Developements in the nursery sector in relation to chemical usage in Europe with particular reference to Germany

Dr. Heinrich Lösing, Wisch 7, D-21635 Jork, GermanyEmail: dr.loesing @t-online.de

Situation at the moment

• Gramoxone lost registration all over Europe, it may come back

• Future of soil fumigation is unsure

• Simazin and Lenacil loosing registration, Lenacil may come back

• Future of Goal is unsure

Soil fumigation, nematode control

Chemical Product Rate/ha Details

Dazomet, 970g/kg Basamid 250-500 kg

Metam-Sodium, 510 g/l Sistan, Vapam 300-600 l

Application only above 6-8°C soil temperature

• Fumigation also control nematodes and replant problems

• Do not treat dry soil

• Irrigation, covering with plastic or compaction of the soil after incorporation into the soil is important

• Bio-Fumigation is not the answer in nothern Europe.Some effect can be obtained with cover crops like Marygold

Pratylenchus-nematodes causing damage in many crops besides roses

Infested roots

Healthy root

New product: Nemathorin 10 G, Active ingrediant: Fosthiazate 100 g/kgApplication: Before planting or sowing only

Nemathorin 10 G – Results

Effect of Nemathorin 10 G on plant growth after the first vegetation periode (2006)

Control 30 kg/ha 60 kg/ha 120 kg/ha

Nemathorin 10 G, A.i: Fosthiazate 100 g/kg

Wintertreatment in transplanted nursery stock

During the winter season weeds like chickweed or annual grass are still growing, even under low temperature. Most of them are easy to control with:

Chemical Product Rate/ha DetailsGlyphosat, 360 g/l

Roundup 1,5-3 l Possible on some crops during winter-season with low rate, without adding anything else as top dressing

Paraquat, 100g/l

Gramoxone 3-6 l Possible on some decidious crops during the winter, not possible on „green bark“ species

Propyzamid, 50%

Kerb 50 W 1-5 kg Against grass and some other dicotyle weeds

Simazin, 500 g/l

Gesatop 50 1-3 l Many weeds are resistent, like common groundsel

Diquat (Reglone) could be a replacement for Gramoxone, not against gras-weed

Spring treatment in transplanted nursery stock, before flushing

Chemical Product Rate/ha DetailsChlortoluron,700 g/l

Dicuran 700 3 l Does not control Viola arvensis, good in control of groundsel, not in Abies

Diuron, 80% Karmex 2-3 kg Does not control Plantago, good in control of groundsel, not in Abies

Isoxaben,125 g/l

Galery 125Flexidor 125

2-4 l Does not control willow herb and grasses

Lenacil,80%

Venzar 1-2 kg Top-dressing without irrigation possible in summer, pure in groundsel

Linuron,47,5%

Afalon, Linuron

2-4 kg Strong in control of groundsel, not selective in Abies

Metazachlor,500 g/l

Butisan 1,5-3 l Not selective in Pinus, good against willow herb by late application

Pendimethalin400g/l

Stomp SC 3-5 l Selective in Larix, pure control of groundsel

Simazin, 50% Gesatop 50 1-3kg Problems with resistent weeds ,like groundsel

New herbicides for the future, without registration in Ireland:

Flazasulfuron Katana 25 WG, Chikara (ISK)

Flufenacet Firebird Diflufenican +Flufenacet+ Metosulam Terano (Bayer))

Foramsulfuron + Iodosulfuron MaisTer (Bayer)

Metosulam Tacco (Bayer)

Already with registration in Ireland, some not in nursery crops

Isoproturon Arelon liquid

Flumioxazin Sumimax

Terbuthylazine + Terbuthrin Opogard 500

Effect of different soil-active herbicides, spring treatment

Untreated

Arelon liquid 3 l/ha

Herold 0,5 kg/ha

Herbaflex 2 l/ha

Sumimax 0,6 kg/ha

Katana, Chikara 0,1 kg/ha

Terano+ Stomp 1 kg + 3 l/ha

0 10 20 30 40 50

Total weed coverage in %

Note: Results of 6 trials in 4 replications, Application in spring before flushing

