sistem sirkulasi - pert 2 - ind - edited.ppt

8/9/2019 Sistem Sirkulasi - pert 2 - IND - edited.ppt

1/187


2/187

02/15/15 2

Sistem

Sirkulasi

Secara Umum


3/187

Sistem Sirkulasi Tertutup pada Vertebrata


4/187


5/187


6/187


7/187

Sistem Sirkulasi pada Ikan

• 2 ruang jantung

• Sirkulasi Tunggal


8/187


9/187


10/187

Jantung Ikan


11/187


12/187


13/187


14/187

Sistem Sikrkulasi Katak

ruang !antung

2 atria dan satu

"entrikel


15/187


16/187


17/187

Aliran darah dalam jantung katak

Tubuh Atrium

kanan VentrikelLengkung

pulmokutanea

Paru-paru dan

kulit

Vena pulmonalis Atrium kiri

Ventrikel

Saat bernapas#

$esistensi ke

pulm%kutanea renda&

Saat tidak bernapas#

$esistensi ke pulm%kutanea tinggi


18/187

Sistem Sirkulasi 'atak 'atak memiliki atria ang terpisa& dan

"entrikel tunggal* Sirkulasi ganda

+ara& kaa %ksigen dan miskin %ksigen

&ana sedikit tercampur saat mele,ati

"entrikel*

+ara& kaa %ksigen dari "ena pulm%naliskemungkinan masuk dalam dinding

"entrikel bersp%n- se&ingga tidak bercampur

dengan dara& miskin %ksigen*

Paru.paru kecil- se&ingga dara& ada ang

Si t i k l i k k


19/187

Sistem sirkulasi kura-kura


20/187

Aliran darah dalam jantung kura-kura

Tubuh Atrium

kanan

Ventrikel

kiri Ventrikel kanan

Arteri pulmonalis


Aorta

1. Saat bernapas di darat

Paru-paru

Ventrikel kiri

(resistensi aliran dara& ke paru.paru renda&)

Pola kiri-kanan

Sebelum

atrium kiri

k%ntraksi


21/187

Aliran darah dalam jantung kura-kura…

Tubuh Atrium

kanan

Ventrikel

kiri Ventrikel kanan

Arteri pulmonalis


Aorta

1. Saat berada di dalam air

Paru-paru

Ventrikel kiri

(resistensi aliran dara& ke paru.paru tinggi-

resistensi aliran sistemik renda&)

Pola kanan-kiri

$esistensi

tinggi

X

X

XX

X

XXXXX

X


22/187

Aliran darah dalam jantung buaya

Tubuh Atrium

kanan Ventrikel kanan

Arteri pulmonalis


Arteri kanan

1. Saat bernapas di darat

Paru-paru

Ventrikel kiri

(resistensi aliran dara& ke paru.paru renda&)

Foramen panizae

Arteri kiri Tekanan pangkal arteri kiri

!entrikel kanan

X


23/187

Aliran darah dalam jantung buaya…

Tubuh Atrium

kanan Ventrikel kanan

Arteri pulmonalis


Arteri kanan

2. Saat berada di air

Paru-paru

Ventrikel kiri

(resistensi aliran dara& ke paru.paru

tinggi/tidak bernapas)

Foramen panizae

Arteri kiri Tekanan !entrikel kanani

pangkal arteri kiri

X

X

X

X

X

XXXXX

X

X

XX


24/187

Sistem Sikulasi Mamalia dan Burung


25/187

02/15/15 25

eneralisasi

sistem

sirkulasi


26/187


27/187

amalia dan urung

amalia dan burung memiliki dua "entrikel ang

terpisa& sempurna- se&ingga tidak ada

percampuran dara& kaa %ksigen dan miskin

%ksigen*

emiliki p%la sirkulasi ganda- sirkulasi sistemikdan sirkulasi pulm%nalis*

Si k l i d J t M i


28/187

Sirkulasi pada Jantung Manusia


29/187

Katup jantung menahan aliran balik darah

Siklus jantung


30/187

Siklus jantung

"#"le

Animation

http://www.innerbody.com/anim/heart.htmlhttp://www.innerbody.com/anim/heart.htmlhttp://www.innerbody.com/anim/heart.html


31/187

Sistem Elektrik Jantung


32/187


33/187


34/187

Sikl $ t


35/187

Siklus $antung

Pa"emaker %nodus sinoatrialis& menentukan tempo

detak jantung'

Sikl $ t


36/187

Siklus $antung

Sin#al men#ebar ke atria( tetapi ditunda di nodus

atrio!entrikularis

Sikl $ t


37/187

Siklus $antung

Sin#al( kemudian dihantarkan ke serabut Purkinje ke

ujung jantung

Sikl $ t


38/187

Siklus $antung

Kontraksi terjadi pada !entrikel'


39/187

Siklus Jantung


40/187

Fig. 42.

