slide 1 determining the aquatic toxicity of deicing...
TRANSCRIPT
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Determining the Aquatic Toxicity of
Deicing Materials
• Laboratory-based study to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of liquid deicing chemicals
• Acute and “chronic” tests
• Test species
– Ceriodaphnia dubia
• Water flea, zooplankton
– Pimephales promelas
• Fish, fathead minnow
– Selenastrum capricornutum
• Algae
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The Laboratory
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Study Design
• Acute and chronic toxic effects
• Acute
– 48 to 96 hour test
– Measure survival
• Chronic
– 7 day test (C. dubia, fathead)
– 4 day test (algae)
– Measure growth, reproduction, and survival
• Measureable outcome-endpoints
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• LC50
– Concentration at which there is a 50% reduction in survival...
• IC25
– Concentration at which there is a 25% reduction in young production, growth...
• IC50
– Concentration at which there is a 50% reduction in young production, growth...
• NOEC
– Highest concentration at which there is no toxicity...
Study Design
endpoints
...compared to the controls
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• Dose-response
– Add a range of volumes of deicing chemical
to water
– Get a range of responses from the test
organisms
– Result is a curve showing how the organism
responds
Study Design
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Products Evaluated
1. Watershed Cl inhibitor with sodium chloride salt brine
2. Beet 55 inhibitor with sodium chloride salt brine
3. FreezGard CI Plus inhibitor-magnesium chloride
4. Meltdown Apex inhibitor-magnesium chloride
5. Road Guard Plus inhibitor-calcium chloride
6. Boost inhibitor-calcium chloride
7. CF-7 inhibitor-potassium acetate
8. Apogee-glycerol
6
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Toxicity Test Dose-Response Example:
Watershed CI
controlchronic
7
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Toxicity Test Dose-Response Example:
Watershed CI
controlchronic
8
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Toxicity Test Dose-Response Example:
Watershed CI
chronic
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Toxicity Test Dose-Response Example:
Watershed CI
Acute and Chronic
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Toxicity Test Dose-Response Example:
Watershed CI
Acute and Chronic
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Endpoints example
RoadGard Plus
chronic
25
% re
du
ction
IC25=2.46
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Endpoints example
RoadGard Plus
chronic
IC50=3.30
50
% re
du
ction
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Endpoint Tables
mass based
Product
Toxicological Endpoint as Product (grams product/liter of diluent)
Acute
NOEC
(survival)
Acute
LC50
(survival)
Chronic
NOEC
(survival)
Chronic LC50
(survival)
Chronic NOEC
(young
production)
Chronic IC25
(young
production)
Chronic IC50
(young
production)
Watershed Cl: Inhibitor + Salt (NaCl) 12.0 17.0 3.00 4.81 1.00 0.990 3.43
Mass of Product/Volume of Diluent = Mass of liquid product diluted in runoff
and the receiving water body
Ceriodaphnia dubia
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Endpoint Tables
volume based
Volume of Product/Volume of Diluent = volume of liquid product diluted in
runoff and the receiving water body
For the practitioner!
Product
Toxicological Endpoint as Product (milliliters of product/liter of diluent)(1)
Acute
NOEC
(survival)
Acute LC50
(survival)
Chronic
NOEC
(survival)
Chronic LC50
(survival)
Chronic NOEC
(young
production)
Chronic IC25
(young
production)
Chronic IC50
(young
production)
Watershed Cl : Inhibitor + Salt (NaCl) 9.4 13.3 2.3 3.8 0.8 0.8 2.7
Ceriodaphnia dubia
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Endpoint Tables
salt content based
Mass of salt per volume of product/volume of diluent = mass of salt diluted in
runoff and the receiving water body
To normalize products based upon salt mass per unit volume and to promote
comparison
Which inhibitor is more chronically toxic?
