small scale irrigation (ssi) project at abba samuel river
TRANSCRIPT
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Small Scale Irrigation (SSI) Project at Abba Samuel River Watershed
University of Connecticut Engineers Without Borders Student Chapter Kelsey Reeves
Fiona O’Donnell
New England Water Environment Association 2016 Annual Conference - Water for People Session 8
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Partners
• University of Connecticut Engineers Without Borders
(UCONN EWB)
• University of Connecticut Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
• Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa
University (EIWR)
• Bahir Dar University (BDU)
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Presentation Overview • Location
• Goal
• Existing Irrigation Structures
• Design Process
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About Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ) • Population: 97 million
• Kiremt – July through to Sept.
• Fogera District, Woreta Zuria Kebele Administration
• Ethiopia in Crisis
• Recurring droughts, 2015 one of worst droughts in
decades
• 8.2 million in need of food assistance
• 80% of population work in agriculture
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Left: http://www.africaguide.com/image/maps/africa_map.png
Right:http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Ethiopia+Map+Africa&view=detailv2&&id=EFE0AAE862C8A6A69C7FF355E08A9241FD277009&selectedIndex=209&ccid=hXzfVWsw&simid=607994858116679008&thid=JN.qYGgNEA2lkoMv4Zixz7%2fHw&ajaxhist=0
Location Village located in Fogera District, Woreta Zuria Kebele Administration, Amhara region
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Average Rainfall for Bahir Dar
h"p://us.worldweatheronline.com/bahir-dar-weather-averages/et.aspx
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Local Community
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Agriculture in the Community • 150 households, 3 fields at most per household • Wet season:
• June to August – rice • September – oats • wheat & beans
• Dry season: • mostly onion • millet, corn, oil seeds
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Existing
Needed
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Goal • Extend the period of agricultural productivity for
currently irrigated fields and extend the irrigation system into currently unirrigated fields
Objectives
• Rehabilitate existing storage and distribution systems
• Store more water
• Design second distribution system
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Existing Storage
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Traditional Irrigation
• Dam structure
• Supplies irrigation water for all but two months of the year
• Stored water also is used for: drinking, washing, cattle, sheep, donkeys
• Site assessments in January and May to determine seasonal conditions
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Traditional Irrigation - May
Beginning of wet season
• Reliance on seasonal stream
• Stagnant water
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Traditional Irrigation - January
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Traditional Irrigation - January
Middle of dry season
• Leakage from both gates
• Evaporation losses
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Existing Distribution
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Photo
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Photo
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Conclusions on Existing Distribution
• Water losses
• Leaks in bridges
• Many repairs needed
• Many breaks between built structures and open land
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Site Overview
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A
A
B
B
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C
C
D
D
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Design
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Design Breakdown
1. Watershed model
2. Water storage
3. Distribution
4. Irrigation
5. Crop Selection
6. Logistics
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Watershed Model
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Watershed Model Focus on Abba Samuel River Watershed in Blue Nile River Basin
• Visual development in ArcGIS with LANDSAT add on
• CT 2004 Stormwater Quality Manual as reference combined with TR-55 calculation to estimate water quality volume based on storms
• Use the watershed model to determine how much water we can store for irrigation purposes
• Calculate the required water for irrigation and figure how many fields we can irrigate
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Watershed Model Data required:
• Precipitation – EIWR
• Soil types - EIWR, field tests, BDU soils mechanics lab
• Evaporation - BDU
• Infiltration - field tests
• Topography - field tests, EIWR
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Collection of Soils for Testing
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Soils Testing - N, K, P, pH
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Stream Measurements
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GPS
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Water Storage
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Water Storage Options:
• Second dam structure upstream
• Ferrocement tanks
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Secondary Dam Structure • Created by the placement
and compaction of various soils, sands, clays or rocks
• Semi-pervious natural waterproof covering for its surface with a dense impervious core
• The friction and interaction of the particles binds them together to create a stable mass
• Low construction cost
http://www.motherearthnews.com/
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Potential Damming Site
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Ferrocement Tanks • Water tanks made from reinforced
cement mortar
• Widely used in many parts of the world for domestic, stock and irrigation purposes
• Made from commonly available materials
• Simple skills needed
• Simple equipment, techniques are straightforward and do not require use of expensive and sophisticated machinery
http://www.ewbchallenge.org/nepal-water-health-newah/design-area-2-wash
http://www.aprovecho.net/2009/09/constructing-a-ferrocement-tank/
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Ferrocement Tank Placement
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Distribution
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Existing
Needed
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Irrigation
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Irrigation Techniques
Drip Irrigation
http://techie2aggie.blogspot.com/2014/07/drip-irrigation-be-ready-for-maintenance.html
Furrow
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Crop Selection
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Crop Assessment • Sustenance crops vs. cash crops vs. maintenance
• space constraints, soil types, utilization & culture, water needs, climate
• 1838 meters, north, highlands
• pulses, niger seed, flaxseed, teff, wheat, barley
• Community would like to grow: mango, avocado, potato, carrot, corn and tomatoes in the dry season or continue growing current wet season crops
• Cowpeas, legumes, beets, sweet potatoes, yams
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Logistics
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Meeting with Government Leaders
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Sustainability
Factors that contribute to sustainability of the system: • Sense of ownership • Economical and maintainable system • 5% cash contribution • Operations and maintenance manual • Water Users Authority • Government owned land • Ensure that benefits are felt by all in the community
How well with the design fit into the culture of the community?
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Special Thanks
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Acknowledgments Partners
• Mamo Kassegn, EIWR
• Shimelis Abebe, EIWR
• Dr. Geremew Sahilu, EIWR
• Dr. Seifu Tilahun, BDU
• Dr. Habtamu Tsegaye, BDU
• Dr. Maria Chrysochoou, UCONN
• Dr. Timothy Vadas, UCONN
UCONN Engineers Without Borders Members
Local Community Government
Professional Mentors
• Dr. Jonathan Mellor, UCONN
• Yigrem Dingo, UCONN
• Joe Thompson
UCONN Senior Design Team
• Alexander Curry
• Lori Fomenko
• Yamil Roman
Winter Semester EWB Travel Team
• Kristin Burnham
• Ryan Cordier
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Questions? (photos of Addis Ababa)