What are the

Functions of the Bone?

• Support- framework that supports body

and cradles its soft organs

• Protection- for delicate organs, heart,

lungs, brain

• Movement- bones act as levers for

muscles

• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate

• Blood cell formation- hematopoietic

• Storage of fats - it stores energy-rich fat

in yellow bone marrow

Spongy Bone Tissue

Located at the ends and interior of long bones

Also called as bone marrow

Composed of an open lattice of bone

Within this lattice framework, RBC are produces

Compact Bone Tissue

Surrounds the sponfu bone tissue

Also found at the core of bones

Give strength to withstand mechanical stress

Exoskeleton or dermal skeleton

Built up outside the body

Muscles are attached to the inner surface

Characteristics into axial and appendicular skeletons

Endoskeleton Built up inside the

body surrounded by sot tissue

Muscles are attached to the outer surface

Characteristics of vertebrae

Divided into axial and appendicular skeletons

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Forms the main axis of the body

Composed of the notochord, vertebral column, ribs,hyoid sternum and skull

CRANIUM PARTS:

Frontal bone- forms the forehead and the anterior part of the brain case

Occipital Bone- curves to form the base of the brain

Temporal Bone- that leads to middle ear

Sphenoid Bone- contributes to forming the orbits

Ethmoid Bone- smallest bone separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.

Posterior ViewPosterior View

Nasal bone – form the bridge of the nose

Zygomatic bone – form the cheekbones

Lacrimal Bone – located at the corners of the eyes near the nose

Maxillae – form the upper jaw to which facial bones are joined

Mandible - forms the lower jaw the only movable portion of the skull.

anchors the tongue and serves as the site for the attachment of muscles associated with swallowing.

• Warm and moisten air• Lighten the skull• Enhance voice resonance

Frontal Sinus

Ethmoid Sinus

Sphenoid Sinus

Maxillary Sinus

The main axial support vertebrae

Common called back bone

Protect the spinal cord

Provides rigidity to the body

Cervical vertebrae- Smallest of all

separate vertebrae- Atlas- firs t cervical- Axis – second

cervical Thoracic vertebrae- Have an extra

articular facet for the attachement of the ribs

Lumbar Vertebrae- The largest and

strongest of all vertebrae

Sacrum- Forms the pelvic

curvature Coccyx- Formed by the

fusion of 4 vertebrae

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

Lumbar Vertberae (5)

SacrumCoccyx

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

Lumbar Vertberae (5)

SacrumCoccyx

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

Cervical Vertebrae

Sacrum & CoccyxSacrum & Coccyx

Series of cartilaginous or elongated bony structures attached to the vertebrae

Form the thoracic cageComposed of the neck, shaft and the angle

True Ribs (7 pairs)- Directly connected to

the sternum False Ribs ( (3 pairs)- The distal

cartilaginous ends unite with the costal cartilages of the last true ribs

Floating Ribs (2 pairs)- The distal

cartilaginous ends terminate freely

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

The Thoracic CageThe Thoracic Cage

Commonly called as the breast bone

Elongated structure lying in the mid- ventral region of the anterior trunk

Articulates with the pectoral girdle

Consists of the anterior pectoral appendages and girdle and the posterior pelvic appendages and girdle.

Pectoral girdle- Scapula – shoulder

blade- coracoid- Clavicle – collar bone Forelimbs- humerus- upper arm- Radius and ulna-

forearm- Carpals-wrist- Metacarpals- palm- Phalanges- fingers

Pelvic girdle- Illium- Ischium- pubis Hindlimbs- Femur – thigh- Tibia and fibula –

shank- Patella- knee cap- Tarsals- ankle- Metatarsals –sole- Phalanges - toes

Bones of the Pectoral GirdleBones of the Pectoral Girdle

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

8 Carpals

14 Phalanges

5 Metacarpals

Patella

The Lower Limb (Legs)

The Lower Limb (Legs)

Femur

TibiaFibula

5 Metatarsals14 Phalanges

7 Tarsals

metatarsals

phelangies

tarsals

metatarsals

phelangies

tarsals

Pelvis

Ischium

Ilium

Acetabulum

Pubis

Ischium

Obturator foramen

Pelvis (lateral view)

Long Bone- column shaped bones consists of a shaft and heads at both ends

Short bones –normally cube shape, contain mostly spongy bone

Flat bone- thin, flattened, with usually curved broad surfaces

Irregular bone- which have varied shapes that permit connections with other bones

Round Bone- exemplified by the patella that is circular in shape.

Distal

epiphysis

Proximal

epiphysis

diaphysis

yellow marrow

epiphyseal line

periosteum

compact bone

spongy bone

Endosteum

hyaline

cartilage

Sharpey’s fibers

Epiphyses – ends of long bones

Metaphysis – joints epiphysis and diaphysis

Articular Cartilage- where bone forms a joint with another bone

Periosteum- covering of the bone

Medullary or marrow cavity - space inside diaphysis; contain yellow bone marrow

Endosteum – inner covering/ lining of the bone

Nutrient foramen – entrance of blood vessel going inside the bone

Connective tissue structures that attach the muscles to the bones

The tendon of the quadriceps muscle traveling over the knee joint is what is tapped to elicit the knee- jerk reflex.

Flexible bands of connective tissue connecting bones together.

Refer to places where bones meet allowing a wide range of movements.

Also called articulationsMuscles and bone work together around joints.

Synarthrosis: immovable

Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable

Diarthrosis: freely movable/ Synovial joints

Gomphoses: joins teeth to mandible and maxilla.

Sutures: joins bones in skull to each other. Irregular edges of the sutures provide increased strength and decreased number of fractures at the suture point. 

