siti hafizah - penjajahan british a

7/31/2019 SITI HAFIZAH - Penjajahan British A

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British expansion


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British Arrival

Britain is one of the leading colonial power inthe past and now.

1. British colony has more than 80 countries where itbecome British colonial territory. Until now, there arestill areas that remain a British colony.

2. Malaysia was also under British empire.

Until now, the British occupation left a deepimpression on our country.


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BombayMadras


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Reasons

1. The British needed a port in the MalayArchipelago to China to facilitate trade.

2. The port is intended for the supply of Britishmerchant ships

i. The port can also act as collectors merchandisefrom the Malay Archipelago.

ii. Protection from enemies and pirates.

iii. British and French competition was also oneother reason why the British have alternativeports in the Malay Archipelago


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LOCATION BETWEEN INDIA, CHINA AND MALAYARCHIPELAGO


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British Interference

KEDAH

i. Kedah since the middle of the 17th century facinga threat from Siam. Siam wants Kedah because

wants Kedah to pay tribute ufti and supplyingsoldiers to war with the Burmese.

ii. It is some sort of Burdensome to Kedah in termsof paying the tribute ufti.


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KEDAH

Therefore Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah triedto get foreign (interference) in order to provideprotection to Kedah.

Therefore, he invited the British to come to Kedahwith a intention to get British protection.


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KEDAH

The British had come to Kedah for Penang asearly as 1770an. But negotiations for theacquisition has failed.

During the reign of Sultan Abdullah (1778 -1798), re-emerging threats from Siam. Thisforced the Sultan to consider the offer of Penang

to the British for military protection.


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KEDAH

Francis Light saw the opportunity as a chance toinsert British presence in Penang who had longedby the British.

Sultan of Kedah had discussions with FrancisLight, who represents the British East IndiaCompany (SHTI) for British protection from the

threat of Siam.


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KEDAH

Sultan of Kedah, Penang offers in return forprotection given by the British.

At this point, Francis Light had answered the offerby considering military assistance, but it needstime to bring this matter to BEIC.

Sultan also urged to get 30 000 (paseta) as annualrent money to BEIC.


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PENANG

1. Without giving a final decision on military aid, theBritish had landed and occupied Penang on August11, 1786.

2. Meanwhile, Francis Light had informed the BEIC

administration in India about the occupation ofPenang WITHOUT informing them of the militaryaid need to be given.

3. He also informed that, 30,000 paseto should notbeen paid but just a smaller amounts. Heacknowledges the ability BEIC who never gavemilitary aid to anyone.


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KEDAH REACTION

1. Sultan of Kedah became impatient waiting for help whichstill not arrived. Therefore, he decided to expel the Britishfrom Penang.

2. He strengthened the defenses, (especially Seberang Prai)

as a preparatory step to regain Penang in early 1791.

3. British, who knows the Sultan of Kedah plan had attackedthe Sultan of Kedah in advance. As a result, Kedah hadbeen defeated.

4. The defeat occurred because the forces are not ready andBritish using more modern weapons


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PENANG

1. It was painful loss. Sultan of Kedah had to surrenderto the British Colonial power

2. Sultan of Kedah will receive a 6000 Pesetas Spaineach year. Kedah is also required to sell rice to theBritish in Penang to overcome the shortage of rice

3. Kedah should be independent in order to defend hercountry from enemies within and outside threats.

4. With the British acquisition, the British claimedPenang as a duty free island to attract more traders.


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SEBERANG PERAI


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Wellesley

Acquisition of Penang brings dissatisfaction due tosome problems that often interfere with the British

administration in Penang.

1.Among them is the shortage of land for agricultureand security issues.

2. This has made the British persuaded the Sultan ofKedah submit Seberang Prai in 1800.


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Cont

With the submission of Wellesley, the British haveincreased the compensation to the Sultan of Kedahwhere 10 000 peseto per year

10 000 pesetas money is still paid to the Sultan ofKedah to this day. But the money is paid by thePenang state government instead of the Britishgovernment. END


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SINGAPORE

1. Before the advent of the British, there is a royaldispute among the Johor royal family.

2. Tengku Hussein has been set aside to be the

Sultan of Johor-Riau because he did not attendthe funeral of his.

3. His younger brother, Tengku Abdul Rahmancrowned as the Sultan in 1812.

Singapurawas under Temenggongs authorityknown as Wilayah Pegangan


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POSITION SINGAPURA AND JOHOR

PULAU RIAU


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THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES

1781 - 1826


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SINGAPORE

5. Stamford Raffles was sent by SHTI to explore newareas around Malay Archipelago in order to form thenew British base.

6. Penang's position in the far north made it difficult tothe British to compete with the Dutch trade in theMalay Archipelago.

