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Skin aging: fundamental concepts Prof. Dr. L. De Raeve Dermatologie UZ Brussel Privé praktijk Sint-Genesius-Rode

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Page 1: Skin aging: fundamental concepts - Mtouchmtouch.be/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Talk-2-Zaal-Smart-De-Raeve.pdf · o Coagulation of membrane proteins of epidermal & dermal cells o New

Skin aging: fundamental concepts

Prof. Dr. L. De Raeve

Dermatologie UZ Brussel

Privé praktijk Sint-Genesius-Rode

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Increasing life expectancy (Europe)

Skin aging2 25-4-2017http://www.indexmundi.com/

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Aging = ?

Increase in calendar age

Any alterations in properties of the things whose calendar age is increasing

Deteriorative changes seen in living organisms

Reduction in the force of selection against mutations with deleterious effects later in life

Progressive functional decline of tissue function that eventually results in mortality

Skin aging3 25-4-2017

Martin P et al. 2014

Madawar PB. 1952

Aubert G 2008

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Cutaneous aging is multifactorial

Skin aging4 25-4-2017

Types of aging Causes

Intrinsic Genetic aging Hereditary

Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Extrinsic Environmental aging Sun/ultraviolet light exposure (Photoaging)

Smoking

Stress

Pollution

Poor diet

Drug intake

Alcohol

Endocrine aging Hormonal influences

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Different clinical aspects of skin aging

Skin aging5 25-4-2017

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Structure of the skin

Skin aging6 25-4-2017Naylor EC et al. Maturitas. 2011

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Young skin versus Old skin

Skin aging7 25-4-2017

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Young skin versus Old skin

Skin aging8 25-4-2017

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Epidermis Decrease in thickness

Decreased height and increased surface of keratinocytes

Decreased horn cell adhesion

Increased cell-architecture disorder

Flattening of dermo-epidermal junction

Decreased number of melanocytes

Decreased number of Langerhans' cells

Dermis Atrophy (decreased thickness)

Decreased number of fibroblasts

and alteration of collagen

Alteration of elastin fibres

Alteration of blood vessels

Alteration of innervation of

Matrix

Subcutaneous Fat Decreased in face, hands, shins, feet

Increased in loins, hips

Adnexa Decreased number of eccrine glands

Alteration of eccrine and apocrine glands

Sebaceous glandhyperplasia but decreased secretion

Decreased number of scalp hairs

Alteration of hair diameters

Grey hair

Thinning of nail plate

Longitudinal ridges in nail

Skin aging9 25-4-2017

Changes in aging skin

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Cutaneous aging is multifactorial

Skin aging10 25-4-2017

Types of aging Causes

Intrinsic Genetic aging Hereditary

Accumulation of ROS

Extrinsic Environmental aging Sun/ultraviolet light exposure (Photoaging)

Smoking

Stress

Pollution

Poor diet

Drug intake

Alcohol

Endocrine aging Hormonal influences

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Genetic aging

= natural aging process

Development of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Damage to critical cellular components

Telomere shortening

Skin aging11 25-4-2017

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Telomeres are protective tips

Skin aging12 25-4-2017

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Longer telomeres, longer lifespan?

Skin aging13 25-4-2017

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Cutaneous aging is multifactorial

Skin aging14 25-4-2017

Types of aging Causes

Intrinsic Genetic aging Hereditary

Accumulation of ROS

Extrinsic Environmental aging Sun/ultraviolet light exposure (Photoaging)

Smoking

Stress

Pollution

Poor diet

Drug intake

Alcohol

Endocrine aging Hormonal influences

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Skin aging15 25-4-2017

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Intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging share similar mechanisms

Skin aging16 25-4-2017Naylor EC et al. Maturitas. 2011

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Clincal signs of UV damage

Skin aging17 25-4-2017

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Skin aging18 25-4-2017

Naylo

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Photoaging

Atrophic epidermis

Condensation of collagen

Alteration of elastic fibers

Presence of telangiectasia

Skin aging19 25-4-2017Stern RS NEJM 2004

A = normal skin

B = photoaged skin

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Photoaging is due to UV (sun) exposure

