WELCOMEWELCOME

SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM OF MANSKELETAL SYSTEM OF MAN

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AXIAL APPENDICULARAXIAL APPENDICULAR

AXIALAXIAL

Axial Axial consist of :-consist of :-

SkullSkull

Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

SternumSternum

RibcageRibcage

Auditory OssiclesAuditory Ossicles

Hyoid Bone Hyoid Bone

APPENDICULARAPPENDICULAR

AppendicularAppendicular consist of :-

Pectoral Girdle

Pelvic Girdle

Bones of the limbs

AXIAL SKELETONAXIAL SKELETON

SKULLSKULL Consist of Consist of 8 8 cranial bones cranial bones && 1414 facial bonesfacial bones.. Cranial bones include:- Cranial bones include:-

Frontal (1) Frontal (1) -Forms anterior roof of cranium -Forms anterior roof of cranium nasal cavity, eyeball. nasal cavity, eyeball.

Parietal(2) Parietal(2) -Form upper side & roof of -Form upper side & roof of cranium.cranium.

Temporal(2) Temporal(2) -Lower sides of the cranium.-Lower sides of the cranium.

Occipital(1)Occipital(1) -Base & back of skull-Base & back of skull..

Sphenoid(1)Sphenoid(1) -Anterior base of cranium.-Anterior base of cranium.

Ethmoid (1) Ethmoid (1) -Forms roof of nasal cavity.-Forms roof of nasal cavity.

FACIAL BONESFACIAL BONES

• 14 Bones14 Bones not in contact with brain. not in contact with brain.• All are paired except All are paired except vomer & mandiblevomer & mandible..• Maxilla support Maxilla support upper jaw upper jaw & mandible support & mandible support lower jawlower jaw..• Zygomatic forms Zygomatic forms the cheek bones of face.the cheek bones of face.• Nasal forms Nasal forms the bridge of nose.the bridge of nose.• HyoidHyoid – U shaped bone located in the neck. – U shaped bone located in the neck.• Ear Ossicles Ear Ossicles - Malleus, Incus, Stapes.- Malleus, Incus, Stapes.• Foramen MagnumForamen Magnum - Spinal cord attaches to brain. - Spinal cord attaches to brain.• Occipital Condule Occipital Condule - Downward projection articulate with atlas.- Downward projection articulate with atlas.

SKULLSKULL

VERTEBRAL COLUMNVERTEBRAL COLUMN

, Consist of 33 Vertebra.

A typical vertebra consist of :-

1. Centrum – Mass of spongy bone.

2. Vertebral Foramen – Form vertebral canal, a passage for spinal cord.

3. Spinous Process – Backwardly & downwardly directed projection from base of vertebral arch.

4. Transverse Process – Extends laterally on each side of the arch.

5. A pair of superior articular process.

6. A pair of interior articular process.

Spinous & Transverse process – Surface for the attachment of spinal muscles.

Invertebral Foramen.

HUMAN VERTEBRAL COLUMNHUMAN VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Cervical vertebra 7 Neck region.Cervical vertebra 7 Neck region. Atlas. Atlas. Axis.Axis. Presence of Transverse Foramen – Blood to & from brain. Presence of Transverse Foramen – Blood to & from brain. Odontoid Process – Prominent knob in Axis. Odontoid Process – Prominent knob in Axis. Thoracic vertebra 12 thorax.Thoracic vertebra 12 thorax. Spinous process pointed.Spinous process pointed. Centrum has costal facets – attachment of ribs to TCentrum has costal facets – attachment of ribs to T11 to T to T1010..

LUMBAR VERTEBRALUMBAR VERTEBRA Largest vertebra.Largest vertebra. Attachment of back muscles.Attachment of back muscles.

HUMAN VERTEBRAE REPRESENTING HUMAN VERTEBRAE REPRESENTING DIFFERENT REGIONS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN.DIFFERENT REGIONS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN.

SACRUMSACRUM Triangular fused bone in Triangular fused bone in Pelvic RegionPelvic Region.. 5 5 vertebrae in younger.vertebrae in younger. Strong foundation for Strong foundation for Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle.. It consist of It consist of auricular surface, median sacral auricular surface, median sacral

crest, sacral zanal, superior articular processcrest, sacral zanal, superior articular process..

COCCYXCOCCYX Tail bone.Tail bone. 5 or 4 fused vertebrae.5 or 4 fused vertebrae.

SACRUM & COCCYX OF MANSACRUM & COCCYX OF MAN

THORACIC CAGE THORACIC CAGE :-:-

Consist of thoracic Consist of thoracic Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs.Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs. Attachment for Attachment for pectoral girdle & upper limb.pectoral girdle & upper limb.