Siklus Jantung

Selamadiastol atria

dan diastol

!entrikel(

seluruh jantung

relaksasi

Siklus $antung


41/187

Fig. 42.

Siklus $antung

Sistolatrium(

atrium

kontraksi

Sikuls $antung


42/187

Fig. 42.

Sikuls $antung

Sistol

!entrikel(

!entrikelkontraksi'


43/187

Aliran )arah dalam $antung


44/187

trium kanan menerima dara& ter.de%ksigenasi (miskin %ksigen)*


45/187

+ara& kemudian mesuk ke "entrikel kanan melalui valvula trikuspidalis

Kontraksi ventrikel kanan mend%r%ng dara& melalui valvula


46/187

'e paru.paru

Kontraksi ventrikel kanan mend%r%ng dara& melalui valvula

semilunaris ke dalam arteri pulm%nalis menu!u paru-paru*

Setela& melalui kapiler paru paru darah yang teroksigenasi


47/187

3r%m lungs

Setela& melalui kapiler paru.paru- darah yang teroksigenasi

(kaya oksigen) kembali ke !antung melalui vena pulmonalis*


48/187

Atrium kiri menerima dara& dari vena pulmonalis.

+ara& melalui katup mitral (valvula bikuspidalis) masuk ke


49/187

+ara& melalui katup mitral (valvula bikuspidalis) masuk ke

ventrikel kiri*

Kontraksi ventrikel kiri mend%r%ng dara& mele,ati katup


50/187

Ke seluruh tubuh

semilunaris menu!u aorta. +ara& menalir ke semua bagian tubu& di

mana dara& memas%k %ksigen dari paru.paru dan nutrien dari sistem

pencernaan*

+ara& kembali dari tubu& melalui vena kava superior dan


51/187

+ara& kembali dari tubu& melalui vena kava superior dan

vena kava inverior*

Keepatan denyut !antung


52/187

Keepatan denyut !antung

(denyut nadi)

Keepatan denyut !antung saatistira&at sekitar 40 kali per menit

Aktivitas yang tinggi atau stress

dapat meningkatkan kecepatandenut !antung sampai 140 kali

per menit atau lebi&*

Sistem syara" dan &%rmon

meng%ntr%l ritme pacemakers


53/187

#ardia output$ Stroke %olume &

keepatan denyut !antung


54/187

Arteri dan %ena Jantung

(Koronaria)


55/187

P b l h ! h


56/187

Pembuluh !arah


57/187

re pembulu& /


58/187

re pembulu& /

kecepatan dara&/

Tekanan dara&

1* mati diagram di

samping6

2* +eskripsikan &ubungan

antara luas area- kecepatan

dara& dan tekanan dara&

untuk masing.masing


59/187

Saat arteri berabang-

penampang melintang

bertamba& menebabkan

tekanan dan keepatan alir

dara& s turun*

Pada mamalia- terdapat 'kali lipat peningkatan area

penampang melintang dari

a%rta ke kapiler*

Keepatan alir semula

sekitar 70.50 cm/s-

sebalikna di dalam kapiler

turun men!adi t% 8 0*1 cm/s*

rteri9


60/187

rteri9 Kontraksi !antung memacu dara& mengalir melalui pembulu& arteri- kapiler- dan

"ena*

%elositas aliran darah tertinggi ter!adi pada total area penampang melintangpaling keil- dan "el%sitas paling renda& ter!adi di area penampang melintang

paling besar*

Arteri mempunai t%tal area penampang melintang terkecil- sedangkan kapiler

mempunai t%tal penampang melintang paling besar*

%elositas tertinggi ter!adi pada aorta dan arteri pulmonalis- kemudian turun

dengan ta!am saat aliran dara& melalui kapiler- dan naik lagi saat dara& mengalir

melalui vena.


