skeletal terms foramen / fenestra = opening; hole. fossa = depression; indentation. process =...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Skeletal TermsForamen / Fenestra = opening; hole.
Fossa = depression; indentation.
Process = prominence (bump).
Protuberance = prominence (bump).
Tuberosity = prominence (bump).
Crest = raised ridge.
Condyle = part that articulates with another element.
Suture = visible line indicating where two bones abut or fuse.
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Skeletal TermsForamen / Fenestra = opening; hole.
Fossa = depression; indentation.
Process = prominence (bump).
Protuberance = prominence (bump).
Tuberosity = prominence (bump).
Spine = prominence (bump).
Crest = raised ridge.
![Page 4: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of BoneEndochondral = bone replaces a
cartilage precursor.Intramembranous boneDermal = bone forms in the connective
tissue of the dermis.Sesamoid = bone forms in the
connective tissue of a ligament.Perichondral / Periosteal bone =
bone forms in connective tissue surrounding cartilage or bone.
![Page 5: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Endochondral Bone Growth
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Intramembranous Bone Growth
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The Skeleton
Endoskeleton = forms within the body from mesoderm and sometimes neural crest (deep to the integument); bone or cartilage
Exoskeleton = forms within the integument from mesoderm and mesoderm & neural crest (dermal bony scales, dermal bone); bone
![Page 8: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Human Skull BonesNasals
Frontal
Parietals
Maxillas
Mandible (Dentaries)
Lacrimals
Zygomatics (Jugal)
Vomer
Palatines
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporals
Occipital
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Hyoid
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Human Skull
mandible (dentary)
lacrimal
zygomatic(jugal)
nasal
maxilla(includes
premaxilla)
frontalparietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
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Human Skull Stutures
coronal suture
saggital suture
squamosalsuture
lamboidalsuture
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Human Skull-Temporal Bone
Ethmoid
middle ear bonesin here
mandibularfossa oftemporal(condylarprocess ofmandible)
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Human Middle Ear
![Page 13: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Human Skull-Mandiblecoronoidprocess
condylarprocess
massetericfossa
mandibularnotch
angle ofmandible
(angular process)
chin(mental process)
mentalforamen
mandibularforamen
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Human Skull
hyoidbone
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Three Parts of the CraniumChondrocranium = cartilage or
endochondral bone, underlies (or surrounds) the brain. (endoskeleton)
Splanchnocranium = cartilage or endochondral bone, “jaw” and gill arch skeleton. (endoskeleton)
Dermatocranium = ossification of connective tissue in dermis, superficial to rest of cranium. (exoskeleton)
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Osteichthyan Skull
![Page 17: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chondrocranium Development
Nasal capsule(Olfactory capsule)
Optic capsule
Otic capsuleParachordal Cart.
Occipital Cart.
Trabecular Cart.
Ethmoid Plate
Basal Plate
Trabecular Plate(Sphenoidal Plate)
Develop from neural crest & mesodermal mesenchyme.
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Chondrocranium Regions Ethmoid – between nasal/olfactory capsules,
“nose” region
Sphenoid – underlies brain, “eye” region and posteriorly
Otic - otic capsules, “ear” region
Occipital - around the foramen magnum
humancranial cavitysuperior view(chondrocraniumshaded)
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Splanchnocranium Development Splanchnocranium from neural crest.
Dermatocranium Development Dermatocranium from mesenchyme cells of
the dermis, primarily mesoderm.
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Dematocranium Nasals
Frontal
Parietals
Maxillas
Mandible/Dentaries
Lacrimals
Zygomatics/Jugals
Vomer
Palatines
Pterygoid proc. of Sphenoids
Squamous & Zygomatic parts of Temporals
Postparietal/Interparietal portion of Occipital
Chondrocranium Ethmoid
Central part of Sphenoid
Petrosal (Otic) portion of Temporal
Supraoccipital, Exoccipitals and Basioccipital of Occipital
Splanchnocranium Greater wing of Sphenoid
Styloid process of Temporal
Malleus, incus, & Stapes
Hyoid
Thyroid, Cricoid, and Arytenoid cartilages
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Human Compound BonesMaxillas = maxillas + premaxillas
Palatines = dermopalatines + autopalatines
Temporal bones = squamosals + prootics + opisthotics (petrosals) + styloid processes
Occipital bone = supraoccipital + basioccipital + exoccipitals + fused post parietals (interparietal)
Sphenoid bone = basisphenoid + presphenoid + orbitosphenoid + alisphenoid + pterygoids
![Page 22: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Human Chondrocranium
![Page 23: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Human Splanchnocranium
![Page 24: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Human Skull Development
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Human Skull Development
nasal
rightfrontal
maxilla(includes
premaxilla)
sphenoid
leftfrontal
rightfrontal
fontanelle
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Human Secondary PalatePalatal shelves form it (maxillas & palatines);
separates nasal & oral cavities
Cleft palate = when fusion of the secondary palate does not occur.