STERNUM :-STERNUM :- Consist of Consist of Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid ProcessManubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process.. Manubrium Manubrium has suprasternal notch at superior has suprasternal notch at superior

end.end. Clavicular notches atriculate with Clavicular notches atriculate with ClavicleClavicle..

THORACIC CAGE THORACIC CAGE

RIBS:-RIBS:-

• 12 pairs 12 pairs of Ribs. of Ribs. • 1-7 → 1-7 → True RibsTrue Ribs. . • 8,9,10 → 8,9,10 → False RibsFalse Ribs. . • 11,12 → 11,12 → Floating RibsFloating Ribs..• HeadHead & & TubercleTubercle for articulation with a vertebra. for articulation with a vertebra.• ShaftShaft is main curved part of the rib. is main curved part of the rib.• Intercostal spaces, Intercostal Muscles.Intercostal spaces, Intercostal Muscles.

STRUCTURE OF TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF TYPICAL HUMAN RIBHUMAN RIB

APPENDICULAR SKELETONAPPENDICULAR SKELETON

Comprises the Pectoral & Pelvic Girdles & Comprises the Pectoral & Pelvic Girdles & bones of upper limb & lower limbs.bones of upper limb & lower limbs.

PECTORAL GIRDLE.PECTORAL GIRDLE.o Girdle of the Girdle of the fore limbfore limb..o Two bones – Two bones – ClavicleClavicle & & ScapulaScapula..o It supports the It supports the armarm..

CLAVICLECLAVICLE S shaped boneS shaped bone.. Binds with sternum at medial sternal end scapula Binds with sternum at medial sternal end scapula

with lateral acromial end.with lateral acromial end.

SCAPULASCAPULA Large Large triangulartriangular flat boneflat bone.. Bony ridge on the posterior surface - Bony ridge on the posterior surface - Spine.Spine. Spine broadens towards the shoulder and form Spine broadens towards the shoulder and form

the Acromian process.the Acromian process.

It provide attachment for several muscle and It provide attachment for several muscle and articulates with clavicle.articulates with clavicle.

Head of numerus fits into Head of numerus fits into denoid cavitydenoid cavity.. Coracoroid Process- Upward Projection.Coracoroid Process- Upward Projection.

BONES OF THE HUMAN PECTORAL BONES OF THE HUMAN PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE

BONES OF UPPER LIMBBONES OF UPPER LIMB

UPPER LIMBUPPER LIMB

a) a) Upper arm Upper arm

b) b) Fore arm Fore arm

c) c) WristWrist

d) d) HandHand

UPPER ARMUPPER ARM

Single bone - Single bone - humerushumerus.. Head of humerus articulate with Head of humerus articulate with glenoid cavity glenoid cavity

of the scapulaof the scapula.. Shaft Shaft articulate with bones of forearm.articulate with bones of forearm. Deltoid Tuberosity Deltoid Tuberosity - attachment of deltoid - attachment of deltoid

muscle.muscle. Olecranon Fossa Olecranon Fossa - Posterior depression.- Posterior depression. Trochleo Trochleo - articulates with ulna of fore arm.- articulates with ulna of fore arm.

FORE ARMFORE ARM Supported by the Supported by the RadiusRadius & & UlnaUlna.. Ulna articulates with Ulna articulates with HumerusHumerus & & UlnaUlna.. Olecranon ProcessOlecranon Process forms the elbow. forms the elbow. Wrist & Hand – Wrist & Hand – 2727 bones. bones.

Wrist-8Wrist-8

Palm-5Palm-5

Phalanges-14Phalanges-14

JOINTSJOINTS

Region of articulation between two bones.Region of articulation between two bones. ArthologyArthology- study of anatomy of function of - study of anatomy of function of

joints.joints. Classified into:-Classified into:-

1. 1. Fibrous JointFibrous Joint• Lack joint cavity & fibrous connective tissue.Lack joint cavity & fibrous connective tissue.• Three types – Sutures, Gomphoses, Three types – Sutures, Gomphoses,

SyndesmosesSyndesmoses

• Sutures-Skull.Sutures-Skull.• Gomphoses – Between tooth & its socket.Gomphoses – Between tooth & its socket.• Syndesmoses – Forearm, Shank.Syndesmoses – Forearm, Shank.