Herbicide effect against established weeds in A. nordmannSpring treatment in April before flushing

Untreated

Shark, 1 l/ha

Basagran, 2 l/ha

Biathlon,70 g/ha

Lentagran WP, 2 kg/ha

Callisto, 1,5 l/ha

Mikado, 1,5 l/ha

Roundup 1,5 l/ha

MaisTer+Mero, 75 g +1 l/ha

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Total weed coverage in %

Treatment 4. April 2005, Results 31. May 2005

P11/2005, Krohn

Spring treatment in A. nordmanniana

Untreated control MaisTer 75 g/ha + Mero 1 l/ha

• MaisTer does not control Viola and Geranium

• „It is like Roundup with 3-4 month lasting effect“

Berberis thunbergii treated during flushing in spring

Untreated Terano powder Terano liquid

MaisTer powder MaisTer liquid

Sumimax Chikara, Katana

Annual meadow grass (a)• Growing nearly 12 month a year• Many grass products only get the

small stages, besides Gallant solo• Kerb 50 does give very good

results, even in summer when watering follows application

• MaisTer, new product, very good

Source: Different stages of annual meadow grass, Koch, Hurle 1978

Sumimax – a new product in nursery production

• Chemical: Flumiaxazin

• Soil and contact activity

> application before or after flushing, or interrow only

• Including moos control and most other grass and generell weeds

• Recomandation for experiments in the nursery

• Conifer seedbeds in winter first year: 150-250 g/ha

• Conifer transplanted: 400-500 g/ha

• Never use the recomanded rate of 1200 g/ha

Agropyron repens (Common Couch)Chemical Product Rate/ha

Cycloxydim, 100 g/l Stratus Ultra, Focus

3-5 l, top dressing in some crops

Propaquizafop, 100 g/I Falcon, Agil 1,25 l, top dressing in some cropsPropyzamid500 g/kg

Kerb 50 W > 2,5 kg, application during cold season

Quizalofop, 50 g/l Co-Pilot, Targa 2 l, top dressing in some crops

Fluazifop-p-butyl, 200g/l Fusilade Max 3-4 l, top dressing in some cropsGlyphosate, 360 g/l Roundup 2-3 l, careful interrow appli-

cation, better before plantingHaloxyfop, 10,75% Gallant solo 2 l, top dressing in some crops

• Weed should have 10-15 cm in size at time of application, longer lasting effect is obtained only with Glyphosat.

• Control of annual meadow grass (Poa annua) with special grass product is only possible in very early stage or with Gallant solo on none resistent areas.

• Clethodim and Tepraloxydim (Aramo) not yet available

Interrow-weed control during the summer

Chemical Product Rate/ha Details

Glufosinat, 183g/l Finale, Basta 5-7,5 lGlyphosat, 360 g/l Roundup 3-5 lGlyphosat-trimesium, 480 g/l

Touchdown 3-5 l

Paraquat, 100g/l Gramoxone 3-5 l Alternativ Reglone, no gras control

Use very careful

with low pressure

• combination with soil active herbicid (add about half rate) can bevery helpful.

• Roundup and Touchdown may be taken up by roots, with Finale, Basta, Reglone no root uptake

• sensitive crops like seedbeets in a early stage can be treated with Pyridate (Lentagran WP),

• Reglone (no grass control) is one alternativ for Gramoxone

New chemicals for Powdery mildew and other fungi:

Boscalid (BASF) solo or with Partner

Boscalid solo = Cantus

Boscalid + Kresoxim-methyl = Collis

Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin (F500) = Signum

Future in controlling fungi like Powdery mildew

• New chemicals from the Strobi-group are coming

• New products often are a combination from „Strobi“- and„azol“-group to get positive reaction from both:

Examples from farm crops in Ireland:

Kresoxim-methyl + Epoxiconazole = Allegro

Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole = Opera

Trifloxystrobin + Cyproconazole = Sphere

Experience for horticulture products is limited so far

Control of woolly and other aphids

• Many chemicals do not control Woolly aphids anymore

• Especially on Fagus it is a problem with resistance

• New chemicals like Actara, Mospilan, Calypso, Gazellebelonging to the „Admire“ family. The resistance problem will continue

