smart grid
DESCRIPTION
a ppt on smart grid presented as a seminar on the topic SMART GRID for B.Tech degree Electrical Engineering. report also provided by the same name.TRANSCRIPT
PREPARED BY SUBMITTED TOPriyanka Gupta Mr. Jameel Ahamad
Shreya Bhatnagar Seminar In-Charge
Shampa Srivastava EE Deptt.
III EE
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital technology to control appliances at consumers' homes to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency.
Self healingEmpower and incorporate the consumerTolerant of attackProvides power quality needed by 21st
century consumersAccommodates a wide variety of
generation options (like green energy)Fully enables maturing electricity marketsOptimizes assets
VARIABLE TARIFF-BASED LOADvariable price profile given to the customer day
aheaddifferent price profile for each dayautomatic home management device coupled to an
energy meter
ENERGY USAGE MONITORING AND FEEDBACKdisplay of energy consumptioncomparisons to average consumption patternsuggestions on how to further lower consumption
REAL-TIME PORTFOLIO IMBALANCE REDUCTIONBalance Responsible Party (BRP) which plan
or forecast the energy production and consumption
Imbalance cost for the BRPs on deviation from the energy plan
OFFERING RESERVE CAPACITY TO THE TSOEnergy generated by consumers sold back
to the grid
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONGESTION MANAGEMENTloads shifted away from periods at which
congestion occursusage data provided by the consumers proves
to be very helpful
DISTRIBUTION GRID CELL ISLANDING IN CASE OF HIGHER- SYSTEM INSTABILITYinstable system operated separatelytransition to island mode automatic
BLACK START SUPPORT FROM SMART HOUSESafter black-out local grid is out of operationstart-up quickly in island modethen reconnect with up-stream network
INTEGRATION OF FORECASTING TECHNIQUESforecasting a necessary tool due to volatility of
production level of distributed generatorslowest forecasting error means most efficient
operation
Independent processors in each component at each sub-station and power plant
Sensors are connected to all other components in the system
Own state and of all other components are known and communicated
On addition of new devices to the system device parameters are automatically updated
The new component also has a built-in processor
TYPICAL BLACK-OUT SEQUENCEa sudden outage of major lines occursfurther outage due to overload leaves the
system imbalancedfrequency declines with large generation load
imbalance generation is taken off-lineisland blacks outlong time taken to restore power
• emergency imposed on the system• frequency & load/generation imbalance is determined and total outage is prevented
Distribution system needs many changes to come in sync with requirements for the implementation of smart grid
DESIRED OPTIMISATIONSDEMAND OPTIMISATIONDELIVERY OPTIMIZATIONASSET OPTIMIZATIONRENEWABLES OPTIMIZATION
Refers to monitoring, control & communication functions
Important aspects of DA are in areas of protection and switching
Helps in quickly reconfigure interconnected network of feeders
Can detect fault current and voltages
Can help in self-healing of the grid
Can communicate with one another
DISTRIBUTED ASSET OPTIMIZATION MODEL
Developed to provide an engineering basis for predicting hourly loading at any point between the sub-station & customer
Calculates power flowing through each transformer
Provides insights required to make better planning and operating decisions
DATA COLLECTION
DATA INCLUDES
Customer information & billing data Customer hourly consumption dataDistribution transformer characteristicsFeeder characteristicsConnectivity data for the distribution system
DATA VALIDATION
Total annual customer energy validated with annual energy measured at the sub-station
ESTABLISH WEATHER SENSITIVITY
Data obtained is weather-sensitiveTuned with the weather parameters to obtain
the actual data
Data obtained from users matched with Load-Shape library
Customers assigned best matching hourly or daily load-shape
CALIBRATIONTo compensate for unaccounted energy
calibration process applied
Residential, Small Office & commercial building sector responsible for over 50% of total electricity consumption
Homes, offices and commercial buildings treated as an interconnected network instead of single units
Able to communicate, interact & negotiate with both customers & energy devices in local grid
Grid operated more efficiently as consumption is better predicted
SMART HOME NETWORK
MICROGENERATIONSmall homes can generate wind and solar power
