• Axial skeleton– Skull– Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone– Vertebral column– Thoracic cage

• Appendicular skeleton– Pectoral and pelvic girdles– Upper and lower limbs

Skeletal system includes both:

Figure 7.1b The Axial Skeleton

Figure 7.1b

• Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face– The cranium encloses cranial cavity– Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts

• Superficial landmarks include the sutures– Lambdoid– Coronal– Sagittal– Squamous

The skull

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull

Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull

Figure 7.3a, b

Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull

Figure 7.3c

Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull

Figure 7.3d

Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull

Figure 7.3e

• one occipital bone– foramen magnum

• two parietal bones• one frontal bone

– frontal sinuses

Focus: The Individual Bones of the Skull Cranial Bones

• two temporal bones– auditory ossicles

• one sphenoid• one ethmoid

Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

Figure 7.4a

Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

Figure 7.4b

Figure 7.5 The Occipital and Parietal Bones

Figure 7.5