7. Raffles see Singapore as the best choice afterthinking about the current situation that occurred inSingapore.


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SINGAPORE

9. Raffles was well awared of the political crisis inthe Johor Royal Family. Sultan Abdul Rahmanwas influenced by the Dutch. Therefore, Raffles

see Tengku Hussein as a useful tool to achieve theBritish aims.

10. Raffles proclaimed Tengku Hussein as Sultan ofJohor. After Tengku Hussein instated, Raffles

uses this situation to establish Singapore as aBritish base and port.


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SINGAPORE

11. As a result of the permission granted, SultanHussein granted 5000 Spanish pesetas andTemenggong Abdul Rahman granted 3000pesetas.

12. With the British occupation of Singapore, theBritish have 2 main ports in Malaya which are;Penang and Singapore.

13. Apart from Penang and Singapore, the Britishalso have bases in Bangkahulu (Bencoolen) inWest Sumatra.


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SINGAPORE

1. British occupation of Singapore does not meanthat the British have become the absolute power.Raffles agreement with Sultan Hussein only to

build the plant in Singapore.2. Meanwhile, Sultan Hussein, who lived lavishly

often face financial difficulties. At the same time,British delays the annual payment to the Sultan.


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SINGAPORE

3. As a result of this situation, the British haddecided to solve the problem by giving lump sumof money to the Sultan and Temenggong.

4. The annual payment is important for the Britishbecause of Sultan Hussein always urged theBritish by try to raise the annual payment to him.

5.With the lump sum amount of payment, It canresolve the pressure comes from Sultan.


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MALACCA

1. In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars haveerupted in Europe. This war has caused the Dutchoccupied by France. Perancis.

2. To avoid the Dutch colonial territories in the east fell

into the hands of France, King of the Netherlands hasissued a declaration to allow the British to take over theDutch territories in the east during the pendency of the

war ended.

3. As a result, the British took over Malacca and theislands of Indonesia from the Netherlands for a whileuntil the war in Europe ended.


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MALACCA

4. Up to the year 1818, the British occupied Malacca.When the war in Europe ended, the British forcedto give back these territories to the Dutch.

5. It creates dissatisfaction to the British as theseDutchs territories bring benefits to British trade.

6. British occupation in Singapore in year 1819 also

raised a protest by the Dutch as they claimed thatSingapore was under Dutch territories.


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MALACCA

7. As a result of this dispute, the British and theDutch agreed to negotiate. As a result, Treaty ofLondon in 1824 was endorsed.

8. Among the contents of this agreement includesthe inter change between Malacca to the Britishand Bangkahulu to the Dutch.

9. This agreement also divided the Malayarchipelago into two areas of influence. - Britishand Dutch.


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Penang

Kedah

Perlis

Perak

Pahang

Selangor

Negeri

Sembilan

Malacca

Johor

Singapore

Kelantan

Terengganu

Penang

Malacca

Singapore

The Straits Settlements

On 11th August 1786

Sir Francis Light capitalised on

the opportunity to takepossesion of Penang Islandwhen Sultan of Kedah ask forBritish protection from Siam.

On 6th February 1819

Sir Stamford Raffles arrived inSingapore and found it to bean ideal & strategic place as atrading center. He manage to

negotiated with JohorSultanate to cede Singapore

to British, in spite of violentprotest by the Dutch.

On 17th

March 1824The London Treaty was signed to solve theconflict between British & the Dutch in the Eastand to preserve each others interest. Throughthis treaty, the British obtained Malacca fromthe Dutch in exchange for Bancooleen inSumatra.

In 1826, the British combined thesethree states into one administrationunit called:-

Which later become the CROWNCOLONIES of the British.


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PERAK

1) In the 1870s, there was a problem of inheritance ofthe throne of Perak.

2) This is because THE QUALIFIED person does notbeen appointed to become the Sultan.

3) Since 1800, there was a system of succession to the

throne in order to solve the disputes.


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PERAK

In 1871, the problem gets worse when SutlanIsmail (Raja Bendahara) was appointed as aKing and Raja Abdullah (Raja Muda) wasexcluded from the throne succession of the

Sultan King Abdullah dismissed because he did not

attend the funeral custom of Sultan Ali, FormerSultan of Perak. It is required to the Rulers to

attend the funeral of former Sultan.. NgahIbrahim is the individual who plays the role inappointing Raja Ismail.


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PERAK

5) Britain has invited all the dispute parties to cometo the British ship named Pluto near the waters ofPulau Pangkor.