Clinically

Mottled hypo –and hyperpigmentation

Telangiectasia*

Wrinkles*

Skin dryness and roughness

Lentigines

Lax skin, yellowed, leathery

Actinic keratosis**

“frown lines”

* Increased risk of actinic keratosis and NMSC

associated with cumulative exposure to sunlight

** Increased risk of SCC

Skin aging20 25-4-2017Stern RS NEJM 2004

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Ultraviolet radiation (sun exposure)

UVA Pigment changes

Lentigines

Telangiectasia

Wrinkles

Skin aging21 25-4-2017

UVB Nonmelanoma skin cancer

Actinic keratoses

Pigment changes

Lentigines

Telangiectasia

Wrinkles

Stern RS NEJM 2004

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Glogau classification of photoaging

Skin aging22 25-4-2017Glogau RG Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1996

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Glogau classification

Group Classification Typical

Age

Description Skin Characteristics

I Mild 28-35 No wrinkles Early Photoaging: mild pigment changes,

no keratosis, minimal wrinkles

II Moderate 35-50 Wrinkles in

motion

Early to Moderate Photoaging: Early

brown spots visible, keratosis palpable

but not visible, parallel smile lines begin

to appear

III Advanced 50-65 Wrinkles at

rest

Advanced Photoaging: Obvious

discolorations, visible capillaries

(telangiectasias), visible keratosis

IV Severe 60-75 Only wrinkles Severe Photoaging: Yellow-gray skin color,

prior skin malignancies, wrinkles

throughout - no normal skin

Skin aging23 25-4-2017Glogau RG Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1996

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Risk factors for photoaging and skin cancer

Fair skin

Difficulty tanning

Ease of sunburning

Sunburns before the age of 20 years

Advancing age

Use of tanning devices

Skin aging24 25-4-2017Stern RS NEJM 2004

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Consequences of photoaging

Skin cancer risk!

Skin aging25 25-4-2017

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Prevention and treatment of skin aging

- Anti-aging care/

”cosmeceuticals”

- Cancer screening

Sun protection(UVA + UVB)

Hydration

Skin aging26 25-4-2017

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Sun protection

At any age reduces the risk of

Actinic keratosis

Squamous cell carcinoma

Progression of photoaging

During childhood

Reduces risk of basal cell carcinoma

Skin aging27 25-4-2017Stern RS NEJM 2004

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Sun protection

Mid-day sun avoidance

Protective clothing (including hat and sunglasses)

Physical barriers

Sunscreen

Skin aging28 25-4-2017

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Sunscreen use reduces actinic keratoses

Skin aging29 25-4-2017Thompson SC et al. NEJM 1993

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Sun Protection Factor (SPF) in sunscreen

Sun Protection Factor = SPF =

UV dose that results in erythema with protection

UV dose that results in erythema without protection

Effective/protective from SPF 15 daily

Skin aging30 25-4-2017

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Skin cancer screening

Skin aging31 25-4-2017

En… Evolutie

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Anti-aging

Efficient

Sunscreen

Topical retinoids tretinoin

tazarotene

Alpha and beta hydroxyacids (“peeling”)

Topical vitamin C

Not (yet) efficient

Diet

Estrogen replacement therapy

Nanoparticle based formulations?

Skin aging32 25-4-2017

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The future: nanoparticle-based formulations?

Sunscreen Zinc oxide

Titanium dioxide

Antiaging products Retinol?

Antimicrobial Silver

Skin aging33 25-4-2017Lohani A et al. ISRN Dermatol. 2014

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The future: nanoparticles?

Skin aging34 25-4-2017

Risks: access to

Nervous system

Blood stream

Ingestion

Transdermal

ZnO particles from sunscreen application is observed in blood and urine

Gulson B et al. Toxicological Sciences 2010

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Summary

Skin aging affects skin-function and appearance

Skin aging is caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors

Photoaging is the major contributor to skin aging

Pathologically, skin cancer can develop

Prevention and sun protection is the key to preserve healthy skin function

Skin aging35 25-4-2017

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Skin aging36 25-4-2017

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Peelings

Botuline toxine (botox)

Fillers

Skinboosters

Lasers

Behandeling van huidveroudering

4/25/201737

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2012:

