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SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1

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Page 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Chapter

7

7-1

Page 2: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Chapter 7Skeletal System

Bone Classification

• Long Bones• Short Bones• Flat Bones• Irregular Bones• Sesamoid Bones (round)

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Page 3: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Bone Function

• Support and Protection• gives shape to head, etc.• supports body’s weight• protects lungs, etc.

• Body Movement• interacts with muscles• bones act as rigid bar of a lever

• Blood Cell Formation• hematopoiesis• red marrow

• Inorganic Salt Storage• calcium • phosphate• magnesium• sodium• potassium

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Page 4: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Parts of a Long Bone• epiphysis (end)

• distal• proximal

• diaphysis (shaft)• compact bone• spongy bone

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• medullary cavity (central space)

• marrow• red (hematopoiesis, make RBC’s)• yellow (fat storage)

• articular cartilage• periosteum (outer covering)

• endosteum (inner covering)

Page 5: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Compact and Spongy Bone

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Page 6: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Microscopic Structureof Compact Bone

• osteon (cells grow in circle)

• osteonic canal (canal for bv)

• perforating canal (for bv)

• osteocyte (bone cell)

• lacuna (space)

• bone matrix (collagen, salt)

• canaliculus (connects cells)

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Page 7: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Bone Development

Intramembranous Ossification• bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues• broad, flat bones• skull bones (except mandible)

Endochondral Ossification• bones begin as hyaline cartilage• most bones of the skeleton

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Page 8: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Endochondral Ossification

• hyaline cartilage model• primary ossification center• secondary ossification centers

• epiphyseal plate• osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts

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Page 9: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate

First layer of cells• closest to the end of epiphysis• resting cells• anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

Second layer of cells• many rows of young cells• undergoing mitosis

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Page 10: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate

Third layer of cells• older cells• left behind when new cells appear• cells enlarging and becoming calcified

Fourth layer of cells• thin• dead cells• calcified intercellular substance

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Page 11: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Homeostasis of Bone Tissue

•Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone•Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin

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Page 12: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and

Repair

• Deficiency of Vitamin A – retards bone development• Deficiency of Vitamin C – results in fragile bones • Deficiency of Vitamin D – rickets, osteomalacia• Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism• Excessive Growth Hormone – gigantism, acromegaly • Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – delays bone growth• Sex Hormones – promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates• Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth

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Page 13: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Levers and Movement

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Page 14: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Skeletal Organization

Axial Skeleton• head • neck • trunk

Appendicular Skeleton• upper limbs• lower limbs• pectoral girdle• pelvic girdle

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Page 15: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Terms Used to Describe Skeletal Structures

• See table 7.4 on page 202

• These terms will be used to describe specific parts of a bone.

• You will need to understand what many of them mean.

Page 16: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Hyoid (1)

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• Supports tongue

Page 17: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Skull

Frontal (1) (orange)

• forehead• roof of nasal cavity• roofs of orbits• frontal sinuses• supraorbital foramen• coronal suture

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Page 18: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Skull

Parietal (2) (blue)

• side walls of cranium• roof of cranium• sagittal suture

•between 2 parietal bones

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Page 19: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Skull

Temporal (2) (red)

• wall of cranium• floor of cranium• floors and sides of orbits• squamosal suture• external acoustic meatus• mandibular fossa• mastoid process• styloid process• zygomatic process

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Page 20: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Skull

Occipital (1) (blue)

• back of skull• base of cranium• foramen magnum• occipital condyles• lambdoidal suture

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Page 21: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Skull

Sphenoid (1) (purple)

• base of cranium• sides of skull• floors and sides of orbits• sella turcica• sphenoidal sinuses

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Page 22: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Skull

Ethmoid (1)• roof and walls of nasal cavity• floor of cranium• wall of orbits• cribiform plates• perpendicular plate• superior and middle nasal conchae

•Support mucous membranes•moisten and warm air

• ethmoidal sinuses• crista gallis

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Page 23: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Facial Skeleton

Maxilla (2) (yellow)

• upper jaw•anterior roof of mouth• floors of orbits• sides of nasal cavity• floors of nasal cavity• alveolar processes• maxillary sinuses• palatine process

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Page 24: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Facial Skeleton

Palatine (2)• posterior roof of mouth• floor of nasal cavity• lateral walls of nasal cavity

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Page 25: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Facial Skeleton

Zygomatic (2) (Green)

• prominences of cheeks• lateral walls of orbits• floors of orbits• temporal process

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Page 26: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Facial Skeleton

Lacrimal (2) (blue)

• medial walls of orbits• groove from orbit to nasal cavity

•pathway for tears

Nasal (2) (green)

• bridge of nose

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Page 27: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Facial Skeleton

Vomer (1) (fuscia)

• inferior portion of nasal septum

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Page 28: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Facial Skeleton

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) (blue)

• extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity

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Page 29: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Facial Skeleton

Mandible (1)• lower jaw• only mobile bone in skull• body• ramus• mandibular condyle• coronoid process• alveolar process• mandibular foramen• mental foramen