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Product
Chemical
Used for
Endpoint
Calculation
Stock
Concentration
(grams salt /
liter of
product)2
Toxicological Endpoint as Primary Salt (milligrams salt/liter of diluent)1
Acute
NOEC
(survival)
Acute
LC50
(survival)
Chronic
NOEC
(survival)
Chronic
LC50
(survival)
Chronic
NOEC
(young
production)
Chronic IC25
(young
production)
Chronic IC50
(young
production)
Watershed Cl : Inhibitor
+ Salt (NaCl)Na + Cl 288 2705 3826 676 1084 225 223 773
Beet 55: Inhibitor + Salt
(NaCl)Na + Cl 224 1760 2782 17.6 102 1.76 12.4 64.8
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Ranking
Ranking by Total Product Mass
Product
Relative
Toxicological
Rank
Watershed Cl: Inhibitor + Salt
(NaCl) 1
Boost (CaCl2) 2
Road Guard Plus (CaCl2) 3
Beet 55: Inhibitor + Salt (NaCl) 4
FreezGard CI Plus (MgCl2) 5
Apogee (Glycerol) 6
Meltdown Apex (MgCl2) 7
CF-7 (K-Acetate) 8
Ranking by Salt Mass
Product
Relative
Toxicological
Rank
Watershed Cl: Inhibitor + Salt (NaCl) 1
Boost (CaCl2) 2
Road Guard Plus (CaCl2) 3
FreezGard CI Plus (MgCl2) 4
Meltdown Apex (MgCl2) 5
Beet 55: Inhibitor + Salt (NaCl) 6
CF-7 (K-Acetate) 7
less
to
xic
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Ranking by Salt Type
For this current study (from most to least toxic):
K-Acetate > MgCl2 > CaCl2 > NaCl
Salt only toxicity from the literature:
K-Acetate > MgCl2 > CaCl2 = NaCl
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Other Observations
dissolved oxygen
Dissolved Oxygen Measured During The Test
Product
C. dubia Fathead Minnow
Selenastrum
Capricornutum
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
At Acute
LC50
At Chronic
IC50
At Acute
LC50
At Chronic
IC50 At IC50
Watershed Cl : Inhibitor + Salt
(NaCl) 7.91 8.09 5.1 6.54 9.49
Beet 55: Inhibitor + Salt (NaCl) 4.26 7.69 1.70 6.24 9.64
FreezGard CI Plus (MgCl2) 7.96 8.04 4.70 7.09 9.53
Meltdown Apex (MgCl2) 8.07 8.19 7.20 7.38 8.14
Road Guard Plus (CaCl2) 7.24 7.74 4.24 4.60 8.16
Boost (CaCl2) 5.54 7.33 3.28 3.97 9.01
CF-7 (K-Acetate) 7.29 7.98 4.64 6.50 9.05
Apogee (Glycerol) 7.16 7.70 4.54 5.58 9.78
Reminder: Daily Renewals
Dissolved oxygen effects still possible in the receiving water body
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Other Observations
species sensitivity to products
Acute Toxicity:
fathead minnow > Ceriodaphnia dubia
more sensitive........less sensitive
Chronic Toxicity:
Ceriodaphnia dubia >>> Selenastrum > fathead minnow
more sensitive........................................less sensitive
(96 hour test) (48 hour test)
(7 day test)(7 day test) (4 day test)
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Conclusions
• Testing provided high-quality data set for a selected number of liquid deicing products
• Testing results can be used to make estimates of potential toxicological impact on receiving waters, recognizing that:
– Receiving water may have different chemistry than the laboratory water used in this study
– Some of the product may be retained in soils and this will need to be considered in any impact assessment.
• Acute or chronic data use
– Depends upon typical storm length for given region of country
– Depends upon the receiving water body, e.g.