Peelings

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Peelings

• Chemische peeling, ook huidpeeling genoemd, is het

afschilferen van welbepaalde lagen van de huid door het

aanbrengen van een scheikundige stof ≈ chemische ablatie

• Chemische peels beschadigen de

huid op een gecontrolleerde manier

en veroorzaken een oppervlakkige

wonde

• Het daaropvolgend repair proces

zal het aspect van de huid verbeteren

Page 40: Skin aging: fundamental concepts - Mtouchmtouch.be/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Talk-2-Zaal-Smart-De-Raeve.pdf · o Coagulation of membrane proteins of epidermal & dermal cells o New

Peelings

Superficial peel

< epidermis

Medium peel

< papillary dermis

Deep peel

< reticular dermis

•The depth at which the damage occurs is determined by

the type and concentrations of the chemicals applied to

the skin.

•The type of chemical peel used depends on the nature

of the skin problem to be treated.

Chemical peels : classified by depth of action:

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Indicaties

Superficial Medium Deep

Acne:-Comedonal acne (+extraction), folliculitis, keratosis pilaris-Post acne pigmentation-Scars

+++

++/-

++++ +++

Pigmentary disorders:-Melasma-Post Inflammatory pigmentation (PIH)

+

+

+++

Aesthetic:-Wide pores-“Coup d’éclat”-Photo-aging, solar lentigines-Wrinkles (fine lines)

++++++++

++++++

++++++

Epidermal growths:Actinic keratosis, Verruca seborrhoica, Milia,..

+ ++

Non facial: Neck, hands, arms,.. + + -

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Indicaties

Oppervlakkig Medium Diep

Page 43: Skin aging: fundamental concepts - Mtouchmtouch.be/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Talk-2-Zaal-Smart-De-Raeve.pdf · o Coagulation of membrane proteins of epidermal & dermal cells o New

Oppervlakkige peeling:

Alpha Hydroxy Acids 20-70%: Glycolic - (sugar cane); lactic -(milk), mandelic - (almond), malic -(apple),

tartaric acid (grape).. ‘Fruit acids’

hydrophilic, buffered or not, pH < 2

Glycolic acid = smallest MW, best penetration

Beta Hydroxy Acids 20-30%:Salicylic acid, lipohydroxy acid

lipophyllic, anti-inflamm properties ≈ acne

Mechanism of action AHA:o Decreasing keratinocyt adhesion – skin exfoliation

o dispersion of melanin

o enhancement of penetration

Agentia gebruikt voor chemische peeling

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Oppervlakkige peeling: Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) <20%

Tretinoine 1-5%

Jessner’s solution (salicylic acid 14%+ lactic acid 14%+ resorcinol 14% in alcohol base)

Medium peeling:• TCA 30-50%

• Combination peels: TCA + glycolic acid, Jessner’s solution, ascorbic acid, kojic acid, hydroquinone

Mechanism of action TCA:o Coagulation of membrane proteins of epidermal & dermal cells

o New healthy cells originating from skin adnexa or dermis and stimulation of new collagen

o Tyrosinase inhibition (Hydroquinone, resorcinol, kojic acid, vitamin C)

Agentia gebruikt voor chemische peeling

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Diepe peeling:

TCA> 50%

Phenol IV sedation, cardiotoxicity…

Longer downtime (idem non fractional ablative laser)

Agentia gebruikt voor chemische peeling

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1. Patient selectie

2. Pre-procedure behandeling (priming)

3. Peeling procedure

4. Post peeling verzorging

Procedure van een chemische peeling

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1. Patient selectie

Analyseer huid:

Phototype

Type van acne

Melasma

Huiddikte

Talgklieren

Photo-aging

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Beoordeel motivatie en verwachtingen

Leg behandeling en verwacht resultaat uit

Voorzichtig met patienten met onrealistischeverwachtingen

Informeer over downtime en post peel verzorging

Bespreek neveneffecten en mogelijke complicaties(pigmentatie)

