SMART SENSOR TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE &

PROTECTION

PRESENTED BY :-

DEEPIKA(B.TECH, I.T, 4TH YEAR)

OSHIN (B.TECH, I.T, 4TH YEAR)

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PARTS PLAYED BY US:-

DEEPIKA :: Handled the research Biosensors & various connecting services like (ZigBee/ IEEE standard 804.15.6, Bluetooth, WPAN, WLAN) and networks with the main station.

OSHIN :: Handled the research on various applications and devices which work as Smart Sensors in healthcare and their future prospects and firmness in e-health fields.

OBJECTIVETo deal with various technologies which provide smart sensing in healthcare and compare them for their energy usage and battery life and discuss the format of communication to the database of these devices. To put forward devices which use smart sensors in advanced medical check-ups. To discuss the prospects of upcoming technology called Smart Dust in e-health and its advantages and effects for better deployment of trustworthy services in healthcare keeping in mind all the capabilities of the Smart Sensors.

SENSORS USED IN HOSPITALS

What do they measure?

•Temperature

•Blood Pressure

•Pulse

•ECG (Heart Rate)

•Respiratory Rate

•Blood Sugar

APPLICATIONS OF E-HEALTH SENSORS

• Patient Monitoring Blood pressure, blood

sugar etc.• Environmental Tests Environmental

Pollution• Diagnosis Patient Monitoring,

Dope Testing, Cancer or Tumor

analysis.

BIOSENSORS

• A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, that combines a biological component with a physiochemical detector.

• The sensitive biological element(e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.), a biologically derived material or biomimetic component that interacts (binds or recognizes) with the analyte under study.

The sensor which can measure heart and brain activity (ECG, EEG and EMG).

BIOSENSORS-AN EXAMPLE

• A common example of a commercial biosensor is the blood glucose biosensor, which uses the enzyme glucose oxidase to break blood glucose down.

• In doing so it first oxidizes glucose and uses two electrons to reduce the FAD (a component of the enzyme) to FADH2.

• This in turn is oxidized by the electrode (accepting two electrons from the electrode) in a number of steps.

• The resulting current is a measure of the concentration of glucose. In this case, the electrode is the transducer and the enzyme is the biologically active component.

APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS

• Glucose monitoring in diabetes ← historical market driver.

• Detection of pathogens.

• Routine analytical measurement of folic acid, vitamin B12 etc as an alternative to microbiological assay.

• Drug discovery & evaluation of new compound biological activity.

WHY SMART SENSORS?Smart sensor enhances the following applications:

Self calibration: Adjust deviation of o/p of sensor from desired value.

Communication: Broadcast information about its own status.

Computation: Allows one to obtain the average, variance and standard deviation for the set of measurements.

Multisensing: A single smart sensor can measure pressure, temperature, humidity, gas flow and infrared, chemical reaction surface acoustic vapour etc.

Cost effective: less hardware and reduction of repetitive testing make smart sensor cost effective.

VARIOUS SENSING DEVICES ARE:-

1. Mertia Sensing Device :- A small sensor is worn on the body and is attached using a

skin-friendly adhesive. The low-profile design makes it suitable for daily activities like showering and exercise. The sensor is built to gather a variety of patient information, from heart rate and respiration to sleep duration and activity levels.

ZigBee is targeted at applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on an IEEE 802 standard for personal area networks.ZigBee is seen as a key technology for home automation and sensor networks, but its characteristics can be extremely valuable in some healthcare applications as well.

2. ZigBee(IEEE 802.15.4)

3. MEDIC

• Acquire data from patients in real world• It sends data to the centralized server and the

centralized server forwards data to all the nodes• It can be configured from the remote server• Wearable sensors to patients for comfortability

4. Smart dust:- Smart dust is a theoretical concept of a tiny wireless sensor network, made up of microelectromechanical sensors (called MEMS), robots, or devices, usually referred to as motes, that have self-contained sensing, computation, communication and power.

