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SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions.

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Page 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

SKELETAL SYSTEM

the bones of your skeleton

OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue.

Your skeleton performs several important functions.

Page 2: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

• - SUPPORT and PROTECTION

•- BODY MOVEMENT - muscles "pull" on bones

•- BLOOD CELL FORMATION - hemopoiesis ' occurs in red bone marrow

•- STORAGE of inorganic salts - especially calcium phosphate, but also magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonates and others

Page 3: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

ORGANIZATION - normally 206 bones- 2 Main Divisions: AXIAL & APPENDICULAR

1. AXIAL: head, neck, trunkSKULL, HYOID BONE (upper neck, under jaw, mandible)VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine/backbone)THORACIC CAGE (rib cage-12 pairs) STERNUM

Page 4: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

• 2. APPENDICULAR: limbs and bones connecting the limbs to the: PECTORAL GIRDLE (scapula & clavicle), UPPER LIMBS (arms)PELVIC GIRDLE (coxal bones), LOWER LIMBS (legs)

Page 5: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

BONE STRUCTURE: "LONG BONE" = typical bone

• Major parts:1. EPIPHYSIS - expanded ends of bone. ARTICULATES (forms a joint) with another bone.2. DIAPHYSIS - shaft of the bone3. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones4. PERIOSTEUM - tough membrane-like covering over entire bone, except for articular cartilage. Connects with tendons and ligaments. Forms bone tissue

Page 6: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

MEDULLARY CAVITY - hollow chamber within the diaphysis connects to spaces in spongy bone. Filled with soft specialized tissue called bone marrow

• " Red Marrow - mainly in spongy bone in adults. Produces blood cells" Yellow Marrow - fat storage. Replaces much of the red marrow in diaphysis through childhood

ENDOSTEUM - lining of the medullary cavity

Page 7: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Two Types of Bone Tissue

• 1. COMPACT (cortical) BONE - wall of the diaphysis, solid, strong2. SPONGY (cancellous) BONE - epiphysis. Covered with a thin layer of compact bone. Many branching, bony "plates

Page 8: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Microscopic Structure

• - MATRIX composed of collagen and inorganic salts- OSTEOCYTES (mature bone cells) are enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE and form concentric "ring" (layers) around a passageway called the HAVERSION CANAL- The osteocytes are connected by minute passages called CANALICULI (canaliculus) through which tiny "branches" or processes pass- The circular layers of matrix material and osteocytes, along with the haversian canal, forms a unit called a HAVERSIAN SYSTEM. Compact bone tissue is formed in this way- The haversian canals are interconnected by passages called VOLKMANN'S CANALS. All of these canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers

Page 9: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions
Page 10: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Bone Development and Growth:

• There are two types of bone based on the way the bones form

1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES = broad, flat bones of the skull. These bones form from membrane-like sheets of connective tissue

2. ENDOCHONDRAL BONES = all other bones

Page 11: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Bones first form as hyaline cartilage. The cartilage then gradually changes into bone tissue - a process called OSSIFICATION, which begins near the middle of the diaphysis in an area called the PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER. Later the bone begins to ossify in the epiphysis - these areas are called the SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS.

•As long as growth is occurring, a "band" of cartilage (called an epiphyseal disk, growth plate) remains between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

•Bones increase in length as these cartilage cells continue to reproduce and ossify

Page 12: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Cartilage cells form cells called OSTEOBLASTS. These cells produce bone matrix and once the cell is enclosed in bone matrix it is considered to be a mature bone cell and called an OSTEOCYTE

•Growth in thickness of bone occurs as osteoblasts from beneath the periosteum produce bone matrix and build compact bone just underneath the periosteum

•Bone tissue is constantly being replaced as special cells called OSTEOCLASTS dissolve bone tissue from within the medullary cavity - a process called RESORPTION. At the same time new bone tissue is being added to the outside of the bone.

Page 13: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions
Page 14: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

3 Basic Types of Joints (articulations):

• 1. SYNARTHROTIC - immoveable joint, such as bones in the skull, these junctions are called SUTURES. - Fibrous Joints

2. AMPHIARTHROTIC - slightly moveable joint, vertebrae - Cartilaginous Joints

3. DIARTHROTIC - freely moveable joint, such as shoulders, hips, knees, elbows, wrists, fingers…--these joints are enclosed within a fibrous capsule which contains a lubricating fluid called SYNOVIAL fluid. These are called SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

Ball & SocketHingePivotSaddle

Page 15: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Bones of the Skull

• 1. Frontal - anterior portion above eyes2. Parietal - one on each side of the skull, just behind frontal bone3. Occipital - forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium4. Temporal - forms parts of the sides and base of cranium5. Sphenoid - wedged between several other bones in anterior portion of the cranium6. Maxilla - forms upper jaws7. Mandible - lower jaws, only moveable bone of the skull

Page 16: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Sutures

• 1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

Page 17: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Fontanels - "soft spots" of an infant's skull- anterior fontanel, posterior fontanel, sphenoid fontanel, mastoid fontaneForamen Magnum - Large opening through the underside of the skull, spinal cord enters skull

Page 18: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

The Rest of the Bones

• Ribs - Thoracic Cage, 12 pairs- True Ribs - first seven pairs, attach directly to STERNUM by costal cartilage (Vertebralsternal)- False Ribs - last five pairs (Vertebralchondral)- Floating ribs - last two pairs (Vertebral)

Page 19: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Pectoral Girdle: Shoulder. Two clavicles (collar bones) and two scapula (shoulder blade)

• Arms: Upper arm - humerus. Lower arm - radius and ulna. Wrist - 8 small bones called carpals Fingers - Metacarpals, Phalange

Page 20: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

Pelvic Girdle: Hips. Two large bones called COXAL BONES

• Legs: Upper leg (thigh) - FEMUR. Lower leg - tibia & fibula. Ankle and Upper foot - 7 bones called TARSALS, Largest is the heel bone called the CALCANEOUSToes - Metatarsals, Phalanges

Page 21: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions

What About Broken Bones?

A complete fracture is when the bone has broken into two pieces.

•A greenstick fracture is when the bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through.

•A single fracture is when the bone is broken in one place.

•A comminuted (say: kah-muh-noot-ed) fracture is when the bone is broken into more than two pieces or crushed

•A bowing fracture, which only happens in kids, is when the bone bends but doesn't break

•An open fracture is when the bone is sticking through the skin

Page 22: SKELETAL SYSTEM the bones of your skeleton OSSEUS TISSUE-Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. Your skeleton performs several important functions