• Large river = acute
• Lake = chronic
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Conclusions:
potential future work
• Temperature
– Need to determine if these products are more or less toxic at low temperatures
• Longer term dissolved oxygen loss and effects on toxicity
• Product retention and decay
• Study effects with exposure periods representative of storm events
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST SNOWFIGHTERS (PNS)
SNOW AND ICE CONTROL CHEMICAL AND INHIBITOR
PRODUCTS SPECIFICATIONS
PRESENTED BY:
RON WRIGHT
CENTRAL LABORATORY MANAGER
IDAHO TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
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SPECIFICATION GOALS
• PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
• BUDGET
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SPECIFICATION OVERVIEW
• GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
• BID PROCESS
• PRODUCT DELIVERY
• FIELD INSPECTION, UNLOADING, SAMPLING AND TESTING
• CHEMICAL PRODUCT CATEGORIES
• TEST METHODS
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OVERVIEW - CONTINUED
• PRICE ADJUSTMENTS
• BID EVALUATIONS / AWARD
• QUALIFIED PRODUCTS LIST
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GENERAL SPECIFICATIONSCONSTITUENT LIMITS LIST
• ARSENIC
• BARIUM
• CADMIUM
• CHROMIUM
• COPPER
• LEAD
• MERCURY
• SELENIUM
• ZINC
• CYANIDE
• PHOSPHORUS
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GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
• CORROSION INHIBITED
• CONTAMINATION ISSUES
• DAMAGE TO EQUIPMENT OR STORAGE FACILITIES
• ACCEPT/REJECT - PUBLIC SAFETY
• VENDOR NOTIFICATION OF TEST RESULTS
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ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS
• NITROGEN
• AMMONIA
• BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
• CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
• TOXICITY
• FRICTION
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BID PROCESS• SUBMIT SAMPLES
• PRODUCT CHECK LIST
– CATEGORY
– MANUFACTURER
– PERCENT CONCENTRATION
– pH : ORGANIC COMPOUND OR ORGANIC MATTER
– ANALYTICAL RESULTS
– CORROSION TEST DATA
– IDENTIFY THE CORROSION INHIBITOR
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BID PROCESS
– SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLE
– PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
– MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
• FIELD APPLICATION TESTING AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PRODUCT
• DATA USED TO CONSTRUCT A FINGERPRINT OF THE PRODUCT
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PRODUCT DELIVERY
• BILL OF LADING
– NAME OF PRODUCT
– SUPPLIER AND MANUFACTURER
– DESTINATION
– QUANTITY
– LOT NUMBER
– TRANSPORTER INFORMATION
– LIQUIDS - %CONC AND SP. GRAVITY
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PRODUCT DELIVERY
• INVOICE
– UNIT MEASURE - TONS, LITERS, GALS.
– UNIT PRICE
– TOTAL PRICE
• TRANSFER EQUIPMENT
• MSDS REQUIREMENTS
• ANTI-FOAM AGENT
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PRODUCT DELIVERY
• PLACING ORDERS
– FAX/EMAIL ORDERS TO SUPPLIER
– CONFIRMATION FAX/EMAIL BACK FROM SUPPLIER
• TIME LIMITS
• PRICE REDUCTION FOR TARDY DELIVERIES
• SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
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FIELD INSPECTION, UNLOADING, SAMPLING,
AND TESTING• PRELIMINARY INSPECTION
– DOCUMENTATION
– VISUALLY INSPECT THE PRODUCT
• PRIOR TO UNLOADING
– RECORD VOLUME IN STORAGE
– FIELD TEST A GRAB SAMPLE
– ACCEPT OR REJECT UNLOADING OF MATERIAL
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FIELD INSPECTION, UNLOADING, SAMPLING,
AND TESTING• SAMPLING AND TESTING
– COLLECT DURING UNLOADING
– FIELD MEASUREMENTS
– RECORD INFORMATION
– SEND TO CENTRAL LABORATORY
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CHEMICAL PRODUCT CATEGORIES
• CI LIQUID MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
• CI LIQUID CALCIUM CHLORIDE
• CI LIQUID CMA
• CI SOLID SODIUM CHLORIDE (2)
• CI SOLID NACL + 10%MGCL2
• CI SOLID NACL + 20%MGCL2
• SOLID CMA
• NON-CI SOLID NACL
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CHEMICAL PRODUCT CATEGORIES
• CI LIQUID SODIUM CHLORIDE
• CI LIQUID SODIUM CHLORIDE PLUS CALCIUM CHLORIDE
• CI LIQUID CHLORIDE BLENDS
• EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTS
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INHIBITOR PRODUCT CATEGORIES
• CI SODIUM CHLORIDE
– Minimum Concentration 21%
• CI SODIUM CHORIDE PLUS CALCIUM CHLORIDE
– Minimum Concentration 15% NaCl and 2% CaCl2
• CI SODIUM CHLORIDE
– Minimum Concentration 15% NaCl and 15% corrosion inhibitor
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INHIBITOR PRODUCT CATEGORIES
• Temperature Classifications for Storgage
– Class 1: 10° F
– Class 2: 0° F
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TEST METHODS
• PERCENT CONCENTRATION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENT IN LIQUID
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY (WT/GAL)
• CORROSION INHIBITOR CONC.