Cleft lip = when fusion of the maxillas (maxilla & premaxilla) doesn’t occur.
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ChondrocraniumDoes not cover brain dorsally…
except in Chondrichthyans.
Single cartilaginous unit in Chondrichthys, Petromyzontida, and Myxini.
![Page 29: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ethmoid sphenoid otic occipital
Osteichthyan Chondrocranium
![Page 30: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Canis (dog) Skull
![Page 31: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Splanchnocranium
Pharyngeal arch supports.
Hagfishes & Lampreys = ONLY involved in gill arch support.
Gnathostomes = anterior splanchnocranium forms jaws & jaw supports.
Gnathostome jaws are serially homologous with gill arch supports.
![Page 32: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Jawless Vertebrate
mouth
pharyngeal openings
cranium
![Page 33: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Jawless Vertebrate
mouth
pharyngeal openings
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Jawed Vertebrate
mouth
upperjaw
pharyngeal openings
lowerjaw
spiracle
![Page 35: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Splanchnocranium
Palatoquadrate = upper jaw (arch #1 epibranchial)
Meckel’s Cartilage = lower jaw (arch #1 ceratobranchial)
Hyomandibula = upper jaw support (arch #2 epibranchial)
Hyoid = tongue and lower jaw muscle attachment (arch #2 ceratobranchial)
![Page 36: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Squalus Skull
Chondrocranium
PalatoquadrateMeckel’scartilage
Hyomandibula
![Page 37: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Squalus Head Skeleton
Chondrocranium
palato-quadrate
Meckel’scartilage
hyomandibula
ventral hyoid elements
![Page 38: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Osteichthyan SplachnocraniumPalatoquadrate – ossifies as
autopalatine, epipterygoid (alisphenoid or
greater wing of sphenoid), & quadrate (incus) Meckel’s cartilage - posterior ossifies
as articular (malleus)
Hyomandibula ossifies (stapes, columella)
hyomandibula
Meckel’s cartilage
palatoquadratehyomandibula
articular
auto-palatine
epi-pterygoid
quadrate
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Osteichthyan Splanchnocranium
auto-palatine
quadrate hyo-mandibula
articular
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In non-mammalian gnathostomes the jaw joint is between the splanchnocranial quadrate (upper jaw) and articular (lower jaw).
In all osteichthyans teeth (if present) are borne on dermatocranial bones,
premaxilla & maxilla (upper jaw)
dentary (lower jaw)
In mammals the jaw joint is between the dermatocranial squamosal (upper jaw) and dentary (lower jaw).
Jaw Elements
![Page 41: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dinosaur/Tetrapod “Jaws”
angular
dentary
surangular
quadrate-articularjoint
pmxmaxilla
![Page 42: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
Dermatocranium (Osteichthys)
Chondrocranium, Splanchnocranium
Jaws (Gnathostomata)
palatoquadrate, Meckel’s cart.
dorsalchondro-cranium
![Page 43: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Only Osteichthys. Superficial.
Ancestrally many bones.
Number of bones reduced in many groups.
