CARDS AND SENSORSBY: PRATEEK AGRAWAL FINAL SEMESTER

Contents:

1) Smart cards

contact cards

contact less cards

2) Types of cards(charts)

3) Cards construction

4) Application

5) Sensor

6) Types of sensor

7) Example of sensors

SMART CARDS Smart cards (or Integrated Circuits cards or ICC) are small pocket-sized cards with

electronic processing circuits embedded in them. Some memory cards and some have

embedded microprocessor circuits.

Smart cards are divide into two:

Contact smart cards : They have gold coated pins on the chip that provide contact with

the electrical circuits of the card reader when the card is inserted in it.

Eg telephone cards in public telephones.

Contact-less smart cards: They communicate with card readers using the radio frequency

induction technology. These cards have to be held close to the reader’s antenna.

The chip embedded in a smart card is a circuit including a computer, memory and transceiver.

The chip lies in between the inner layers of the card.

Smartcards do not have batteries. The energy is provided by the card reader.

The computer in the card is activated by power (through radiation in a contact less card and

through the IC pins on the card surface in a contact card) from a nearby reader called host.

The card communicates with the host after appropriate interchanges for authentication.

Application protocol data unit(APDU) is an accepted standard for card-host communication.

TYPES OF

CARDS

Mostly all chip cards are built from layers of differing

materials, or substrates, that when brought together

properly gives the card a specific life and functionality. The

typical card today is made from PVC, Polyester or

Polycarbonate. The card layers are printed first and then

laminated in a large press. The next step in construction is

the blanking or die cutting. This is followed by embedding a

chip and then adding data to the card. In all, there may be

up to 30 steps in constructing a card. The total components,

including software and plastics, may be as many as 12

separate items; all this in a unified package that appears to

the user as a simple device.

SMART CARD CONSTUCTION

APPLICATION

Applications of smart cards:

For financial transactions as a credit or ATM / debit card.

Can store personal id or medical reports.

An employee can use it to open security locks at work and log

in.

A student uses it to get books issued from library.

SENSOR

Sensors are electronic devices that sense the physical environment; for eg:

there are sensors for temperature, pressure, light etc.

The sensor sends the signals to a computer or controller.

A sensor maybe a CCD(charge coupled device) camera to identify various

objects or a microphone to recognize voices. Sensors in a mobile device

facilitate interaction of the device with the surroundings.

Smart sensors have computational, communication, and networking

capabilities.

It consists of the sensing device, processor, memory, analog to digital

converter(ADC), signal processing element, wireless or infrared receiver and

transmitter, and performs communicational and computational functions.

Sensors are programmed using assembly language or C.

Typically interested in electronic sensor

• convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal

• General Electronic Sensor

• primary transducer: changes “real world” parameter into electrical signal

• secondary transducer: converts electrical signal into analog or digital values

• Typical Electronic Sensor

System

realworld

primarytransducer

Analog

secondarytransducer

sensor

Usablevalues

sensorinputsignal

(measurand)

microcontrollersignal processing

communication

sensor dataanalog/digital

networkdisplay

Examples of sensors:

Sensor for surrounding light can be used to control the brightness of the LCD

screen.

Sensor for measuring the strength of the signal received, controls the amplification

of received signals.

Sensor for background noise can be used to control voice amplification during a call.

Examples of sensors used in robotic systems:

Acceleration and force sensors in the right and left feet

Infrared distance sensors at the head and hands

Microphones in ears etc.

Conclusion:

There are two types of cards contact and contact less cards.

Contact cards are gold coated pins and contactless cards

communicates with radio frequency.

They are constructed from PVC polyester or polycarbonate.

Sensor are the electronic devices that sense the environment.

Sensors are programmed using assembly language or C.

Smart sensors have computational, communication, and

networking capabilities

REFERENCE: http://www.smartcardbasics.com/smart-card-types.ht

ml

Raj Kamal, Mobile Computing, Oxford University Press,

2007

Amjad Umar, Mobile Computing and Wireless

Communications,NGE Solutions,2004

Asoke Talukder,Roopa Yavagal, Mobile

Computing,McGrawhill,2006

Reza Behravanfar, Phillip Lindsay, Reza B'Far, Mobile

Computing Principles:

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