6) Almost all the dispute parties came except theSultan Ismail. He did not attend because hisstatus as the Sultan.

7) Pangkor Treaty was signed, and among the

important clauses are:


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PERAK

1) Sultan Abdullah WAS ANNOUNCED AS Sultan ofPerak. Sultan Ismail was announced as SultanMuda as well as received a pension total amount is$1000.

2) Perak Sultan agreed to accept a British residentwho will advise the sultan in all matters except inthe affairs of the Islamic religion and Malaycustom.

3) Residents advices need to be obliged in allmatters.

4) Ngah Ibrahim will receive a British officer know asAssistant Resident.


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PERAK

1) The British sent an experienced officer namedJWW Birch in Perak as British Resident. InLarut, Captain Speedy was appointed asAssistant Resident.

2) British arrival has created a lot of changes withregards to state of Perak administration. Manynew laws were introduced, particularly in

taxation and administrative affairs.3) Established government departments andpolice stations were built.


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PERAK

4) But not all the innovations introduced by theBritish had received a positive response fromthe Perak leaders.

5) Most of the leaders lost power to collect taxeswhile the Sultan of Perak lost his absolutepower .

6) Dissatisfaction had prompted the rise in Perakin 1875.


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SELANGOR

1) Previously, the British had to intervene in settingthe boundaries of Perak and Selangor in 1826.

2) Klang War began in 1867 as the Klang territorial

dispute between the Raja Mahadi and RajaAbdullah. Previously, it was dominated by RajaSulaiman , Raja Mahadis father.

3) The war get worse since Ghee Hin and Hai Sangroups in favor of conflicting parties.


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SELANGOR

SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD TUNKU DHIAUDDIN [KUDIN]


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SELANGOR

8.As a result of this agreement, J. G. Davidson wasappointed British Resident in Selangor

9.Implementation of the Resident in the Selangorstate system has worked well as shown thatDavidson efficient and understands the situation inthe Selangor state, compared to Birch in Perak.


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PAHANG

1. Before 1857, Pahang was administered by aTreasurer (Bendahara) who represented the Sultan

of Johor-Riau. But there is some weakness cause bythe Sultanate of Johor-Riau where they can liberatethemselves from the authority of the sultanate.

2. Finally the treasurer and his descendents declared as alegitimate ruler over Pahang State.

3. But after the death of Treasurer Wan Ali, there wasan arguments between his three sons about thesuccession to the throne


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PAHANG

4. This argument succeeded won by Wan Ahmad.He proclaimed himself Sultan in 1884 andappointed his son as Crown Prince.

5. Despite the pressures face by the Sultan. Sultan

Ahmad still reluctant to accept BritishResident.

6. But in October 1887, he had to accept a British

Consul. With the appointment of BritishCounsel means that Resident system cant beinserted in Pahang.


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PAHANG

1. But on Feb 1888, there was a murder whichinvolved British resident near Pekan Castle. Withthis murder, the British have used this issue as anexcuse to intervene on the state of Pahang.

2. The British government in London to givepermission to use force if the Sultan Wan Ahmadrefused to accept a British Resident


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PAHANG

3. But after been persuaded by Sultan Abu Bakar,then the Sultan tries to accept a British Resident.

4. In Oktober 1888, Sultan Wan Ahmad Sultan

Ahmad Wan has agree to receive a BritishResident where it has same duties as Resident inPerak and Selangor.

5. John Pickersgill Rodger was appointed the firstBritish Resident in Pahang.


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SULTAN and THE RESIDENT

SULTAN WAN AHMAD J. P. RODGER


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NEGERI SEMBILAN

5. Conflict started when there is struggle of powerbetween the Dato 'Bandar and Dato' Kelanawith regards in collecting taxes at the SungaiUjong.

6. The disputes between these leaders give affectover the export of tin out of the Sungei Ujong.

7. As a result, Chinese tin merchants (these were

British citizens) to appeal to the Governor ofthe Straits Settlements to intervene to solve theproblems.


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NEGERI SEMBILAN

1. To protect the Britishs interest, they (most of TheChinese merchants) were in favor of the Dato'Kelana and recognize him as the legitimateauthority in Sungei Ujong.

2. Dato 'Bandar, who lost in the war with Dato'Kelana had been granted a pension and deportedto Singapore.

3. Dato 'Kelana had accepted British authority byaccepting a Assistant Resident.

4. Gradually, the British managed to put theAssistant Residents in every luak in NegeriSembilan.


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NEGERI SEMBILAN

1) Finally after British successful inserted allAssitant Resident in everylulak. British tend tocombine all the luak in the name of NegeriSembilan where there is one ruler known asYang di Pertuan and was assisted by Resident asthe advisor.

