SLUICE GATES, ROLLER

GATES, AND TAINTER

GATES

Kavi Pool, Daniel Polverari, Nolan Platt

Sluice Gates

Sluice Gates: What? Why? A sluice gate is a flow control device that is used by lowering or raising a gate that can impede water flow. When water is to be released, the gate can be raised to increase flow. When the gate is fully closed and water flows over it, it acts like a weir (Mead and Jansen). It can also be completely open and have no affect on flow. A sluice is defined by the Mirriam-Webster Dictionary as: an artificial channel for water to flow through, usually with a gate to control flow.

Sluice Gate: Applications

Any time water flow rates need to be controlled including, but not limited to…

- Irrigation

- Reservoir water release

- Water treatment flow regulation

- Canals

- Storm water control

Sluice Gates: Historical Application

One of the earliest known sluice gates was built in the 7th century BC by an Assyrian king near modern day Saudi Arabia and Iraq. It was used in a canal that transported irrigation water. Irrigation was practiced widely in the Middle East and Egypt in this time period. The sluice gate has stood the test of time and is still a component of irrigation systems and flow control across the developing world.

(Ernest, Albert and Davies, John)

Sluice Gates: Governing Eq.

(Oskuyi and Salmasi 2012) Let h1= upstream depth h2= downstream depth a= sluice gate opening

Sluice Gates: Governing Equation cont…

Finding flow rate under sluice:

Assuming no energy loss

Assuming energy loss

Where is the “contraction coefficient” which ranges from 0.59 to 0.62 usually. The losses are incorporated through this value.

Adapted from (Cruise, James F. 2007)

Roller Gates/Dams

What is a roller Gate? • One of the most common floodgate designs

• A type of weir that allows water to flow over the top or below it

• Consists of a large cylindrical, metal tube that sits between two concrete piers (below)

• The cylinder moves in an angled slow which can be lifted or lowered by a chain system (right)

• Water pouring over the gate hits a baffle, creating a “rolling” action at the foot of the gate, hence the name Rolling Gate (bottom right)

Roller Gate Applications • To control flow through large waterway openings

• Set spillway and crest heights in dams

• Ease river navigation (right)

• Divert water for agricultural use (below)

• Divert water for industrial use

• Sewage treatment plants

• Municipal waterworks

• Flood control

• Mitigates erosion

• Power Plants

Roller Gate Components Upper Apron – Prevents flow over the top of the gate when it is in a closed position

Lower Apron – A non-cylindrical portion of the gate that prevents the flow under the gate

Bottom Seal – Where the lower apron and sill meet, sealing off the upper reservoir from the lower reservoir

Lifting Chain – The chain used to raise or lower the gate

Rack – Transfers load from the gate to the pier

End Shield – Prevents debris from

entering between the gate and pier

Armature – Steel plate fastened to the

pier upstream

Guard Rale – A matching surface for

the rim track

Non-submersible • The first type of roller gates

• Non-submersible roller gates rest on the sill, creating a seal, holding back the water from the upper reservoir, raising the depth and increasing the width of the upper reservoir

• When raised it allows for the water to flow unobstructed beneath it into a lower reservoir

Submersible • Came about when engineers realized that some

debris and floating ice could not pass underneath the non-submersible gate without raising the gate to heights that caused severe erosion

• Submersible gates can be dropped under the water table allowing for debris and ice to float over the top

Discharge Calculations Submerged orifice flow Q = discharge Cgs = submerged-orifice flow coefficient of discharge h1 = static-headwater depth h3 = static-tail water depth hg = vertical height of roller gate opening B = roller gate width g = gravitational acceleration ∆h= static head differential (h1-h3) h3/hg = orifice submergence ratio

Q = Cgs[h3B(2g∆h)0.5] When hg < 0.67h1 and h3 > hg

http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4089/report.pdf

Discharge Calculations • When 1.5 < h3/hg < 12.4 Then, Cgs = 0.78(h3/hg)

-1.03

Q = [0.78(h3/hg)-1.03][h3B(2g∆h)0.5]

• When 1.3 < h3/hg < 1.5 Then, Cgs = 1.40(h3/hg)

-2.55

Q = [1.40(h3/hg)-2.55][h3B(2g∆h)0.5]

Example: Lock and Dam No.15 • Lock and Dam No. 15 was built in 1934 and is located on the upper Mississippi

River and spans from Illinois to Iowa

• The largest roller dam in the world (1,203 feet long)

• Has, in total, 11 roller gates

• 9 non-overflow

• 2 overflow

• Used for navigation, agricultural, and industrial purposes

Recent/future Improvements • The new roller gates incorporate two sill levels

• A high upstream level

• A low downstream level

• These levels are combined with a curved concrete section

• Roller gates are seen as a potential danger, on the upstream side of the gate there is high suction, recently there have been reports of deaths due to people venturing too close

• A safety precaution should be researched to prevent anymore deaths

Tainter Gates

What is a Tainter Gate?