• Blood pressure sensor, Weight scale.• Emfi-sensors for exercise equipments/bed.• Low resolution IR camera. • Ultrasound radar. • Capacitive floor sensors.• ZigBee sensor network.• Connection to local and remote servers.• Strong collaborative, and robust clinical research with population

studies is required!

DIFFERENT NETWORKS FOR HEALTHCARE

WLAN (802.11)

Bluetooth-based WPAN (802.15.1)

ZIGBEE(802.15.4)

Range 100m ~10-100m ~10m

Cost/complexity >6 1 0.2

Power consumption Medium Low Ultralow

Size Larger smaller smallest

BLUETOOTH VS. ZIGBEE (IEEE 802.15.4)

Bluetooth based WPAN• Few devices • Data range is 10m to 100m• Data rate is nearly 1Mb/s• Power consumption is a

low.• Battery life is low.• Star only.

IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN• Many devices• Data range is nearly 10m• Data rate is 20

kb/s,40kb/s,250kb/s.• Power consumption is ultra

low.• Battery lasts years.• peer to peer, Star.

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS :-

AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS OF MEDICAL SENSING :

• Sensors: various types of wearable biomedical sensors with integrated radio transceivers (ex: accelerometer in bracelet to detect hand tremors, mertia)

• Radio signal received by cell phone and transmitted to server

• Analysis of raw data performed via wavelet analysis

• Decision tree or artificial neural network used to decide appropriate action (data is within normal range, outside normal range and either does or does not require emergency action, etc.)

• Data stored in server side database and report is generated to send to healthcare professional

• As shown in next figure:

ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROCESS OF MEDICAL SENSING :

VIVOMETRICS(ANOTHER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY)

• A wireless pulse oximeter and wireless two-lead EKG(as given in fig. below)

• These devices collect heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation and EKG data .

• It is over a short-range (100m) wireless network to any number of receiving devices, including PDAs, laptops, ambulance terminals.

• Data is displayed in real time & integrated into the patient care record.

• The sensor devices can be programmed to process the vital sign data, for example, to raise an alerts when vital signs fall outside of norms .

• These vital sign sensors consist of a low-power microcontroller and low-power digital spread-spectrum radio .

• Powered by batteries with a lifetime of up to a year.

Pulse Oximeter Wireless two-lead EKG

Fig.(1)

Accelerometer, gyroscope, and electromyogram (EMG) sensor for stroke patient monitoring FIG. 1

What is wearable smart shirt?Wearable smart shirt = Wearable + smart shirt

• smart shirt is an analytical device used for detection of analyte.

• e.g.RespirationRate,body temperature ,heart rate etc.

• Object that can be worn on body.

• e.g. wrist watches, ring, shirts etc.

Smart ShirtWearable

Wearable Smart Clothes(New Technology)

•A noninvasive system

•Based on plethysmography (measuring changes in volume within an organ or whole body usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood or air it contains)

•Wearable medical system, which provides constant monitoring of ambulatory patients by measuring and storing respiratory and cardiac parameters.

•Creates health profile during normal daily activities.

•Embedded sensors collect data on cardiopulmonary function.

•Can be combined with optional peripherals and monitor functions such as electrocardiogram, electro-myografima, leg movement, body temperature, blood oxygen saturation, blood pressure etc .

WEARABLE CLOTHES: LIFESHIRT

NEED FOR A WEARABLE SMART SHIRT

Remote Monitor the vital sign.

Communicate seamlessly with external devices.

Enhance safety and quality of care for patient through Telemedicine

Monitoring of individuals who work with hazardous condition .

IT’S LIMITATIONS AND ISSUES

• GTWM that is outfitted with a microphone or GPS may compromise the wearer's privacy.

• Technology like Bluetooth and WLAN using for data transfer , having short range 30-300 m.

• The data that is transferred by the "Smart Shirt" could be viewed and access by unauthorized people.

Advantages  

Continuous monitoring.

Right Treatment at the right

time

Easy to wear and takeoff.

Reduce the work load of

medical assistance.

Washable

very fast process.

Disadvantages

Initial cost is high

Battery life is less

Repairing and maintaince

process is tedious.