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Page 30: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Infantile Skull

Fontanels – fibrous membranes (soft spot)

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Fontanels close by:

Posterior – 2 mo

sphenoid – 3 mo

Mastoid – end 1st yr

Anterior – end 2nd yr

Page 31: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Vertebral Column

• cervical vertebrae (7)• thoracic vertebrae (12)• lumbar vertebrae (5)• sacrum (1; 5 fused)• coccyx (1; 4 fused)

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Page 32: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Vertebral Column

• cervical curvature• thoracic curvature• lumbar curvature• pelvic curvature• rib facets• vertebra prominens• intervertebral discs• intervertebral foramina

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Page 33: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

• Atlas – 1st; supports head• Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head• transverse foramina• bifid spinous processes• vertebral prominens – useful landmark on 7th

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Page 34: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

• long spinous processes• rib facets

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Page 35: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

• large bodies• thick, short spinous processes

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Page 36: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Sacrum (1)

• five fused vertebrae (between 18 – 30 yrs)• median sacral crest• dorsal sacral foramina• posterior wall of pelvic girdle• sacral promontory

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Page 37: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Coccyx (1)

• tailbone• four fused vertebrae (by 25 yrs)

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Page 38: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Thoracic Cage

• Ribs• Sternum• Thoracic vertebrae• Costal cartilages• Supports shoulder girdle• Protects viscera• Role in breathing

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Page 39: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Ribs (24)

• True ribs (7)[on each side]• False ribs (5)[on each side]

• floating (inferior 2) [on each side]

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Page 40: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Rib Structure

• Shaft• Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae• Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae• Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage, connect rib to sternum

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Page 41: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Sternum (1)

• Manubrium• Body• Xiphoid process

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Page 42: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Pectoral Girdle

• shoulder girdle • clavicles (2)• scapulae (2)• supports upper limbs

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Page 43: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Clavicles (2)

• articulate with manubrium• articulate with scapulae (acromion process)

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Page 44: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Scapulae (2)

• spine• supraspinous fossa• infraspinous fossa

• acromion process• coracoid process• glenoid cavity

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Page 45: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Upper Limb

• Humerus• Radius• Ulna• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges

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Page 46: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Humerus (2)

•bone in upper arm• head• greater tubercle• lesser tubercle• anatomical neck• surgical neck• deltoid tuberosity• capitulum (w/ radius)• trochlea (w/ ulna)• coronoid fossa• olecranon fossa

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Page 47: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Radius (2)

• lateral forearm bone• head

•allows rotation•crosses over ulna

• radial tuberosity• styloid process

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Page 48: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Ulna (2)

• medial forearm bone• trochlear notch• olecranon process• coronoid process• styloid process

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Page 49: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Wrist and Hand

• Carpals (16) [8 in each]• trapezium• trapezoid• capitate• scaphoid• pisiform• triquetrum• hamate• lunate

• Metacarpals (10) [5 in each]

• Phalanges (28) [14 in each]• proximal phalanx• middle phalanx• distal phalanx

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Page 50: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Pelvic Girdle

• Coxae (2)• supports trunk of body• protects viscera• Sacrum and Coccyx

•sometimes considered part of girdle

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Page 51: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Coxae (2)

• hip bones• ilium

• iliac crest• iliac spines• greater sciatic notch

• ischium• ischial spines• lesser sciatic notch• ischial tuberosity

• pubis• obturator foramen• acetabulum

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Page 52: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Male and Female Pelvis

Female• iliac bones more flared• broader hips• pubic arch angle greater• more distance between ischial spine and ischial tuberosity

• pelvic brim wider• sacral curvature shorter and flatter• lighter bones

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Page 53: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Lower Limb

• Femur• Patella• Tibia• Fibula• Tarsals• Metatarsals• Phalanges

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Page 54: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Femur (2)

• longest/strongest bone• head• fovea capitis• neck• greater trochanter• lesser trochanter• linea aspera• condyles• epicondyles

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Page 55: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Patella (2)

• kneecap• anterior surface of knee• flat sesmoid bone located in a tendon

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Page 56: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Tibia (2)

• shin bone• weight bearing bone• medial to fibula• condyles• tibial tuberosity• anterior crest• medial malleolus

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Page 57: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Fibula (2)

Insert figure 7.54

• lateral to tibia• long, slender• head• lateral malleolus• does not bear any body weight

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Page 58: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Ankle and Foot

• Tarsals (14) [7 in each]• calcaneus• talus• navicular• cuboid• lateral cuneiform• intermediate cuneiform• medial cuneiform

• Metatarsals (10) [5 in each]

• Phalanges (28) [14 in each]• proximal• middle• distal

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Page 59: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Ankle and Foot

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Page 60: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Life-Span Changes

• decrease in height at about age 30• calcium levels fall• bones become brittle• osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts• spongy bone weakens before compact bone• bone loss rapid in menopausal women• hip fractures common• vertebral compression fractures common

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Page 61: SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 7-1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones (round)

Clinical Application

Types of Fractures

• green stick• fissured• comminuted• transverse• oblique• spiral

•open

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