Synchondrosis: is a cartilaginous. Joint; it is also temporary joint that is replaced by bone during adult life

suturesuture

pubis symphisispubis symphisis

Symphysis: have a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones. Includes the pubic symphyses and the intervertebral joints.

Syndesmoses: joins articulating bones by long strands of dense, regular connective tissue. (radius/ulna and tibia/fibula)

Ball-and-Socket Joints. (Spheroid)These joints are formed where the rounded head of one bone fits into the hollow, cup-shaped socket of another bone such as the shoulder joint and thehip joint. Such joints allow freedom of movement in all directions.

Hinge Joints (Ginglymus)These joints occur where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, so making movement possible in one plane only. Examples of these joints are the knee and the elbow joints. Hinge joints have ligaments mainly at the sides of the joints.

Gliding Joints This type of joint allows for gliding movements between flat surfaces as the surfaces slide over one another. Only a limited amount of movement is allowed such as the joints between the carpal bones, the joints between the tarsal bones and those between the articular processes (zygapophyses) of successive vertebrae.

Pivot Joints (Trochoid)the end of one one bone rotates round the axis of another bone such as the end of the radius rotating around the ulna as the palm of the hand is turned inwards or outwards.

femur

ligaments

pelvis

(diarthrosis)- freely moveable

femur

pelvis

hyaline cartilage synovial

cavity

joint capsule

Fibrous: (a), syndesmosis (tibiofibular), (b) suture, skullCartilaginous: (c) symphysis (vertebral bodies),

(d) synchondrosis (first rib and sternum)Synovial: (e) condyloid (wrist), (f) planar (intercarpals),

(g) hinge or ginglymus (elbow), (h) ball and socket (hip), (i) saddle(carpometacarpal of thumb), (j) pivot (atlantoaxial)

Synovial Joint Movement

Types of movement and examples (with muscles)flexion- move lower leg toward upperextension- straightening the leg

abduction- moving leg away from bodyadduction- movong leg toward the body

rotation- around its axissupination- rotation of arm to palm-up positionpronation- palm down

circumduction- swinging arms in circles

inversion- turning foot so sole is inwardeversion- sole is out

Abduction

Extension

RotationFlexion

Adduction

Synovial Joint Movement

Male Pelvic Girdle

                                         

       Female Pelvic Girdle

cartilagecalcified cartilage

bone

epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal line

Endochondral Ossification

2o ossification

center

Fetus: 1st 2 months

AdultChildhood

Just before birth

Osteoblast

Osteocyte

OsteoclastEats bone

Builds new bone

Mature bone cell

Osteoblasts are responsible for building new bone and lie at the centre of bone physiology. Their functions include the synthesis of collagen and the control of mineralization.

Osteocytes Bone adapts to applied forces by growing stronger in order to withstand them; it is known that exercise can help to improve bone strength.

Osteoclasts are specialised cells that resorp and remodel the bone. They work by sealing off an area of bone surface then, when activated, they pump out hydrogen ions to produce a very acid environment, which dissolves the hydroxyapatite.

A broken bone is known as a fracture. This

can simply be a crack or buckle in the structure of the bone, or a complete break, producing two or more fragments.

FracturesFractures

hematomacallus bony callus

bone remodeling

The repair of bone fractures is similar The repair of bone fractures is similar to embryonic bone formation.to embryonic bone formation.

Bone Fracture RepairBone Fracture Repair

Consists of more than 100 different conditions

The common denominator for all these conditions is joint pain

Osteoarthritis- nick-named “wear and tear” arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most crippling forms of arthritis. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the lining of joints.

Arthritis- inflammation of the joints

ArthritisArthritis

Osteoporosis- literally means "porous bones“ Occurs when a body's blood calcium level is

low and calcium from bones is dissolved into the blood to maintain a proper balance.

Over time, bone mass and bone strength decrease. As a result, bones become dotted with pits and pores, weak and fragile, and break easily.

Other factors besides age can lead to osteoporosis, such as a diet low in calcium and protein, a lack of vitamin D, smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and insufficient weight-bearing exercises to stress the bones.

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

2929 4040 8484 9292

Childhood disorder involving softening and weakening of the bones.

It is primarily caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate

RicketsRickets

Condition involving complex lateral and rotational curvature and deformity of the spine.

Typically classified as: Idiopathic (unknown cause) Congenital (caused by vertebral

abnormality present at birth) possibly inherited

Secondary symptom of another condition, such as cerebral palsy ormuscular dystrophy

ScoliosisScoliosis

Kyphosis can be thought of as an arching of the spine in which the top of the arch is seen in the back

This conditionis sometimesreferred to as “humpback” or “hunchback”

Caused by inflammation of vertebrae, poor posture, or congenital abnormality

KyphosisKyphosis

Lordosis is the increase of the spinal posterior concavity.

In most cases the cause is unknown and the disorder appears from the onset of skeletal growth.

This condition is also referred to as “swayback”.

LordosisLordosis

Infection of bone or bone marrow, usually caused by bacteria.

The infective process encompasses all of the bone components, including the bone marrow

Pus is produced within the bone, which may result in an abscess which then deprives the bone of its blood supply.

Because of the particulars of their blood supply, the tibia, femur, humerus, and vertebral bodies are especially prone

OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis

The most common type of malignant bone cancer, accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies.

Usually occurs in the area where the body of cartilage (that separates the epiphyses and the diaphysis) of tubular long bones is located.

50% of cases occur around the knee.

OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma

INQUIRY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSHoonPWwXQ

THE END!