• Radial arm floodgate used to control water flow through hydraulic structures

• Composed of a cylindrical shell segment, or skin plate, connected by trusses to a trunnion or pinned joint

• Can be rotated about trunnion to adjust flow by wire rope and motor

Skin Plate

Trunnion connection

Tainter Gates – History & Origin

• Tainter gates were invented in 1886 by Jeremiah Burnham Tainter

• He was an employee of Knapp, Stout, and Co. a large lumber company based in Wisconsin

• Mr Tainter was tasked with producing a floodgate that could be easily opened and closed for applications in river lumber transport

• Tainter gates are now widely used around the world, the Upper Mississippi River Basin employs 321 of them

Tainter Gates - Mechanics • Tainter gate design is based on the principle at

hydrostatic pressure always acts normal to a surface

• For a cylindrical segment all the pressure forces act through the center of curvature, or in this case on the trunnions

• Because of this the gate takes relatively little force to open and close through rotation

• Tainter gates also close automatically under their own weight, making them safe in the even of mechanical failure

Tainter Gates – Real world example

• The Pensacola Dam is on the Grand River in Oklahoma, it creates the Grand Lake o’ the Cherokees. The main spillway is controlled by twenty one 25’ by 36’ tainter gates

Tainter Gates, Pros and Cons versus other spillway crest gates

Pros

• Radial design provides efficient load transfer to trunnions

• Lower required hoist capacity

• Fast and efficient operating speed

• Geometry provides favorable discharge characteristics

Cons • Due to trunnion, pier and

foundation of dam/canal must be larger

• Long strut arms may be necessary to allow tainter gate to fully open

Tainter gates, design considerations (from Army Corps of Engineers) LRFD Design:

𝛾𝑖𝑄𝑛𝑖 ≤ 𝛼𝜑𝑅𝑛

Where: 𝛾𝑖 is a factor to account for load variability

𝑄𝑛𝑖 is a nomial load effect

𝛼 is the reliability factor,

𝜑 is the resistance factor

𝑅𝑛is the nominal resitance

Loads considered: gravity, hyrdostatic, gate lifting system, ice impact, side-seal friction, trunnion pin friction, earthquake etc.

References (part 1)

Corsi, S. R., and J. G. Schuler. "Discharge Ratings for Tainter Gates and Roller Gates at Lock and Dam No.7 on the Mississippi River, LA Crescent, Minnesota." U.S. Geological Survey 95-4089 (1995): n. pag. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Web. 17 Oct. 2015.

Cruise, James F. et al. Elementary Hydraulics. Maron: Cengage Learning, 2007. Print.

Ernest, Albert and Davies, John. “Canals and inland waterways.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. October 19, 2015.

Greimann, Lowell F., James H. Stecker, and Timothy A. Kraal. "REMR Management Systems - Navigation Structures Condition Rating Procedures for Roller Dam Gates." Repair, Evaluation, Maintenance , and Rehabilitation Research Program (1997): n. pag. Print.

Mead, Alex and Jansen, Carl. Civil Engineering Photos. CEE Photos. Web. October 9, 2015.

Mirriam-Webster. Dictionary: Sluice. Encyclopedia Britannica Company. 2015. Web. October 9, 2015.

References (part 2)

Oskuyi, Navid N. and Salmasi, Farzin. Vertical Sluice Gate Discharge Coefficient. Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism Volume 3 pp108-114 (2012). Web. October 19, 2015 United States. National Park Service. "Gateways to Commerce: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' 9-Foot Channel Project on the Upper Mississippi River (Chapter 7)." National Parks Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, 1 Feb. 2008. Web. 18 Oct. 2015. U.S. Army Crops of Engineers. "Design of Spillway Tainter Gates." (n.d.): n. pag. USACE, 1 Jan. 2000. Web. 15 Oct. 2015. "The Tainter Gate." Dunn County Historical Society. Ed. Larry Lynch and John Russell. Menomonie Sesquicentennial Committee, n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2015. Wikipedia contributors. "Pensacola Dam." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 21 Sep. 2015. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.

Picture Sources (in order presented)

http://ceephotos.karcor.com/tag/sluice-gate/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodgate

https://www.flickr.com/photos/21585925@N07/6827568723

LaCrosseTribune.com

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_Dam_No._15

http://www.applegategroup.com

http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/search/asset/1004750

http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/search/asset/1004750

http://www.pbase.com/image/62770003

http://planning.usace.army.mil/toolbox/library/EMs/em1110.2.2702.pdf

http://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/news/local/history/scenes-of-yesteryear-the-tainter-gate/article_d05a7b05-c049-5728-9a10-1e85822dd33c.html

http://i.ytimg.com/vi/qicnkrqnMXU/maxresdefault.jpg

https://d2vlcm61l7u1fs.cloudfront.net/media%2Fce6%2Fce659d88-060d-448e-b9ac-311cd1055ed9%2FphprjQ0K6.png