skies of fowl, wildlife for the taking and fearsome cannibals: new world … · 2019-01-19 ·...
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Amber Waves of Grain, Seas of Fish,
Skies of Fowl, Wildlife for the Taking
and Fearsome Cannibals: New World
Bounty
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Chateau d’Azay-le-Rideau (16th century)
Montreuil-Bellay (medieval)
Reflections of Taste in the architecture of Loire Valley Chateaus
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Persian carpets
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A Taste for the Orient
damask velvet
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Spices
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“Whoever controlled pepper would
essentially control the pursestrings of a
continent” - Shivelbusch
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“Nothing is more distored than the popular idea
of medieval notables feasting on crudely spit-
roasted carcasses” (Freedman 35)
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Function of spices
livening up tedious fare
Summoning gods & driving away demons
Warding off pestilence
Status symbol
In life
In death
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From
Paradise to
Practicality
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The quest for a sea route through America
or a source for mineral wealth
Sebastian Munster's map of the New World (1540)
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Embarrassing reminders of dashed
hopes Lachine River
“faux comme les diamants du Québec
Indians
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From the Spanish
conquistadores to the
propagandists of the
American Way of
Life, the New World
has been hymned as a
potential paradise.
The paradise that the
Middle Ages sought
became secularized as
the land of unlimited
possibilities
(Schivelbush 13).
Asher Brown Durand's Kindred Spirits” (1849)
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The New World:
Geographical
Inconvenience or
Land of Plenty?
“America is the providential gift of a “tableau tout
neuf ” – a wholly new picture – to reanimate our
jaded sense of wonder and revivify our adoration of
God” – Urbain Chauveton
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The New World
Vespucci Awakens an Amerindian and Gives Her the Name of America by Theodore Galle, after Stradanus (Jan van der Street), 1521
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New World Natural Resources
Who were the first to fish for cod
in present day Canada?
The Vikings
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Five fishing expeditions between 985-1011
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Basque country
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Cod. The Fish that Changed the World
Why such a vitally important commodity?
• Easy to catch, preferring shallow water
• Medieval Church forbade the eating of meat ½ the days of the year.
• Before the age of refrigeration, fish could be preserved by drying or salting. Perfect for taking on trans-Atlantic voyages.
“It has been calculated that …if each [cod] egg reached maturity, it would take Only three years to fill the sea so that you could walk across the Atlantic dryshod On the backs of cod.” – Alexandre Dumas, Le Grand Dictionnaire de Cuisine, 1873
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European Misgivings about New
World Foods Corn
Tomatoes
Lobster
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Bison White Tailed Deer
Wapiti (elk) - Shawnee wa.piti, literally, white
rump
Other Forms of New World Bounty
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From the woodcuts of André Thevet
Whale (Cosmographie universelle, Paris 1575)
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“… a continent covered with forest, comprised of vast stands of
cedar, oak, pine, ash and maple” (Bitter Feast, Delage 37)
Lumber
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“Other Wild fruits are found
here, such as strawberries,
raspberries, cherries,
blueberries of exquisite flavor,
blackberries, currants, both red
and white, and many other
small fruits that are unknown
in Europe…”
“Birds and wild animals are
there without number, and the
fishing is excellent.” (from Father Lalemont, from his journey on the Saint Lawrence River
near Montreal in 1663)
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Passenger pigeon Early American colonist, William Strachey could not count the “manie thousands [that filled the skies] like so many thickned clowdes.” In 1813, Audubon reported seeing the light of noonday… obscured as by an eclipse”and calculated a single flock at 1.1 billion!
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From Beaver Pelt…
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To European Fashion
Requirement
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Describing the Unknown – Putting
New World Phenomena into Words
- Jacques Cartier
- Jean de Léry
- Samuel de Champlain
- Gabriel Sagard
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Jean de Léry (1534-1611)
« One of the most detailed
and engaging of the reports
we have of how the New
World looked…rendered by a
generous mind, acutely
observant man with a story-
teller’s gift. » - Janet Whatley
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Manioc (caouin)
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From André Thévet’s woodcuts of the
Tupinamba Indians of Brazil
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Native American Agricultural Innovations
Three Sisters: corn, squash, beans
Indian corn yields
much higher than
European fields.
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Stitching together Pangaea’s Seams
http://thehalfpinthistorian.blogspot.com
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The Columbian Exchange
[Columbus] and his crew did not voyage alone. They were accompanied by a menagerie of insects, plants, mammals, and microorganisms [such as] cattle, sheep, horses, sugarcane, wheat, bananas and coffee. Equally important, creatures the colonists knew nothing about hitchhiked along for the ride. Earthworms, mosquitoes, and cockroaches; honeybees, dandelions, and African grasses; rats of every description – all of them poured from the hulls of Columbus’s vessels and those that followed, rushing like eager tourists into lands that had never seen the their like before” (Mann 1493)
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Circle of International
Trade/Triangular Trade
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Works Consulted Delâge, Denys. Bitter Feast. Amerindians and Europeans in
Northeastern North America, 1600-64. Vancouver: UBC
Press, 1993.
Freedman, Paul, ed. Food. The History of Taste. Berkeley:
U of CA Press, 2007
Freedman, Paul. Out of the East. Spices and the Medieval
Imagination. New Haven: Yale U Press, 2008.
Kurlansky, Mark. Cod. A Biography of the Fish that Changed
the World. New York: Penguin Books, 1997.
Lery, Jean de. History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil.
(English translation by Janet Whatley.) Berkeley: U of
CA Press, 1990.
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Kolbert, Elizabeth. “They Covered the Sky, and
Then…” New York Review of Books. Jan 9, 2014
Mann, Charles. 1491. New Revelations of the
Americas Before Columbus. New York: Vintage
Books, 2005
Mann, Charles. 1493. Uncovering the New World
Columbus Created.
Richter, Daniel. Facing East from Indian Country.
Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2001.
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. Tastes of Paradise. New
York: Vintage Press, 1993.