2. 2. Cartilagnous Joint:-Cartilagnous Joint:-•Lack Joint Cavity-articulating bones byLack Joint Cavity-articulating bones by

cartilage.cartilage.•Two types cartilagnous joint :-Two types cartilagnous joint :-

a) a) SynchondrosesSynchondroses- involve hyaline cartilage.- involve hyaline cartilage.

b) b) Symphyses Symphyses – Involve fibrous cartilage.– Involve fibrous cartilage.•Attachment of rib to sternum-Attachment of rib to sternum-SynchondrosisSynchondrosis..

BONY JOINTSBONY JOINTS Two bones once separate have become fused by Two bones once separate have become fused by

osseous tissue.osseous tissue. Example : Frontal bone at birth is seen as left & Example : Frontal bone at birth is seen as left &

right bone later it become fused.right bone later it become fused.

SYNOVIAL JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTS Freely movable joint to support.Freely movable joint to support. Bones are separated by joint cavity containing Bones are separated by joint cavity containing

synovial fluid.synovial fluid. Surface of bones covered by articular joint.Surface of bones covered by articular joint. Ligaments for supporting bone. Outer fibrous Ligaments for supporting bone. Outer fibrous

capsule.capsule.

SIX TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSSIX TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

1)1) Ball & Socket , Eg: Shoulder & Hip joints.Ball & Socket , Eg: Shoulder & Hip joints.

2)2) Hinge Joint– Monoaxial , Eg: Elbow,Knee.Hinge Joint– Monoaxial , Eg: Elbow,Knee.

3)3) Saddle Joint –Biaxial , Eg: Base of thumb.Saddle Joint –Biaxial , Eg: Base of thumb.

4)4) Pivot Joint , Eg: Articulation b/w Atlas & Axis.Pivot Joint , Eg: Articulation b/w Atlas & Axis.

5)5) Gliding Joint – Adjacent bones slide overGliding Joint – Adjacent bones slide over

Eg: Joints b/w carpals & tarsals.Eg: Joints b/w carpals & tarsals.

6) 6) Condyloid – one bone fit into depression on Condyloid – one bone fit into depression on the next biaxial.the next biaxial.

Eg: Joints b/w radius & carpals of the wrist. Eg: Joints b/w radius & carpals of the wrist.

MUSCULAR SYSTEMMUSCULAR SYSTEM 600 Skeletal muscles.600 Skeletal muscles. Function- movement,stability of posture,heat Function- movement,stability of posture,heat

production.production. Fleshy, thickened myology middle portion of Fleshy, thickened myology middle portion of

muscle-belly-one end fixed to bone-orgin.muscle-belly-one end fixed to bone-orgin. Tendron-connective tissue connect muscle to Tendron-connective tissue connect muscle to

bone.bone. Insertion- end moves when muscle contract.Insertion- end moves when muscle contract. Endomysium,Perimysium – connective tissue.Endomysium,Perimysium – connective tissue.

Entire muscle covered by epimysium.Entire muscle covered by epimysium. Muscular Tissue arranged as bundles – Fasicles.Muscular Tissue arranged as bundles – Fasicles.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLESMUSCLES

Fusiform – thick in middle , tapered at end. Fusiform – thick in middle , tapered at end.

Eg: biceps branchii of arm.Eg: biceps branchii of arm.

Parallel – Uniform width & parallel fasicles.Parallel – Uniform width & parallel fasicles.

Eg: RectusEg: Rectus

Convergent – fan shaped , broad at orgin.Convergent – fan shaped , broad at orgin.

Eg: Pectorials major of the chest.Eg: Pectorials major of the chest.

Pennate- Feather shaped,fasicles insert on tendon.Pennate- Feather shaped,fasicles insert on tendon.

Eg: Rectus temoris of high.Eg: Rectus temoris of high.

Circular Muscles- Form rings around body Circular Muscles- Form rings around body opening orbicularis osculi of eyelid.opening orbicularis osculi of eyelid.

MUSCLE GROUPMUSCLE GROUP Synergistic- contract together for a particular Synergistic- contract together for a particular

movement.movement. Eg: biceps brachii muscleEg: biceps brachii muscle Antagonistic – perform opposite movementsAntagonistic – perform opposite movements

( limb).( limb).

Eg: Triceps brachii muscleEg: Triceps brachii muscle

Biceps joined to radius & other end to two Biceps joined to radius & other end to two tendons on origin.tendons on origin.

Biceps & branchialis contract together to flex Biceps & branchialis contract together to flex elbow joint.elbow joint.

Triceps has three tendons on orgin.Triceps has three tendons on orgin. Triceps contract olecranon process,which Triceps contract olecranon process,which

extends the orin.extends the orin.

QUERIES..???QUERIES..???