• Additives like Break-Thru only give slight improvement

Woollly aphid on Fagus

24

Comparission of chemicals against Wolly aphid

Control of Woolly aphid on Fagus with different products

1

2

3

4

5

Untreated Actara, Azetamiprid 0,008%

Admire, Imidacloprid 0,03%

Trial chemical 0,02%

Plenum, Pymetrozin 0,12%

Boniturnote

before treatm. after 1 day after 3 days after 6 daysafter 12 days after 19 says after 30 days

Untreated Gazelle Admire Dantop PlenumAcetamiprid Imidacloprid Clothianidin Pymetrozine

25Annual report VuB, Ellerhoop, German 2003

Comparission of chemicals against Wolly aphid

Control of Wooly aphid on Fagus

1

2

3

4

5

Kontrolle Versuchs- mittel 0,02

Confidor 0,03

Plenum 0,01 +ProNet 0,2

Plenum 0,01 +ProFi. 0,15

Mospilan 0,025

Calypso 0,01

Bayth. 0,05 +ProNet.0,2

Boniturnote

vor der Behandlung

nach 1 Tag

nach 7 Tagen

Insektizid - Konzentration %

Dantop Admire Plenum Plenum Gazelle Calypso

Annual report VuB, 2002

Comparission of chemicals against Wolly aphid

Wirkung von Insektiziden gegen die Buchenblatt-Baumlaus

1

2

3

4

5

Kontrolle Dant.+Netz.je 0,015 %

Dantop0,015 %

Confidor0,015 %

Teppeki0,032 %

Versuchs-mittel

Teppeki0,016 %

Präparat

Befallsgrad

3 Tage nach Behandlung10 Tage nach Behandlung

P1/2006

Untreated Dantop + Dantop Admire Teppeki Teppeki

Gall midge (Dasyneura sp.) on Fagus and Quercus

• Admire*, Actara*, Calypso, Gazelle (= Mospilan) do not control the gall midge

• Extra treatments with Karate Zeon (lambda-Cyhalothrin) or Reldan 22 (Chlorpyriphos-methyl) are neccessary

* No registration in Ireland yet

Gall mites (Eriophyes and others)

- Do not produce a gall

- Very, very small

- Mainly on Carpinis, Fraxinus and sometimes Quercus and other ornamentals

- Sulphur is giving some control, especiallyon oak to control powdery mildew

Damage on F. excelsior

Contol of spider mites and gall mitesEffective againstProduct Chemical Group of

resistenceConcentration

eggs larvae adultsApollo Clofentezin B 0,24-0,48 l/ha x (x)

Envidor, Oberon

Spirodiclofen F 0,2-0,4 l/ha X X

Kanemite Azequinocyl G 1,25-2,5 l/ha X X

Kiron Fenproximat E 0,9-1,5 l/ha X X

Magister Fenazaquin E 0,15 ml/qm (X) X X

Masai Tebufenpyrad

E 0,3-0,6 kg/ha (X) X X

Milbeknock Milbemectin D 0,625-1 l/ha X X

Ordoval Hexythiazox E 0,25-0,5 kg/ha (X) X (X)

Vertimec, Dynamec

Abamectin D 0,6-1,2 l/ha X X

Conclusions 1

- new products always take very long (too long) to get registration

- nursery crops do not have enough acerage to be interesting for chemical companies all over Europe

- always check possibilities with already registered products from othercrops

- off lable use is a very important instrument for the future

- most problems with herbicides at the moment

Conclusions 2

New products with possibilities in forest nurseries

1. Herbicides

Flumioxazin, Flazasulfuron, Flufenacet, Foramsulfuron

2. Fungicides

Boscalid in combinations

3. Insecticides

Acetamiprid, Flonicamid (Teppeki)

Disclaimer:

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this presentation is complete and correct at this time.

The author does not accept liability for any error or ommission in the content, or for any loss, damage or other accident arising from the use of products listed above. Omission of a product does not necessarily mean that it is not approved and available to use.

It is essential to follow the instruction on the approved label before handling, storing or using any crop protection product.

Always start on a small scale with new products !