which if in surplus amount can be sold back to the distributor
SMART METERSWith their help user consumption can be
measured, monitored and controlledSmarter decisions made by consumers can be
communicated back to gridLOCAL STORAGE UNITS
Enables smart homes to store energy for future use
Introduces a holistic concept & technology for smart homes
Smart homes & buildings treated as proactive consumers also known as prosumers
Prosumers negotiate & collaborate as an intelligent network
A communication technique to automatically collect the meter readings & other relevant data from meters
AMR has benefits beyond meter readingIt provides crucial data on an insight into
other areas of operation
For small commercial customers monthly consumption read is sufficient
For large commercial and industrial customers daily consumption read is required
Remote monitoring devices attached to meters store hourly consumption profile
Accurate bills provided to customers are more satisfying than estimated bills
RF COMMUNICATIONMost widely accepted method of
communication between meter and data collection
A wake-up signal is sent by data collection system to the RF devices
Devices send back the latest meter read & other information
RADIO-EQUIPPED HAND-HELD COMPUTER
DRIVE-BY OR MOBILE DATA COLLECTION
FIXED NETWORK DATA COLLECTION
Meter reader carrying a hand-held computer equipped with radio receiver walks-by homes, without actually entering the premises
Manual error reduced
Radio transreciever installed in a utility vehicle
Root information downloaded from the utility billing system
Loaded into radio transrecieverVehicle drives along the route and collects
the readings through RF communication
Fixed network installed over saturated areas where advanced metering data, variable reads, unscheduled reads required
Used where daily reading or reading several times a day is required
INBOUND SYSTEMSModules call a central master data
collection computer at pre-scheduled timeProvides hourly consumption data
OUTBOUND SYSTEMSMaster station calls the remote meter
module to collect data
Usage reporting device at each customer site is called a SMART METER
Computerised replacement of electrical meters
Contains a processor, non-volatile storage & communication facilities
Can track usage as a function of time-of-day, disconnect a customer via a software or send out alarms in case of problems
Interface directly with smart appliances to control them
Necessary to support major applications & systems such as demand response, wide area measurement & control, electricity storage & transportation.
TRUST
Necessary to know whether appropriate user is accessing accurate data created by right device at proper time
And the data hasn’t been modified
Data transfer now taking place through digital medium like internet
Chances of data theft and modification very high
Hackers can immediately manipulate their energy costs or fabricate false readings
PRIVACYElectricity use pattern could lead to disclosure
of when people are at home or work or travelling
This could support criminal targeting of homes
Most effective solution for securing smart grid based on PKI technologies
PKI TECHNICAL ELEMENTSPKI standardsSmart Grid PKI toolsDevice Attestation
PKI STANDARDSProvide a mechanism for defining naming
convention and certificate policyThey don’t specify how these standards
should be usedThey only provide a high-level framework for
digital certificate usage and for implementing a PKI
PKI TOOLSThey tell how to work on the PKI standardsEase the management of PKI components in
the Smart Grid application
DEVICE ATTESTATION
Device attestation certificates are used only to assert the device manufacturer, model, serial no. and that the device has not been tampered with
Renewable resources affect the reliability of grid due to their volatility
Demand response and electric storage provide economics of grid
Grid reliability can be improved by mitigating peak demand and load variability
Reliability problem arises due to faults occurring in the system
FUNCTIONS THAT RESOLVE THESE PROBLEMS
Fault diagnosis and alarm processing function
Fault location functionService restoration function
FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND ALARM PROCESSING FUNCTION
Automatically triggered after occurrence of a fault
Also detect missing remote control signalAnalysis of the fault presented to the operator
FAULT LOCATION FUNCTIONTo find the location of faultsQuickly determine the faulty section of feeder
SERVICE RESTORATION FUNCTIONRestores the power to the non-faulted section
of the feeder