Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Characteristics and Treatment of Characteristics and Treatment of Common Skeletal DisordersCommon Skeletal Disorders

TraumaTrauma

FracturesFractures DislocationsDislocations SprainsSprains StrainsStrains

Fractures Fractures (aka break) pg 108(aka break) pg 108

Most common traumatic injury to a boneMost common traumatic injury to a bone When this occurs, there is swelling d/t When this occurs, there is swelling d/t

injury and bleeding tissuesinjury and bleeding tissues The common types of fractures are:The common types of fractures are:

GreenstickGreenstick Closed/simpleClosed/simple Open/compoundOpen/compound ComminutedComminuted

GreenstickGreenstick

The simplest type of fractureThe simplest type of fracture Bone is partially bent, but never Bone is partially bent, but never

completely separatescompletely separates Break is similar to that of a young, sap-Break is similar to that of a young, sap-

filled woodstick, where the fibers filled woodstick, where the fibers separate lengthwise when bentseparate lengthwise when bent

Common among children b/c their bones Common among children b/c their bones contain flexible cartilagecontain flexible cartilage

Closed/SimpleClosed/Simple

When the bone is When the bone is broken, but the broken, but the broken ends do not broken ends do not pierce through the pierce through the skinskin

Open/CompoundOpen/Compound

Most serious type of fractureMost serious type of fracture The broken bone ends pierce and The broken bone ends pierce and

protrude through the skinprotrude through the skin Can cause infection of the bone and Can cause infection of the bone and

neighboring tissueneighboring tissue

ComminutedComminuted

When the bone is When the bone is splintered or broken splintered or broken into many pieces that into many pieces that can become can become embedded in the embedded in the surrounding tissuesurrounding tissue

Restoring boneRestoring bone

Occurs through 3 main methodsOccurs through 3 main methods Closed reduction = cast or splintClosed reduction = cast or splint

Bony fragments are brought into alignment by Bony fragments are brought into alignment by manipulation and a cast or splint is appliedmanipulation and a cast or splint is applied

Open reduction = internal fixationOpen reduction = internal fixation Through surgical intervention, devices such as wires, Through surgical intervention, devices such as wires,

metal plates, or screws are used to hold the bone in metal plates, or screws are used to hold the bone in alignment and a cast or splint may be appliedalignment and a cast or splint may be applied

TractionTraction Pulling force used to hold the bones in place, used Pulling force used to hold the bones in place, used

for fractures of long bonesfor fractures of long bones

Internal FixationInternal Fixation

DislocationsDislocations

Occurs when a bone is displaced from its Occurs when a bone is displaced from its proper position in a jointproper position in a joint

May result in the tearing and stretching of May result in the tearing and stretching of the ligamentsthe ligaments

Reduction or return of the bone to its Reduction or return of the bone to its proper position is necessary, along with proper position is necessary, along with rest to allow the ligaments to healrest to allow the ligaments to heal

SprainSprain

An injury to a joint caused by any sudden or An injury to a joint caused by any sudden or unusual motion, such a “turning the ankle” unusual motion, such a “turning the ankle”

The ligaments are either torn from their The ligaments are either torn from their attachments to the bones or torn across, but attachments to the bones or torn across, but the joint is not dislocatedthe joint is not dislocated

Accompanied by rapid swelling and acute pain Accompanied by rapid swelling and acute pain in the area and is treated with nonsteroidal in the area and is treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsanti-inflammatory drugs

StrainStrain

Overstretching or tearing of muscleOverstretching or tearing of muscle

ConcussionConcussion

Result of a severe blow to the headResult of a severe blow to the head May be mild or severe and temporarily May be mild or severe and temporarily

affect memory, judgment, speech, affect memory, judgment, speech, balance, and coordinationbalance, and coordination

Hammer ToeHammer Toe

Toe that’s curled (flexed) d/t a bend in the Toe that’s curled (flexed) d/t a bend in the middle joint of one or more toesmiddle joint of one or more toes

May be caused by shoes that are too tight or May be caused by shoes that are too tight or heels to highheels to high

The longest of the 4 smaller toes may be The longest of the 4 smaller toes may be forced against the front of the shoe, resulting in forced against the front of the shoe, resulting in unnatural bending of the toes with pain and unnatural bending of the toes with pain and pressure in the affected areapressure in the affected area