Sluit contra-indicatie uit

1. Patient selectie

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Zwangerschap Aktieve infecties (viraal, bacterieel, schimmel) Open wonden Medicatie: photosensibiliserende drugs, Isotretinoïne 6

maanden ervoor, benzoyl peroxide Voorafbestaande inflammatoire aandoeningen

(psoriasis, atopisch eczeem..) Niet medewerkende patient ( geen zonprotectie) Risico op postinflammatoire hyperpigmentatie: Phototype 4: let op met medium peel Phototype 5-6: geen medium of diepe peel

Patient met onrealistische verwachtingen

Contra indicaties voor peelings

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Pre-behandeling crèmes (priming) start 2-4w voordien

Helpt genezing korter te maken

Vergemakkelijkt uniforme penetratie

Detecteert intolerantie aan agentia: Glycolzuur 8-15%

Tretinoine 0,025%, adapalene 0,1%

Hydroquinone 3-5%, Kojic acid,..

Kligman formule (HQ+Tret+Cortico)

Herpes prophylaxe (indien nodig) 1d ervoor

Pijnstiller (medium peel) 1u ervoor

Start zonnecrèmes voor peeling (fototype >3)

2. Pre-procedure behandeling

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3. Peeling procedure

Oppervlakkige peel

Repetitieve (4-6) sessies met 2-3 w interval

Licht branderig/ jeukend gevoel

Voorbijgaande roodheid

Afschilfering goed verdragen, 3-5 d

Kan bij alle huidtypes gebruikt worden

Risico bacteriële en virale infecties

Medium peel

1 procedure

Pijnlijk – brandend gevoel

Desquamatie langer; 5-7 d downtime

Post peel erytheem

Risico op postinflammatoire hyperpigmentatie (PIH)

Risico bacteriële en virale infecties

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Gelaat reinigen en ontvetten (aceton; alc/aceton)

Oog protectie (cotton pads)

Bescherm gevoelige zones

met vaseline(nasolabiaal,wondjes)

Breng peeling agens aan: Voorhoofd- wangen-neus-kin

Respecteer cosmetische units

Neutralizeer: AHA na 3-5 min (Bicarbonaat oplossing)

TCA afhankelijk van effect (koud water)

Droog gelaat

Breng moisturizer of genezende crème aan

3. Peeling procedure

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TCA: diepte van huidnecrose correleert met sterkte van de peeling

Degree of frosting Level of penetration

Cloudy Corneal layer

Speckled white Epidermis

White with pink background

Papillary dermis

Uniform white Deeper in papillary dermis

Grey Reticular dermis

Different colors of frost

reflect the depth of the

peel:

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Milde reiniging

Hydraterende , genezende cremes

Zonnecrème SPF 50, weken/maanden!

Vermijd scrub of krabben

Indien korstvorming: topisch antibioticum

Indien postinflammatoire hyperpigmentatie: topische HQ, tretinoïne, cortico (Kligman)

Indien persisterend erytheem (> 3w): topische cortico 2w

4. Post peel verzorging

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Oppervlakkige peeling

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Oppervlakkige peeling

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TCA peeling

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TCA peeling

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Afschilfering post medium-depth peel

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Besluit peelings

Chemische peelings zijn efficiënt voor het verbeteren van de huidtextuur en het uitzicht

Voordelen

Veel indicaties

Gemakkelijke procedure

Goede betrouwbare resultaten

Combinatie met fillers, botox mogelijk

Zonprotectie!

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1. Botuline toxine: dynamische rimpels

2. Fillers: statische rimpels en volumeverlies

3. Skinboosters: hydratatie en rimpels

Behandeling van rimpels

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Dynamische rimpels

Ontstaan door een sterke spieractiviteit, of ten gevolge van onze gezichtsexpressie (fronsrimpels)

Dynamische rimpels kunnen goed behandeld worden door Botox

Zorgt ervoor dat onze spieren die onze gezichtsexpressie aansturen worden verlamd

Behandeling van rimpels

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Statische rimpels

rimpels die altijd zichtbaar zijn, ongeacht de gezichtsexpressie

veroorzaakt door zwaartekracht

dienen op een andere manier behandeld te worden dan de dynamische rimpels

filler wordt ingespoten net onder de rimpel waardoor er opnieuw meer volume wordt gecrëeerd

Behandeling van rimpels

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Botuline toxine A (Botox, Azzalure, Vistabel, Bocouture)

Werking:

Inhibeert de vrijzetting van acetylcholine thv de neuromusculaire junctie van de gestreepte spieren, met paralyse van de spier tot gevolg

In zeer kleine hoeveelheden op de juiste plaatsen ingespoten verlamt botulinetoxine langdurig de zenuw die de spiertjes onder de huid aanstuurt. De spiertjes verslappen daardoor en de rimpelvorming neemt af

1.Botuline toxine: behandeling van dynamische rimpels

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Effect

begint na 2 tal dagen, volledig werkzaam na 2 weken

duur 4-6 maanden

Indicaties dermatologie

Dynamische rimpels: frons glabella, voorhoofdsrimpels, kraaiepootjes

Overmatig zweten

Botox

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Botox

4/25/201767

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Botox

4/25/201768

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4/25/201769

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zwangerschap of borstvoeding

allergie voor botuline toxine type A of voor één van de andere bestanddelen van het Botox ® product (albumine)

infectie op de voorgestelde injectieplaats

zeldzame spierziekte (myasthenia gravis of het syndroom van Eaton-Lambert)

zeldzame zenuwaandoening (amyotrofische laterale sclerose of motorische neuropathie)

Absolute contra-indicaties Botox

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Hoge dosis vitamine C en E, en bloedverdunnende medicatie zoals Aspirine , Aspegic , Marcoumar

Inname hiervan dient te worden stopgezet 1 week vóór de behandeling. De dag na de ingreep mogen ze terug worden ingenomen.

Sommige antibiotica of spierontspannende middelen kunnen het effect van Botox versterken (aminoglycosiden, D-Penicillamine)

Relatieve contra- indicaties Botox

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Mogelijks blauwe plek en zwelling op de plaats van de injectie

Soms wat hoofdpijn

Omdat het Botox ® product een eiwit is, is er een kleine kans dat er vage griepachtige symptomen optreden

Zeer zelden ptose ooglid

Bijwerkingen Botox

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Niet masseren, geen make-up

Geen sauna

Niet sporten of vooroverbuigen eerste uren na injectie

Na Botox injectie

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Hyaluronzuur fillers

Meest gebruikte filler

=niet-permanente filler op basis van lichaamseigen stoffen

Gebruikt om rimpels op te vullen en om volume te creëren

2. Behandeling statische rimpels: Fillers

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Hyaluronzuur

hygroscopische stof die van nature in de huid en het bindweefsel aanwezig is

die voor een diepe hydratatie zorgt

Naarmate men ouder wordt, maakt de huid almaar minder hyaluronzuur aan

Daardoor vermindert de huidelasticiteit en worden de eerste rimpels zichtbaar.

Hyaluronzuur fillers

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Nasolabiale plooi

Afhangende mondhoeken

Rokerslijntjes

Voorhoofdsrimpels

Lipvergroting

Volumeverlies

Natuurlijke facelift zonder operatie

Hyaluronzuur fillers: indicaties

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Hyaluronzuur fillers

4/25/201777

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Hyaluronzuur fillers

4/25/201778

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Hyaluronzuur fillers

4/25/201779

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Ecchymosen (Arnica)

Licht oedeem en roodheid (3 tal dagen)

Infectie (reactivatie herpes, preventie: profylactisch acyclovir)

Bumps (te vermijden door massage)

Hyaluronzuur fillers: bijwerkingen

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Eerste dagen

Geen sport, geen sauna

Geen alcohol

Ice pack enkele dagen

Na behandeling filler

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Herstellen de hydrobalans en verbeteren de

structuur, stevigheid en elasticiteit van de huid

Skinboosters worden oppervlakkig ingespoten

gebruikt om de kwaliteit van de gezichtshuid te

verbeteren, maar ook voor hals, décolleté en handen

kan preventief worden gebruikt als

schoonheidsbehandeling voor patien̈ten met beginnende huidveroudering

3. Skinboosters

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Frissere uitstraling

Rehydratatie van de huid

Gelaat: perioraal, craquelé wangen

Décolleté

Hals

Handen

Vervagen acnelittekens

Skinboosters: indicaties

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Start-up: 3 sessies met 3 weken interval

Onderhoud: 1 sessie om de 6-12 maanden

Skinboosters