scientists obtain these cells from eggs fertilized in vitro (outside the womb)
• sources are usually unused embryos from fertility clinics
• obtaining stem cells destroys the embryo
• some people consider this use to be taking a human life