61/187

rteri

rteri


62/187

e

Secara umum arteri memiliki dinding yang tebal dan lebi& ber%t%t

dibanding "ena dengan diameter luar ang sama*

rteri mempunai 7 :ungsi utama#

• *enyalur darah di antara !antung dan kapiler

• *eservoir tekanan untuk mend%r%ng dara& ke dalam arteri%l ang berdiameterkecil

• Mempertahankan tekanan dan aliran ang dipacu %le& !antung dan

meng&asilkan aliran dara& ke kapiler*

• Mengontrol distribusi darah ke !aringan kapiler tertentu melalui k%sntriksi

ang selekti: dari cabang.cabang ak&ir p%&%n arteri*

Arteri+


63/187

te + ,ekanan darah arteri ditentukan %le& volume darah sistem arteri

ang terlibat dan si:at.si:at dindingna*

%olume darah dalam arteri adala& resultan dari pengisian %le&

k%ntraksi !antung dan pengosongan melalui arteri%l dan dalam

kapiler *

Jika cardiac output naik- tekanan dara& arteri akan naik*

Sebalikna- !ika aliran kapiler naik - tekanan dara& akan turun*

Si:at elastis dinding ber"ariasi* Secara umum elastisitas turun seiringturunna tebal lapisan otot dan bertamba&na !arak dari !antung.

+ekat !antung- arteri elastik memperta&ankan tekanan aliran ang

dipacu %le& k%ntraksi !antung*

rteri


64/187

rteri9

erubahan keil pada tekanan dapat mengasilkan perubahan

volume yang besar.

Sistem arteri yang elastisitasnya lebih rendah ber:ungsi

sebagai reservoir tekanan untuk memperta&ankan aliran dara&

kapiler*

Kontrol Sirkulasi Kapiler


65/187

rteri- arteri%l- dan metarteri%l ang

memas%k dara& ke kapiler -dindingna mengandung lapisansirkuler %t%t p%l%s*

'%ntraksi %t%t.%t%t p%l%s ini("as%k%nstriksi) penting dalammeng%ntr%l aliran dara& melaluikepiler*

$elaksasi %t%t p%l%s meng&asilkan"as%dilatasi- aitu suatu pelebarandiameter pembulu& ang

meningkatkan aliran dara&*

%ena


66/187

rteri%ena

Vena


67/187

Vena

%ena+


68/187

Sistem "ena ber:ungsi sebagai penalur pengembalian dara&

dari kapiler ke !antung*

Sistem "ena memiliki "%lume dara& ang besar- sistem tekanan

renda& dengan pembulu&.pembulu& berdiameter besar* Pada

mamalia- sistem "ena menimpan 50; t%tal "%lume dara&*

Sistem "ena ber:ungsi sebagai reser"%ir penimpanan dara&atau reservoir volume- karena peruba&an besar "%lume

berpengaru& kecil pada tekanan "ena*

%ena+


69/187

liran dara& "ena dipengaru&i %le& berbagai :akt%r#

. Aktivitas otot-otot kaki dan tekanan dia"ragma pada perutmeng&asilkan penekanan "ena dalam bagian.bagian tubu&*

. ernapasan pada mamalia berperan dalam pengembalian dara& "enake !antung* Jantung dan "ena besar berada pada r%ngga dada*

elebaran rongga dada menurunkan tekanan dalam dada- se&ingga

dara& tersed%t dari "ena kepala dan r%ngga perut*

/. Aliran darah

satu arah (keara& !antung)

ditentukan %le&

keberadaan

katup*

Vena9


70/187

Vena9

* Aktivitas peristaltik menebabkan aliran dara& "ena*

7* Pendara&an menurunkan reser"%ir dara& "ena*

• 'e&ilangan ini dik%mpensasi %le& %t%t p%l%s ang diiner"asi

%le& serabut.serabut adrenergic sympatetic*

• Stimulasi sara:.sara: ini menebabkan "as%k%nstriksi dan

pengurangan besar reser"%ir "ena*• $e:leks ini menebabkan beberapa pendara&an ter!adi tanpa

penurunan tekanan "ena*

5* 0tot polos vena membantu pengaturan distribusi dara&dalam sistem "ena* 'etika sese%rang berpinda& dari p%sisi

