smart dust presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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SMART DUST
WAZIR KHANINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
REGD NO.0701209244
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Overview
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What is Smart Dust?HistorySmart Dust ComponentsSmart Dust NetworkingApplicationsConclusion
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What is Smart Dust? “SMART DUST” is an autonomous sensing, computing,
communication and power source in a cubic millimeter Small devices that can collect information from on-board
sensors and transmit it over a wireless network that automatically sets itself up
Also called “Motes” Possible sensors include temperature, relative humidity,
illumination, acceleration, magnetic field, pressure, chemical vapors, camera, microphone, …
These “motes” have memories, microprocessor,
radio receiver and transmitter
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History
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Conceived by Dr. Kris Pister of UC Berkeley
Funded by DARPA (Dept. of Defense) Kris Pister
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Smart Dust Components
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Contd…
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Thick film battery: 1mm^3, 1 J storage Power capacitor: 0.25mm^3, 1uJ storage Solar cell: 1x1x0.1mm^3, 0.1mW generation CMOS controller: 1x1x0.1mm^3 Sensor: 0.5x0.5x0.1mm^3 Passive CCR comm: 0.5x0.5x0.1mm^3, 10kbps, 1uW,
1km Active laser comm: 1x0.5x0.1mm^3, 1Mbps, 10mW,
10km Total volume: < 1.5 mm^3 Total mass: < 5 mgm
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Smart Dust Networking
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A collection of motes is dispersed in an environment Motes use wireless communications to relay information to a
base station (gateway) over distances of 15-50 m.
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How the communication occurs?
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The smart dust mote is run by a microcontroller that not only determines the task performed by the mote, but consists of the power to the various components of the system to conserve energy. Periodically the micro controller gets a reading from one of the sensors, which measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli and store it in memory. It also turns on optical receiver to see if anyone is trying to communicate with it. This communication may include new programs or messages from other motes. In response to a message or upon its own initiative, the microcontroller will use the corner cube retro reflector(CCR) or laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another mote.
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Contd…
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The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dust motes is volume, which in turn puts a severe constraint on energy since we do not have much room for batteries or large solar cells. Thus, the motes must operate efficiently and conserve energy whenever possible. Most of the time, the majority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few timers running. When a timer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the timers control the sensors that measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure.
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Contd…
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When one of these timers expires, it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to a digital word. If the data is interesting, it may either be stored directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller is powered up to perform more complex operations with it. When this task is complete, everything is again powered down and the timer begins counting again.
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Communication ways
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It can be in 3 ways
Radio-Frequency Communications
Optical Communication: passive dust mode transmitters
Optical Communication: active dust mode transmitters
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Radio-Frequency Communications
Radio frequency communication is one of the well-developed communication systems.
It is based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz.
It could be used to function as both the uplink and the downlink.
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Radio-Frequency Communications Pros
Long rangeNot severely affected by rain, fog or atmospheric
turbulence Cons
Antenna may be too large for dust motesRequires modulator, demodulator, filtering (power
consumption)Requires complex multiplexing scheme (TDMA,
FDMA, CDMA)
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Optical Communication (Passive Dust Mote Transmitters)
DownlinkLaser
U plink
CCD Corner-Cube
Upl ink
Data In
Data
Im ageSensor
Retroreflector
D ata In
Photo-
DownlinkData O ut
detector
B ase-S tation Transceiver
Dust M ote
S ignal Selectionand P rocessing
UplinkData . . .
OutNO ut1
Array
Unm odulated Interrogation
M odulated Reflected
Lens
Lens
M odulated Downlink Data or
B eam for Uplink
B eam for Uplink
Attractive communication option for uplink and downlink
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Corner Cube Reflector (CCR)Top View of the Interrogator
CCD Camera Lens
Frequency-Doubled Beam45o mirror
Polarizing Beamsplitter
Quarter-wavePlateFilter
0.25% reflectance on each surface
YAG Green Laser Expander
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Contd...
Requires each dust mote to have a line-of-sight path to the base station.
Uplink transmissions are multiplexed using space-division multiplexing.
Transmitter Radiant Intensity
Receiver Light Collection Area
Base
TransceiverStation
DustMote
DustMote
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(Active Dust Mote Transmitter)
LaserCollimating
Beam
Mirror(s)
Lens
Steering
Diode
Two-axis beam steering assembly
Active dust mote transmitter
It uses an active steered onboard laser diode based transmitter to send a collimated laser beam to a station
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Contd…
It consist of a laser diode, collimating mirror and beam steering mirrors for the communication.
It is suitable for peer to peer communication.
Transmitter Radiant IntensityReceiver Light Collection Area
Base
TransceiverStation
DustMote
DustMote
DustMote
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Forest Fire Detection
Implementation• Drop smart dust from an
airplane• Motes self-organize into a
networkUsage• A mote that detects a fire
notifies central monitoring station
• The mote’s location is the approximate location of the fire.
Image Sources: http://science.nasa.gov,USDA Forest Service - www.fs.fed.us
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Spotting Pipe Corrosion
Benefits
• Inspect pipes without crawling in tight spaces
• No need to remove insulation to inspect pipe
• Up to date status
Image Source: gettyimages.com
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CONCLUSION
Smart dust motes incorporate sensing, computation, communications and power in a mm3 volume.
Free-space optical communication offers advantages in terms of size, power and network throughput.
On the technology• Software and hardware are open-source• Many potential civilian and military applications• Promising technology if cost goes down
On regulatory aspects• Investigate their impact on existing services• Low power device
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THANK YOU