SOME LATEST COMMERCIAL SENSORS

Plastic Sensor Fiber

Woven Temperature Sensor inserted into Textile

Accelerometer data on smart phone

Wearable sensor a 3-axis accelerometer

JAWBONE UP

BASIS

Wristband packed with vibration and motion sensors to track and analyze exercise, diet, and sleep data .

Wrist-worn device that measures the wearer’s heart rate, caloric burn, sleep patterns .

SOME LATEST COMMERCIAL SENSORS(CONTD.)

Withings Wi-Fi Body Scale

Sends body measurements wirelessly to computer or iPhone, to track gains or losses over time .

AgaMatrix

Sensor for tracking blood glucose levels. It also tracks carbs intake and insulin dose for users with diabetes.

SOME LATEST COMMERCIAL SENSORS(CONTD.)

CONCLUSION:-

Advantages of biosensorsi.Minimum Interconnecting Cables

ii.High Reliability

iii.High Performance

iv.Easy to Design, Use and Maintain

v.Scalable -Flexible System

vi.Minimum Cost

We have various advantages related to access of health related information from distant areas to the server instantly .This can be very time saving and energy efficient process. Even very large amount of data can be saved in the database. It has a promising future.

DISADVANTAGES OF BIOSENSORS

The smart sensor consists of both actuators & sensors, so it is more complexed than other simple sensors.

The complexity is much higher in the wired smart sensors, as a consequence the costs are also higher.

ACCEPTANCE OF BIOSENSORS BY PATIENTS

Especially important for elderly patients:

• Tendency to reject technology • Must be intuitive and easy to operate

A study in which elderly residents of Sydney participated in an open-ended discussion found:

• Overall positive view of WSNs due to implications for independence • Ashamed of visible sensors (design as unobtrusive as possible) • Adherence issues due to forgetfulness • Distrust of technology • Privacy

PLAYERS IN THE FIELD OF E-HEALTH SMART SENSING:-

REFERENCES:-

Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Healthcare in Hospitals by balakrishna@research.iiit.ac.in , Garimella Ramamurthy, Sujeeth Nanda in ifth International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine(eTELEMED 2013)

ZigBee Wireless Sensor Applications for Health, Wellness and Fitness - March 2009 at www.zigbee.org

A Health Monitoring System Using Smart Phones and Wearable Sensors Valerie GAY , Peter LEIJDEKKERS- Faculty of IT, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway 2007 NSW Australia

On the Use of Wireless Network Technologies in Healthcare Environments Nicolas Chevrollier Nada Golmie National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899,2010

Application of Wireless Sensor Networks to Healthcare Promotion Paulo Neves, Michal Stachyra, Joel Rodrigues,2010

Patient Monitoring Using Personal Area Networks of Wireless Intelligent Sensors Emil Jovanov, Dejan Raskovic, John Price, John Chapman, Anthony Moore, Abhishek Krishnamurthy Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899,2009

SMART DUST

FUTURE IMPLICATIONS:-

•Blood pressure sensor, weight scale.•Emfi-sensors for exercise equipments/bed.•Low resolution IR camera. •Ultrasound radar. •Capacitive floor sensors.•ZigBee sensor network.•Connection to local and remote servers.

Smart dust is a theoretical concept of a tiny wireless sensor network, made up of microelectromechanical sensors (called MEMS), robots, or devices, usually referred to as motes, that have self-contained sensing, computation, communication and power.

FUTURE OF ”SMART DUST” IN HEALTHCARE –TO LEAP FORWARD

PROMISES:- THE NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW SENSORS WILL ENABLE US TO BRING NEW SERVICES FOR HEALTHCARE, EVENTUALLY. - FOR THE CUSTOMERS NEW TECHNOLOGY COULD PROVIDE COMPLETELY NEW AVENUES ENABLING PERSONALIZED DISEASE PREVENTION, DISEASE MANAGEMENT AS WELL AS REHABILITATION AND CARE THAT IS NOT AVAILABLE TODAY.

STRONG COLLABORATIVE, AND ROBUST CLINICAL RESEARCH WITH POPULATION STUDIES IS REQUIRED!