Diseases of the Bones: Diseases of the Bones: ArthritisArthritis

Inflammatory condition of one or more Inflammatory condition of one or more joints, accompanied by pain and often by joints, accompanied by pain and often by changes in bone positionchanges in bone position

At least 20 different types, the most At least 20 different types, the most common being rheumatiod arthritis and common being rheumatiod arthritis and osteoarthritisosteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)(RA)

Chronic, auto-immune disease which Chronic, auto-immune disease which affects the connective tissue and jointsaffects the connective tissue and joints

There is acute inflammation of the There is acute inflammation of the connective tissue, thickening of the connective tissue, thickening of the synovial membrane, and ankylosis (joints synovial membrane, and ankylosis (joints become fused) of the jointsbecome fused) of the joints

Joints are badly swollen and painfulJoints are badly swollen and painful Cause is unknownCause is unknown

OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis

Known as degenerative joint diseaseKnown as degenerative joint disease Occurs with aging; about 80% of all Occurs with aging; about 80% of all

Americans affectedAmericans affected Articular cartilage degenerates and a Articular cartilage degenerates and a

bony spur formation occurs at the jointbony spur formation occurs at the joint Joints may enlarge; there is pain and Joints may enlarge; there is pain and

swelling, especially after activityswelling, especially after activity

Other diseasesOther diseases

GoutGout Joint disorder characterized by an acute inflammation Joint disorder characterized by an acute inflammation

commonly affecting the big toes; accumulation of uric acid commonly affecting the big toes; accumulation of uric acid crystalscrystals

RicketsRickets Found in children and caused by a lack of Vit D; bones Found in children and caused by a lack of Vit D; bones

become soft d/t lack of calcification causing bone deformitiesbecome soft d/t lack of calcification causing bone deformities Slipped (herniated) disc:Slipped (herniated) disc:

Condition where a cartilage disc ruptures or protrudes out of Condition where a cartilage disc ruptures or protrudes out of place and places pressure on the spinal nerveplace and places pressure on the spinal nerve

Whiplash injury:Whiplash injury: Trauma to the cervical vertebra, usually the result of a MVA Trauma to the cervical vertebra, usually the result of a MVA

(what does MVA stand for?)(what does MVA stand for?)

GoutGout

RicketsRickets

Herniated DiscHerniated Disc

Abnormal Curvatures of Abnormal Curvatures of the Spinethe Spine

Kyphosis Kyphosis HunchbackHunchback Humped curvature in the thoracic areaHumped curvature in the thoracic area

LordosisLordosis SwaybackSwayback Exaggerated inward curvature in the lumbar region, Exaggerated inward curvature in the lumbar region,

just above the sacrumjust above the sacrum ScoliosisScoliosis

Side-to-side or lateral curvature of the spineSide-to-side or lateral curvature of the spine

*page 112, figure 6-17**page 112, figure 6-17*

Other DisordersOther Disorders

Osteoporosis – “silent disease”Osteoporosis – “silent disease” Porous bone disease characterized by low Porous bone disease characterized by low

bone mass and structural deterioration of bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissuebone tissue

Has no symptoms until a sudden strain, Has no symptoms until a sudden strain, bump, or fall causes a fracture or a bump, or fall causes a fracture or a vertebrae to collapsevertebrae to collapse

Collapsed vertebrae may be seen in the Collapsed vertebrae may be seen in the form of loss of height, severe back pain, or form of loss of height, severe back pain, or spinal deformitiesspinal deformities

See figure 6-19 page 114See figure 6-19 page 114

OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis Infection which may involve all parts of the Infection which may involve all parts of the

bonebone May result from injury or systemic infection and May result from injury or systemic infection and

most commonly occurs in children ages 5-14most commonly occurs in children ages 5-14

OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma Bone cancerBone cancer Most common sight is just above the kneeMost common sight is just above the knee

One more term to know:One more term to know:

ArthroscopyArthroscopy Examination of a joint using an athroscope Examination of a joint using an athroscope

with fiber optic lens, most knee injuries are with fiber optic lens, most knee injuries are treated with arthroscopytreated with arthroscopy