snakes (ophidia) by dr. romana
DESCRIPTION
SNAKES (OPHIDIA) By Dr. Romana. Classification Poisonous snakes Non- poisonous snakes Poisonous snakes Elapids (secreting neurotoxic venom) Vipers ( vasculotoxic ) Sea snakes ( myotoxic ). Differences. Poisonous Non poisonous - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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SNAKES (OPHIDIA)
By Dr. Romana
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Classification1. Poisonous snakes2. Non- poisonous snakes Poisonous snakes• Elapids (secreting neurotoxic venom)• Vipers (vasculotoxic)• Sea snakes (myotoxic)
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Differences
• Poisonous Non poisonous• Head: triangular round/oval• Teeth: grooved/canalized short/solid• Head scales: small large• Belly scales: broad small• Tail: compressed rounded• Venom: toxic Non toxic• Habits: nocturnal not so
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Classification1. Poisonous snakes2. Non- poisonous snakes Poisonous snakes• Elapids (secreting neurotoxic venom)• Vipers (vasculotoxic)• Sea snakes (myotoxic)
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Vipers: 1. Pit vipers -bamboo snake
2. Pitless vipers - Russell’s snake
-Saw scaled viper Sea snakes
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Elapids: 1. cobra 2. king cobra
3. Common krait 4. Banded krait 5. coral
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Differences
• Elapids Vipers • Long/cylinder Short, narrow
body neck• Head: nearly same triangular,
widerwidth as neck than neck
• Pupils: round vertical• Tail: roundtapering• Venom: neurotoxic vasculotoxic
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• Maxillary bone: only poisonhas other teeth also fangs besides poison fang
• Fangs: short, fixed long,movable, grooved canalized
• Oviparous ovo-viviparous
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Venoms Neurotoxic Venom:
• Muscular weakness of legs• Paralysis of resp. muscles• Cobra venom produces convulsions and
paralyses• Krait venom produces paralyses• Local symp at site of bite are minimum
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Myotoxic venom
• Generalized muscular pain• Myoglobinuria• Resp failure in fatal cases
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Vasculotoxic venom
• Coagulation disorders • Bld vessels are destroyed• RBC’s are lysed• Locally: oozing of heamolytic bld,
cellulitis• Hmgs from body orifices
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Characteristics of venom
• Fibrinolysin Cardiotoxin• Proteolysin Coagulase• Hyaluronidase Neurotoxin• Cholinestrase Lecithinase • Hemolysin• Thormboplastin• Agglutinin
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Principles of Treatment
A. Allying anxiety and fightB. Prevention of spread of venomC. Antivenin and antitoxic therapyD. General measures
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B. Prevention of spread• Immobilization• Tourniquet• Cleaning• Incision and suction
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C. Antivenin: two types
Specific: prepared by hyperimmunizing horses against venom of a particular snake
Polyvalent: Prepared by hyperimmunizing horses against venoms of four
common poisonous snakes.
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• These snakes are:1) Cobra 2) Common krait 3) Russell’s viper 4) Saw-scaled viper
• Dose: A test dose prior to therapeutic dose is necessary to test for serum sensitivity.
If sensitivity is present, desensitisation by multiple small doses
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For adult 60ml of polyvalent serum is injected:• 1/3 subcut or locally around bite• 1/3 IM• 1/3 IV
D. General treatment
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PM appearance: • Elapid, 1cm deep one or two bite marks. Signs of asphyxia. • Viper,2.5cm deep one or two bite marks. Local signs.
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Vegetable Poisons
By Dr. Romana
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• Ricinus communis Calotropis• Croton tiglium Plumbago• Abrus precatorius• Colocynth• Ergot • Capsicum• Semecarpus anacardium
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• Act as irritants due to an active principle present in them
• S/S: Externally: Inflammation, sores, vesication,pustules Internally: GIT irritation
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Ricinus communis Castor oil plant, Arandi
• Active principle is called ricin which is a toxalbumin. Toxalbumin (phytotoxin) is a toxic protein, causes agglutination and lysis of RBC’s and has antigenic properties.
• Oil extracted from seeds is not poisonous but residue is poisonous (press cake)
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• Fatal Dose: 6mg of ricin• Fatal Period: several days
George Markov• Treatment: No specific antidote
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Abrus precatorius (jequirity)
• Active principle is abrin, a toxalbumin, and its actions resemble those of viper snake bite. SUI POISONING:Suis are fine needles prepared by mixing powered seeds with opium, onions, dhatura and spirit or water to make a paste. Needles are made 15mm long and 90- 120mg in wt.
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• Two or three of these suis are fitted on a wooden stick and pierced into the animal. Punctured site is characterised by odema, necrosis,oozing of hmg fluid. Animal becomes drowsy,comatose and dies.
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• Fatal dose: 1-2 seeds orally, 90-120mg abrin by inj.
• Fatal period: 3-5 days• Treatment: dissect out the sui and inject anti- abrin.
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Ergot Chronic poisoning (ergotism)
1. Convulsive ergotism:2. Gangrenous ergotism:(raynaud’s)
• Fatal dose: 1gm• Fatal period: 24hrs or may be delayed for
several day • Stimulant action on uterus• Treatment
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Capsicum (chillis)
Chilli seeds Dhatura• Small/thin large/thick• Pale yellow brown/black• Smooth/round kidney shaped• Pungent odorless• Pungent bitter• Single edge double edge• Embryo curved embryo curved
inward outward
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Semecarpus anacardium(marking nut)
• Washermen ---- mark clothes • Malingerers to make artificial bruise to
support a false charge• Differences b/w bruises:
Artificial TrueCause: chemical traumaSite: accessible parts anywhere
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• Appearance: blister no blister• Color change: no yes• Itching: yes no• Fingers: marks present no• Contents: acrid serum extravasated
blood