smoke alarms: a local fire marshal perspective gordon simpkinson acting fire marshal palo alto fire...
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Smoke Alarms: A Local Fire Marshal
Perspective
Smoke Alarms: A Local Fire Marshal
PerspectiveGordon SimpkinsonActing Fire Marshal
Palo Alto Fire Departmenthttp://www.cityofpaloalto.org/fire
Background (21 years in Fire Service)Background (21 years in Fire Service)
Acting Fire Marshal since 2008– Cert. in Fire Protection, UC Davis Ext.– 13 years fire protection plan check– 10 years fire investigations
First aware of this issue, July 2010– Posted query on LAAFMA group– Suggested County FM’s take action– Developed Draft Code Amendments
Santa Clara County Fire MarshalsSanta Clara County Fire Marshals
SCCo Fire Marshals would prefer a Statewide approach
SCCo Fire Chiefs directed Fire Marshals to write letter to State Fire Marshal
SCCo Waiting for SFM recommendation– Palo Alto elected to take immediate action
based on frequent disconnection and questionable smoldering fire response of ionization alarms
City of Palo AltoCity of Palo Alto
Interim Fire Chief, Building Official and Acting Fire Marshal agreed immediate action was needed. – November deadline for adoption of local code
amendments in 2010 cycle– Proposed restrictions on ionization alarms
Council adopted recommendations with amendments– Dual sensor required (photo only within 20 feet of kitchen
or room with fireplace.)– City Council accepted industry recommendation to
maximize protection, but insisted on minimizing nuisance alarms
Smoke Alarm Effectiveness?Smoke Alarm Effectiveness?
2006 -2008 US fatal fire data– 266 fatal fires SA present, but didn’t
sound.– 474 fatal fires SA present, operation
not known.– 706 fatal fires SA not present.– 1,272 fatal fires no SA data.– 468 fatal fires where SA “operated.”
Source: http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/statistics/v11i2.pdf, p. 8
Smoke Alarm Effectiveness?Smoke Alarm Effectiveness?
“Only 6% of U.S. homes are not equipped with smoke alarms, yet 40% of residences with fire had no installed alarm.”
Source: http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/statistics/v1i15-508.pdf, p. 1
“The home fire death rate relative to number of fires is essentially unchanged from 1977 to 2003.”
Source: http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/white-paper-alarms.pdf, p. 11
Smoke Alarm Effectiveness?Smoke Alarm Effectiveness?
About 650 people a year, or 17.5 percent of all home fire fatalities, die in fires at homes with nonworking smoke detectors, according to the National Fire Protection Association. Dead, missing or disconnected batteries were typically to blame.
Source: http://www.insure.com/articles/homeinsurance/smoke-detectors.html, p. 1
Smoke Alarm Effectiveness?Smoke Alarm Effectiveness?
“And only 8% said their first thought on hearing a smoke alarm would be to get out!”
Source: http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/Public%20Education/EscapePlanningTips.pdf
- How did smoke alarms become this unserious?
Nuisance AlarmsNuisance Alarms
“In the CPSC study, when batteries were removed or disconnected from alarms, the leading reason was unwanted activations.”
Source: http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/smokefalse.pdf, p. 4
“Frequent nuisance alarms can result in the occupant disabling the smoke alarm.”
Source: NFPA 72-2010, Section A.29.8.3.4(5)
Nuisance AlarmsNuisance Alarms “A nuisance alarm is an unwanted activation of a
smoke alarm in response to a stimulus that is not the result of a potentially hazardous fire...”
Source:http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/Research/FinalReportTaskGroupSmokeDetectionFollowUp.pdf, p. 128
“…the occupant may perceive the alarm activation as inconvenient, annoying, or vexatious…
“External nuisance sources include cooking particles, steam, dust, insects, tobacco smoke, air circulated from heating equipment, and candle combustion products.”
Source: http://www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/FOIA/foia10/os/smokealarmnuisance.pdf, p.11
Nuisance AlarmsNuisance Alarms Hartford Insurance (2002) Survey of 953 Adults
– “ 28 percent of adults queried had disconnected smoke alarms in their homes and failed to reconnect them…”
Source: http://www.securitysystemsnews.com/article/insurer-disabled-smoke-alarms-common
King County (2000 - 2002) Randomized Study 761 Households – “At 9 months after installation, 20% of ionization, vs 5% of
photoelectric alarms were non-functional, a difference that persisted at 15 months, with the most common reasons for both types being a disconnected or absent battery. The risk ratio for ionization, relative to photoelectric alarms, being non-functional or removed was 2.7 (95% CI 1.8 to 4.1) at 15 months of follow-up.”
