small for gestational age (sga) fetus. diagnostic and management dilemmas. dr. dan valsky fetal...

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Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah University Hospital - Mt. Scopus Jerusalem, Israel

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Page 1: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus.Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas.

Dr. Dan Valsky

Fetal Medicine UnitDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah University Hospital - Mt. Scopus

Jerusalem, Israel

Page 2: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

• Before the early 1960s, it was assumed that a newborn with a birth weight less than 2500 g was “premature.”

• Lubchenco recognized that there exists a cohort of newborns who do not achieve their growth potential, and that their failure to do so imparts a significant burden of increased perinatal mortality as well as short- and long-term childhood morbidity.

• Hansmann in 1973 incorporated the concept of evaluating fetal growth in reference to percentiles

SGA: Definition and Diagnosis

Page 3: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Early IUGR: Definition and Diagnosis

Page 4: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

. 10הערכת משקל עוברית מתחת לאחוזון • SGAכל עובר בקטגוריה זו נכנס להגדרה של •

(Small for Gestational Age) . מוקדםSGA שבועות נקרא 32 מתחת ל-SGAאבחון • מאוחר. SGA שבועות נקרא 32 מעל SGAאבחון •

הגדרה

p10 p50

IUGR+SGA NORMAL+IUGR

Page 5: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

– מדידת המרחק בין החלק העליון של קליניקה•הסימפיזיס פוביס עד לפונדוס. לאור רגישות נמוכה

של שיטה זו היא אינה מהווה כיום נדבך חשוב SGAבאבחנה של

– הוא הכלי העיקרי באבחון. אולטרה סאונד•ההערכה כוללת :

וידוא גיל ההריון.

ביצוע ביומטריה עוברית וחישוב משקל העובר.

קביעת אחוזון.

אבחנה

Page 6: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

גיל ההריון נקבע על פי תאריך הוסת האחרונה במידה •והוסתות סדירות ועל פי בדיקת אולטרה סאונד בשבועות

של העובר CRLמוקדמים כאשר הדיוק של מדידת האורך ימים. 3הוא +/-

13תיקון לגיל ההריון ייעשה אם בדיקת על-קול שבוצעה ב-•, או אם ימים6מ-השבועות הראשונים תגלה פער של יותר

תגלה פער 14-20בדיקת על-קול שבוצעה בין השבועות . ימים10מעל

מוקדם USבשבועות מתקדמים יותר של ההריון, כאשר אין •לתארוך מדויק, יש להשתמש במדידה של הצרבלום. קוטר

( אינו מושפע כמעט מקצב גדילת העובר. TCDהצרבלום )

אבחנה: וידוא גיל ההריון

Page 7: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

אפשר לחשב את משקל העובר על פי נוסחאות •שונות הכוללות בתוכן את מדדי הראש, הבטן

והפמור של העובר.

ביומטריה עוברית אבחנה:

HC & BPD AC FL

+ + =EFW

Page 8: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

משקל העובר יתורגם לאחוזון על פי טבלה •המייצגת גדילת עוברים בקרב האוכלוסיה

הנבדקת.

אבחנה: קביעת אחוזון

p10 p50

IUGR+SGA NORMAL+IUGR

Page 9: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Abnormal Fetus

IUGR

SGA Constitutional

Fetal Abnormalities• Aneploidy• Malformations• Infections• Multiple

Gestations

Placental Abnormalities• Chorioangioma• Confined placental

mosaisism• Chronic placental abruption• Idiopathic Placental

Insufficiency

Maternal Diseases• Vascular/renal• Thrombophilias• Drugs• Extreme

undernutrition

SGA: Definition and Diagnosis

Page 10: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

בירור : גורמים עובריים

שלילת מומים אנטומיים•

ביצוע אקו לב עוברי•

הערכת שליה וחבל טבור•

יעוץ גנטי•

שלילת סימני זיהום תוך רחמי•

בדיקת זרימות )דופלר( •

Page 11: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

IUGR

Fetal Abnormalities• Aneploidy• Malformations• Infections• Multiple

Gestations

Placental Abnormalities• Chorioangioma• Confined placental

mosaisism• Chronic placental abruption• Idiopathic Placental

Insufficiency

Maternal Diseases• Vascular/renal• Thrombophilias• Drugs• Extreme

undernutrition

Early IUGR: Definition and Diagnosis

85%15%

SGA Constitutional

Abnormal Fetus

Page 12: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah
Page 13: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

MANAGEMENT

• Risk factors assessment and modification• Interval growth evaluation• NST• BPP• Doppler studies

Page 14: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah
Page 15: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Types of Doppler

Pulse Doppler Color Doppler Power Doppler

Page 16: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Doppler systolic-diastolic waveform indices of blood flow velocity.

• S/D Ratio • (S-D)/S - resistance index (RI)• (S-D)/mean – pulsatility index (PI)

S

D

Page 17: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Umbilical Artery

Page 18: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Umbilical Artery

Page 19: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Umbilical artery

• UA Doppler indices correlate with fetal levels of glucose, AA,blood gases, and could be a surrogate measurement of placental function *

• UA is a risk discriminator tool in the management of SGA fetuses**

• Increased UA impedance (AREDF) is associated with an increased risk for perinatal mortality, morbidity and long term abnormal neurodevelopment***

• The use of UA Doppler associated with 30% reduction in perinatal mortality and improvement of number of perinatal outcomes ****

Early IUGR: Definition and Diagnosis

* Karsdorp, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 1994, Nicolaides, BMJ,1998** Ott WJ, JUM, 2000, Bashat AA, AJOG, 2000*** Cosmi E, Obstet Gynecol, 2005, Valcamonico, AJOG, 1994**** Nelson JP, Cochrane Database, 2000

Page 20: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

PEG

Early IUGR: Definition and Diagnosis

10-15%85-90%

Page 21: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

Page 22: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Ductus venosus (DV)

Page 23: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Early IUGR: Doppler Assessment

Placental Resistance

Subclinical placental disease

Compensated hypoxia Decompensated hypoxia )acidosis(

Fetal death

Page 24: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Early IUGR: Doppler Assessment

Placental Resistance

Subclinical placental disease

Compensated hypoxia Decompensated hypoxia )acidosis(

Fetal death

Page 25: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Early IUGR: Doppler Assessment

Placental Resistance

Subclinical placental disease

Compensated hypoxia Decompensated hypoxia )acidosis(

Fetal death

Page 26: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Early IUGR: Doppler Assessment

Placental Resistance

Subclinical placental disease

Compensated hypoxia Decompensated hypoxia )acidosis(

Fetal death

Page 27: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Placental Resistance

Subclinical placental disease

Compensated hypoxia Decompensated hypoxia )acidosis(

Fetal death

Early IUGR: Intervention threshold

ABC

Page 28: Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Fetus. Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas. Dr. Dan Valsky Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hadassah

Placental Resistance

Subclinical placental disease

Compensated hypoxia Decompensated hypoxia )acidosis(

Fetal death

Early IUGR: Intervention threshold

<28w28-32w>32w Abnormal BPP