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Sleepless in Bioelectromagnetics: Unravelling the Effects of RF EMF on the Brain Sarah Loughran Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research Wollongong University Alessandro Chiabrera Lecture BioEM 2016, Ghent, Belgium

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Page 1: Sleepless in Bioelectromagnetics: the Effects of RF EMF on ...media.ebea.org/ChiabreraLecture2016_upload.pdf · Sleepless in Bioelectromagnetics: Unravelling the Effects of RF EMF

Sleepless in Bioelectromagnetics:Unravelling the Effects of RF EMF on the Brain

Sarah LoughranAustralian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research

Wollongong University

Alessandro Chiabrera LectureBioEM 2016, Ghent, Belgium

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• PhD (2004‐2007)– Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia

• “Effects of RF EMF on sleep, brain activity, and melatonin”

• Postdoctoral Fellow (2008‐2012)– University of Zürich, Switzerland

• Marie Curie Fellowship• Series of studies investigating underlying mechanisms

of effects of EMF on brain activity during sleep• Basic and clinical research

– Sleep and brain activity in patients in a vegetativeor minimal conscious state

• Current Research (2013‐)– University of Wollongong

• Further develop research on RFBioeffects; Basic sleep research

– Well equipped new laboratories• EEG• Sleep

– Strong links with standards/policy

Research Background

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Research Focus

• Past Research– Determining effects of electromagnetic fields on human health 

and the brain– Understanding underlying neurobiological mechanisms of RF 

EMF influence on the brain• Current and Future Research

– Extending and expanding on previous work on determining effects and mechanisms of RF EMF on health and the brain

• Non‐RF Research– Feeds into improving and understanding human 

neurophysiology, and sleep, more generally

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Mobile Phones and Health: An Increasingly Prominent Issue

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• Increasing mobile phone use → increase in concern and demand for scientific research

• Particular focus on potential effects of RF EMF on the human brain– Possibility of biological effects 

below current exposure limits/guidelines

• Currently no biophysical mechanisms capable of justifying these concerns

Mobile Phones and Health: What is the Issue?

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Mobile Phones and Health: Why study sleep?

• Incredibly important part of daily life– We spend 1/3 of our lives 

sleeping!

• Alterations in sleep have large and widespread ramifications for health, wellbeing, and performance

• Important for development

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• Simple, non‐invasive technique that reflects synchronous activity in cortical neurons

• Well‐characterised– Correlated with 

vigilance state and cognitive functioning/processing during waking

– Reflects different stages of sleep

(non

-RE

M) s

leep

Aeschbach (1995)

Mobile Phones and Health: Addressing the Issue – Why Use EEG?

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NREM SleepWaking

Napflin et al. 2007 Buckelmüller et al., 2006

Why Use the EEG?: High Intra‐Individual Stability

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RF EMF:Effects on the Sleeping Brain

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Early Report of Effects on Sleep

Klaus Mann & Joachim Röschke

Early Reports:Effects on Sleep EEG and Sleep Architecture

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Consistent Effects:RF EMF Exposure and the Sleep EEG

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Loughran et al., 2005

RF EMF Exposure Effects:Independently Replicated

Methodological Improvements

1) More ecologically valid exposure

2) Large sample size3) Accounted for 

multiple comparisons

N = 50

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RF EMF Exposure Effects:Sensitive to Individual Variability

Loughran et al., 2012

1) Consistent effects, but different EEG frequencies• Physiological differences?• Different responses to exposure?

2) Results show impact of individual variability

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Absolute Power Spectra Relative Power Spectra

Schmid*, Loughran*, et al., 2012

Underlying Mechanisms of RF EMF Sleep EEG Effects:Pulse Modulation Characteristics

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Sleep (All Night) Sleep (Last Third of Night)

Loughran et al., in prep

Underlying Mechanisms of RF EMF Sleep EEG Effects:Site of Interaction

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RF EMF and the Brain:Major Uncertainties, Research Gaps

& Current Research

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RF EMF and the Brain: Consistent Effects, Consequences & Unknowns

• We know there is an effect on neural activity, however:– To date no demonstration of functional significance– Underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unknown

• General belief that the energy emitted is too small for a thermal response• Sometimes argued that if there are non‐thermal effects then it appears that 

these are not taken into account by current standards and guidelines– As the only known RF biophysical mechanism (i.e. thermal) cannot 

currently explain this effect, it leaves RF Health Standards in doubt– Lack of understanding raises the possibility that there are concomitant 

effects that do impact on health, but that are yet to be assessed • Problematic for risk communication

– Relevance to health, long‐term effects, and possiblesensitive populations (e.g. children)???