Dermatocranium
![Page 44: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Bowfin, Amia calva, Skull
![Page 45: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Teleost Upper Jaws
mobile maxilla mobile maxilla & premaxilla
![Page 46: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Tetrapod Skull
frontalparietal
post-parietal
nasal
quadratojugal
squamosal
maxillapmx
lacrimal
jugal(zygomatic)
post-orbital
pre-frontal
post-frontal
dentary angular
sur-angular
italic underlined = absent in any form in human
![Page 47: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Alligator Skull
Sq
QJ L
PrFPO
J mx pmxsur
dentan
nasals
frontalparietal
![Page 48: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Palatal Series
vomer
palatines
pterygoids
para-sphenoid
![Page 49: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Amniote Orbital SeriesGroup Pre-
frontalLacrimal Jugal Post-
orbitalPost-
frontal
turtles present absent present present absent
lizards & snakes present present present present present
birds present absent present absent absent
crocodylians present present present present absent
mammals absent present present absent absent
lacrimal
jugal
post-orbital
pre-frontal
post-frontal
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Amniote Temporal SeriesGroup Squamosal Quadratojugal
turtles present present
lizards & snakes present present in tuataras (absent in all others)
birds present present
crocodylians present present
mammals Present(squamous part of
temporal)
absent
quadrato-jugal
squamosal
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Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
premaxilla, maxilla, dentary, angular, surangular(Osteichthys)
*surangularlost
*mobilemaxilla
jawspalatoquadrate, Meckel’s cartilage, hyomandibula (Gnathostomata)
![Page 52: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
nasal, parietal, postparietal, 4 opercular bones, vomer, dermopalatine, pterygoid (Osteichthys)
operc. lost (Tetrapoda)
*
frontals, squamosal, quadratojugal
*quadratojugal lost
![Page 53: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
lacrimal, undifferentiated infraorbitals (Osteichthys)
jugal, postorbital, prefrontal, postfrontal
(Tetrapoda)
*postorb., prefr., & postfr. lost
*
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Amniote Skull OpeningsSpace for muscle passage or flexure.No skull fenestras – turtles
One skull fenestra bounded by postorbital, jugal, squamosal – mammals
Two skull fenestras one bounded by postorbital, parietal, squamosal
one bounded by postorbital, jugal, squamosal lizards & snakes and archosaurs (modified in most)
![Page 55: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Amniote Skull Openings
1 opening 2 openings
no openings
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Amniote Skull Openings
no openings(turtles)
1 opening 1 opening(mammals)
![Page 57: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Amniote Skull Openings
Montre
mat
a
Met
ather
ia
Euther
ia
Testu
dines
Lepid
osauria
Croco
dylia
Aves
1 opening2openings
mandibular &antorbitalfenestras
![Page 58: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
NaresActinopterygiian nares
Water flows in anterior naris, over olfactory epithelium, & out posterior naris.
![Page 59: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
NaresTetrapod nares
Air enters external naris flows over olfactory epithelium and exits into oral cavity through internal naris (choana).
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Human Nasolacrimal Duct
![Page 61: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The Tetrapod Middle EarTetrapod upper jaw fused to skull.
Hyomandibula not supporting jaws.
Stapes = tetrapod hyomandibula; small, slender middle ear bone, conducts sound to otic capsule
![Page 62: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Stapes/Columella
innerear
![Page 63: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Subphylum Vertebrata
hagfis
hes
lam
preys
Chondrichth
ys
Actin
optery
gii
coel
acan
ths
lungfis
hes
amphib
ians
Mam
mal
ia
Reptil
ia
internal nares;stapes (modifiedhyomandibula)
(Tetrapoda)
**secondary palate in crocodilians & many turtles
* **
*secondary palate
![Page 64: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Mammalian Compound Bones Palatines = dermopalatines + autopalatines Temporal bones = squamosals + otic
bones + styloid processes (in some the styloid processes are separate)
Occipital bone = supraoccipital + basioccipital + exoccipitals + fused post parietals (interparietal) (in many the interparietal is separate)
Sphenoid bone = sphenoid bones (in some sep.) + alisphenoid (epipterygoid) + pterygoids (in some the pterygoids are sep.)
![Page 65: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Secondary Palate (2º palate) = Premaxilla, maxilla, & dermopalatines separate nasal and oral cavities.
Temporo-mandibular jaw joint
New jaw articulation dentary/squamosal.
Tympanic annulus, Malleus, & Incus
Angular, articular, and quadrate become middle ear bones.
Mammalian Skull
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Jaws & Jaw Joint
Meckel’s cartilage
PalatoquadrateHyomandibula
articular
quadrate
Meckel’s cartilage
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Jaws & Jaw Joint
stapes
articular
quadrate
dentary angular
squamosal
maxilapmxjugal
Non-mammalian tetrapods
![Page 68: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Jaws & Jaw Joint
stapes
articular
quadrate
dentary
squamosal
maxilapmxjugal
angular
Fossil mammal-like “reptile”
![Page 69: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
jugal
Jaws & Jaw Joint
stapes
articular
quadrate
dentary
squamosal
maxilapmx
angular
![Page 70: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
jugal
Jaws & Jaw Joint
stapes
malleusincus
dentary
squamosal
maxilapmx
tympanicannulus
mammal
![Page 71: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
jugal
Jaws & Jaw Joint
dentary
squamosal
maxilapmx
tympanicbulla
mammal
![Page 72: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Jaw Articulation
![Page 73: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Human Middle Ear
![Page 74: Skeletal Terms Foramen / Fenestra = opening; hole. Fossa = depression; indentation. Process = prominence (bump). Protuberance = prominence (bump)](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649c805503460f94938342/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Amniota
Montre
mat
a
Met
ather
ia
Euther
ia
Testu
dines
Lepid
osauria
Croco
dylia
Aves
temporal bone, sphenoid bone,occipital bone, “new” jaw joint, incus & malleus, 2ary palate