• pH
• CORROSION RATE
– 70% LESS CORROSIVE THAN NACL
– AS PER CONTRACT
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TEST METHODS
• PERCENT TOTAL SETTLEABLE SOLIDS AND PERCENT SOLIDS PASSING A NO. 10 SIEVE
• TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
• TOTAL CYANIDE
• TOTAL METALS
• MILLEQUIVALENTS OF UNREACTED BASE
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TEST METHODS
• MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOLID CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
• GRADATION
• VISUAL INSPECTION AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS
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TEST METHODS• Toxicity Test
• Ammonia – Nitrogen
• Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
• Nitrate and Nitrite – Nitrogen
• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Frictional Analysis
• Insoluble Material
• Chloride
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PRICE ADJUSTMENTS• LIQUID CONCENTRATIONS
– BIDDER QUOTED CONCENTRATION
– BQC LESS 1% - NO PA
– BQC LESS 1.1 % TO MINIMUM CONCENTATION LIMIT - $ PA
– 24.9 TO 24.0 - $ PA
– 23.9 TO 22.0 - $ PA
– LESS THAN 21.9%-100%PA (OR REJECTION)
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PRICE ADJUSTMENTS
• SODIUM CHLORIDE
– OUTSIDE GRADATION LIMITS – $ PA
– PERCENT MOISTURE
– PAY RATE (PR)
– PR=100.5 X WET WT/100 + %MOISTURE
(For a product that has a limit of 0.50% moisture)
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PRICE ADJUSTMENTS
• GENERAL ADJUSTMENTS
– ALL OTHER REQUIREMENTS – BASED ON A PERCENT DEVIATION FROM THE SPECIFIED LIMIT - $ PA
– TOTAL REJECTION
• TOTAL REJECTION
– REPLACE REJECTED MATERIAL PLUS REPLACE ALL CONTAMINATED MATERIAL AT VENDORS COST
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BID EVALUATION PROCESS
• BID PREFERENCE FOR HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS
• BEST BUY FACTOR
– PRICE / PERCENT CONCENTRATION
– $60.00 / 27% = 222.22
– $65.00 / 30% = 216.67
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BID EVALUATION PROCESSBID PREFERENCE FOR SUPERIOR
CORROSION INHIBITION
CI EFFECTIVENESS
25.0 TO 30.0
20.0 TO 24.9
15.0 TO 19.9
10.0 TO 14.9
5.0 TO 9.0
4.9 AND LESS
VALUE ADDED
0.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
7.00
10.00
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BID EVALUATION PROCESS
• BID PREFERENCE FOR VALUE ADDED
• FINAL BEST BUY FACTOR
– $60.00 / 27% = 222.22 - 10.00 = 212.00
– $65.00 / 30% = 216.67 - 0.00 = 216.67
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RECOMMENDATIONS
• BID PRODUCTS THAT ARE ON THE PNS QPL AT THE TIME OF THE BID LETTING
• GIVE EARLY NOTICE TO VENDORS THAT YOU PLAN TO DO THIS
• HELPS MAKE BIDS RUN SMOOTHER AND AGENCIES DO NOT HAVE TO DETERMINE IF PRODUCTS MEET PNS STANDARDS
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PNS/CLEAR ROADS WEBSITES
http://pnsassociation.org/
http://clearroads.org/
Thank you