2) In 1895, Yamtuan Antah was appointed as the

Yang Besar and Martin Lister was appointed thefirst Resident of Negeri Sembilan.


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The fight among the secret societies and succession dispute in Perak


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Penang

Kedah

Perlis

Perak

Pahang

Selangor

Negeri

Sembilan

Malacca

Johor

Singapore

Kelantan

Terengganu

Perak

Pahang

Selangor

Negeri

Sembilan

Federated Malay States (FMS)

The fight among the secret societies and succession dispute in Perakopened the door for the British to intervene.

In 1873, the Larut War have made thesituation so chaotic that RajaAbdullah sent a note to British askingfor help to establish a goodgovernment system which broughtabout the PANGKOR ENGAGEMENT.

This marked the beginning of BritishResidential System in Malaya with

Perak being the 1st state to receiveda British Resident.

In November 1873, when 8 Britishsubjects were killed in a pirateattack, British took it as an excuse tointervene in Selangor and force it tohave a British Resident.

The Civil war between Dato Kelana& Dato Bandar over the right tocollect taxes in Linggi River openedup the door for British to intervene inNegeri Sembilan.

When Sultan of Pahang wanted to sell itsland to foreign power, British fellthreatened and starts to look for anexcuse to intervene in Pahang.

In 1888, when a British citizen ismurdered outside the Sultans palace,the British use this as the reason to forcePahang to received a British Resident.

Weaknesses were noted in the British Resident System (especiallyafter the assassination of JWW Birch), which brought about theintroduction of a new system on 1 July 1896 know as:-


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KELANTAN, TERENGGANU, PERLIS, KEDAH

1. Before 1909, there four states were under Siamcolony. They are required to send tribute ufti toSiam at the prescribed rates.

2. These four states are considered as not veryprofitable by Siamese government and alsoendured a lot of debt.

3. Siam also received strong pressure from the British

to hand over there states. British fear that otherpowers such as Germany and France try to expandtheir power over these four states.


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4. So, an agreement was signed in March 1909between the British government with the Siamese.Siam agreed to hand over four states to the British.

5. With this agreement, the British would like to

insert British advisor over these states which hassimilar power as a Resident authority same as inPerak, Pahang, Selangor and NS.

6. However, the sultan in these four countries

opposed to the British idea on British advisorbecause they feared that they will face sameproblems as what happen in as PRK, PHG, SELand NS.


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7. Another reason for the opposition due to thererulers were not consulted with Siam or Britishbefore the agreement took placed.

8. However, the British managed to persuade therulers of the four states to sign an agreement toacknowledged the British domination of their

states.


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9. In contrast to the resident system, the sultan inthe four states are not required to accept theadvice from the British advisers, compared toResident system.

10. These four states were combined together andhad became the Federated Malay States(Negeri Negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu).

11. Compared to Federated States, they were lesscontrolled by British compared to PRK, PHG,SEL and NS.


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JOHORE

1) Since 1855, Johor is effectively ruled by the Royalfamily under Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.

2) In 1862, he was succeeded by his son Wan AbuBakar. Temenggong Abu Bakr, then change the hisroyal title to the Emperor in 1868 then turned tothe Sultan in 1885.

3) Under the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar, it showssignificant level of modernization where heinserted either local and west value in order todevelop Johor as modern sate in Malay at thattime.


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JOHORE

4. In 1885, Johor received a British consul. Johoralso signed a unique agreement with the Britishwhere Johor become British auspices (NegeriNaungan).

5. In administer domestic affairs, Johor remains as afree and independent states. In addition, Johor hasan efficient administrator, such as Abdul Rahman

Andak dan Mohd Salleh Perang.6. External affairs of the state of Johor was controlled

and supervised by the British in accordance to theAgreement.

JOHOR RULERS


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JOHOR RULERS

SULTAN ABU BAKAR [1862

1895]

SULTAN IBRAHIM [1895 1959]


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JOHORE

7) After the demise of Sultan Abu Bakar, hissuccessor, Sultan Ibrahim received tremendouspressure from the British to accept an Adviser.

8) Finally in 1914, Johor received its GeneralCounsel from British where it has more authoritycompared to British Counsel.

9) General Counsel will be a member of the Johor

State Executive Council, compared with theBritish Consul.


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JOHORE

10) Douglas Graham Campbell was appointed thefirst General Counsel of Johor in 1914

11) However, the General Counsel has limited powercompared to the Resident in Perak, Selangor, NSand Pahang.

12)With the appointment of a General Counsel,Johor was included within the Non-FederatedMalay States.


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