Source: http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/14/2/80.full
Nuisance AlarmsNuisance Alarms
To silence a triggered smoke alarm, about 22% of consumers will remove the battery, leaving the alarm inoperable and potentially putting the residence and its occupants at risk should a true fire occur.
Source: 1997 Fire Awareness/Escape Planning Study for National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, August 1997, Tables 3 & 4
Alaskan Village Study (2002)– “92 percent of homes with ionization smoke alarms
experienced nuisance alarms compared with only 11 percent of homes with photoelectric smoke alarms, a ratio of more than 8 to 1.”
Source:http://www.cpsc.gov/library/foia/foia10/os/smokealarmnuisance.pdf, p. 14
Nuisance AlarmsNuisance Alarms
In Woodlands Texas (1979), the high frequency of nuisance alarms caused the authorities to study both types of smoke alarms.
Ionization and photoelectric smoke alarms were placed side by side in selected apartments for this study.
Type Of Alarm Type Of Detector
PhotoelectricIonizationTotal By Alarm Type
Cooking
Malfunction
Heater
Cigarette
A/C Unit
Shower
Human Error
Totals:
78
26
4
1
3
3
0
115 11
1
0
0
0
0
5
5 83
31
4
1
3
3
1
126
Nuisance AlarmsNuisance Alarms
1005 University Ave., Palo Alto, CASeptember 17, 2010
Hush Feature?Hush Feature? Where’s the data?
– Is this feature effective? “To silence a triggered smoke alarm, about 22% of
consumers will remove the battery…”Source: 1997 Fire Awareness/Escape Planning Study for National Fire Protection Association,
Quincy, MA, August 1997, Tables 3 & 4
How do occupants know about the hush feature?– Poor or absent label.– Most owners manuals are unavailable shortly after
installation. Can the hush button be reached?
Smoldering Fire ResponseSmoldering Fire Response
“We’ve been working through legislation to stop smoldering fires…”
– Gene Gantt, Nov. 8, 2010 One cannot stop smoldering fires by
edict or legislation. Smoldering fires cannot be eliminated
without banning electricity and most consumer goods
Smoldering Fire ResponseSmoldering Fire Response
Does anyone one die in a smoldering fire?– Study in Great Britain found majority of fire
deaths occurred more than 20 minutes after start of fire.
Does anyone die in a flaming fire? – Yes…of smoke inhalation.
Flaming fires located distant from the smoke alarm and victim produce larger particle sizes.
Dead or Removed BatteriesDead or Removed Batteries
Occupants may view low battery warning as nuisance.
King County study suggests 5% or more of alarms may be disabled at end of battery life by failure to replace.
Oregon State Fire Marshal requires new smoke alarms sold in Oregon have 10 year battery.
Service LifeService Life
NFPA recommends replacement at 10 years.
Health and Safety Code only requires “operable” smoke alarm.
Widely-used estimate 3% failure rate per year based on Ontario Housing Corporation study. (30% @10 years)
Additional Smoke AlarmsAdditional Smoke Alarms
NFPA recommends one on each floor level and one in each bedroom.
Health and Safety Code only requires one smoke alarm.
Data from NFPA to support this would be appreciated.
Interconnection has also been mentioned as a safety improvement
Conclusion and RecommendationsConclusion and Recommendations
State Fire Marshal should consider de-listing all smoke alarms which cannot be demonstrated to acceptably minimize nuisance activation.
Data collected in US and California is insufficient to identify smoke alarm deficiencies. Better data collection guidance for fire investigators is urgently needed.
State Fire Marshal should consider requiring 10 year batteries for new smoke alarms sold in California.
Conclusion and RecommendationsConclusion and Recommendations
State Fire Marshal should consider requiring replacement of alarms over 10 years old for rental housing and at transfer of title for owner-occupied dwellings.
State Fire Marshal should consider requiring additional smoke alarms in bedrooms for rental housing and at transfer of title for owner-occupied dwellings.
Conclusion and RecommendationsConclusion and Recommendations
State Fire Marshal should consider requiring interconnection of smoke alarms for rental housing and at transfer of title for owner-occupied dwellings.
We need better data!
– More data points are needed.
– Better training for investigators. We need better Public Education!
Parting ThoughtsParting Thoughts
All of the materials presented here and this presentation will likely be posted on the internet if they aren’t already.
If the State Fire Marshal continues to list nuisance- prone alarms, it sends the message that it’s up to local jurisdictions to protect their citizens.
In the absence of SFM leadership, more cities and counties will adopt local requirements, and they will not be consistent. Palo Alto was not the first and still more followed and this will continue.