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RF EMF and the Brain: Sensitivity in Adolescence (Waking EEG)

Loughran et al., 2013

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Current Research: RF EMF and Sleep in Children and Adolescents

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Current Research: Preliminary Results

Average Spectral Power Individual Data

EEG Pow

er (

V2)

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

sham low high0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

sham low high

Sham = No ExposureLow = 0.35 W/KgHigh = 1.4 W/Kg Loughran et al., data collection ongoing

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Current Research: Determine whether RF EMF within exposure limits affects thermoregulation

Thermal Perfusion Suit, Finger Temp, Laser Doppler, Auditory Canal, Skin Temp, MAP, EEG, Cognition

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Current Research: Replicated effect on EEG alpha activity

‐0.15

‐0.10

‐0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Sham

Low (1W/Kg)

High (2W/Kg)

EE

G A

lpha

Pow

er (Z

-Sco

res)

Sham Low High

p = 0.01 Loughran et al., in prep

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Loughran et al., in prep

Current Research: Determine whether RF EMF within exposure limits affects thermoregulation

Results Suggest:

1) RF EMF within ICNIRP limits engages thermoregulatory processes

2) No evidence that RF EMF‐induced EEG brain activity changes are non‐thermal in nature

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Complementary non‐EMF Research: Characterising brain activity in altered states of consciousness

Vegetative State Patient

Healthy Adult

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Other Current/Planned Research:RF EMF• Thermoregulatory Mechanisms

1. Is the RF‐thermoregulatory change due to core body temp change?

2. Does equivalent thermoregulatory change, temperature at skin, or temperature at cortex (applied/induced via non‐RF sources, e.g. thermal perfusion suit, laser) lead to same change in brain activity?

• Sleep1. Determining the influence of gender and circadian cycle on 

the EEG effect2. Are there functional consequences of the Sleep EEG effect?

• Cortical Excitability, and Emotional Processing1. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): does RF EMF 

exposure lead to changes in cortical excitability?2. Are there effects of exposure to RF EMF on 

emotion/emotional processing?• Effects on Cognitive Performance

1. Overcoming confounds in previous studies to determine whether RF EMF influences cognition

• Effects of Very Short and Intermittent RF EMF Exposure on Brain Activity

• IEI‐EMF Provocation Case Studies1. A novel approach to testing sensitive individuals

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Other Current Research:Sleep• Sleep and Behavioural Problems in ADHD 

Children1. Does mild sleep restriction lead to changes in 

behaviour and performance in children?2. Do healthy children cope with mild sleep 

restriction better than children with ADHD?• Sleep and Screen Time in Children

1. How does screen time, and the light emitted by these devices, affect children’s sleep?

• Sleep and Floatation1. Does floatation (Restricted Environmental 

Stimulation Therapy; REST) impact sleep, brain activity or stress (cortisol)?

• First Night Effect1. How does sleep

change acrossconsecutive nights inthe laboratory?

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Acknowledgements

University of Zürich

Peter Achermann

Marc Schmid

Micheline Maire

Dominik Benz

IT’IS Foundation

Niels Kuster

Manuel Murbach

Australian Centre for RadiofrequencyBioeffects Research (ACEBR)

Rodney Croft Andrew Wood

Adam Verrender Anna Dalecki

Ian Evans Sheridan Findlay

Ray McKenzie Rob McIntosh

Steve Iskra Nikolas Perentos

Other Collaborators

Alexandre Legros James Rubin

Julien Modolo Gunnhild Oftedal Rob Kavet

Giuseppe Curcio Lena Hillert Mike Silva

ETH Zürich

Robert Riener

Martin Wieser

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Thank you…