duduk ke p%sisi berdiri- peruba&an p%sisi !antung dan %takter&adap gra"itasi mengakti"asi serabut adrenergic

sympatetic ang menginer"asi "ena."ena kaki- menebabkan

kontraksi otot polos "ena dan memacu aliran dara& ang

terkumpul*

Kapiler


71/187

'apiler sangat kecil- kurang lebi&

berdiameter sama dengan satu sel darah

merah (


72/187

p

. Aliran darah yang lambat digunakan untuk bertukar substansi

di antara dara& dan !aringan*

2* Pertukaran gas dan >at lain ter!adi menembus kapiler ang

memiliki dinding setebal satu sel*

* +i dalam sebagian besar !aringan- kapiler ang menebar dalam !aringan- !auhnya tidak lebih dari tiga atau empat sel$ bahkan

hanya dua sel ang penting untuk trans:er gas- nutrien- dan >at

sampa&* '%ndisi ini !uga ber&ubungan dengan lambatna di:usi*

Tubuh manusia memiliki kapiler

7* Penetrasi kapiler di dalam !aringan sangat

luas* asing.masing kapiler melaani

!aringan 10 kali beratna*

Kapiler+


73/187

Modi"ikasi volume1!alur saluran

liran dara&melalui kapiler

dapat dikurangi

dengan ta!am *

S:inkter

prekapiler

Vas%k%nstriksi ? penutupan atau penempitan pembulu& dara&

Vas%dilatasi ? pembukaan atau pelebaran pembulu& dara&

“shunt”

Kapiler


74/187

Kapiler+


75/187


76/187

S"inkter prekapiler

merupakan cincin.cincin%t%t p%l%s ang

mengelilingi batas kapiler

dengan arteri%l atau

metarteri%l*

Kontraksi s"inkter

prekapiler dapat

meng&entikan aliran dara&ke !aring.!aring kapiler*


77/187

44

#ontoh "ungsi s"inkter prekapiler2

Peng%ntr%lan panas dengan mengurangi aliran dara& ke permukaan*

' U

@ I T

ABT CD@+

rea kapilet rea kapiler

liran arterial."enalTE$TUTUP

liran arterial."enal

EU'

liran panas

Vas%dilati%n Vas%c%nstricti%n

a r t e r i

a r t e r i

" e

n a

" e

n a

+IBIB

"apiler…


78/187

•5; dara& ang disirkuasi berada dalam kapiler

ertukaran #airan antara Kapiler dan Jaringan


79/187

,ekanan hidrostatik dara& menamba& potensial osmotik

negati" ang berkebalikan dari plasma dara&*

Air- ang mengandung m%lekul.m%lekul ang larut- did%r%ng

keluar kapiler melalui pori-pori keil pada dinding kapiler

%le& kelebihan tekanan hidrostatik *

ertukaran airan


80/187

antara kapiler dan !aringan+3radien antara airan 4nterstitial dan darah

'apiler merupakan tempat pertukaran materi antara dara& dan cairaninterstitial dan membasa&i !aringan*

Pertukaran cairan antara dara& dan cairan interstitial ditentukan %le&

keseimbangan antara tekanan darah positi" (tekanan &idr%statik)dan potensial osmotik negati" bersih pada plasma dara&*

P%tensial %sm%tik plasma dara& pada kaliper lebi& negati: daripada

p%tensial %sm%tik sekitar cairan insterstitial*

Pr%tein pada plasma dara& ang tidak dapat dengan muda&meninggalkan kapiler merupakan sumber perbedaan potensialosmotik * Bamun- cairan interstitial dan plasma dara& memilikik%nsentrasi i%n dan m%lekul kecil lain an miri *



81/187

,ekanan hidrostatik dara& menamba& potensial osmotik

negati" ang berkebalikan dari plasma dara&*

Air- ang mengandung m%lekul.m%lekul ang larut- did%r%ng

keluar kapiler melalui pori-pori keil pada dinding kapiler

%le& kelebihan tekanan hidrostatik *



82/187

l%%d pressure(&dr%static)

2 mm Ag

Plasma c%ll%idal %sm%tic p%tential.22 mm Ag

Bet pressure

10 mm Ag



83/187

+%r%ngan bersi& kurang dari pada u!ung ara& "ena (7 mm Hg kearah dalam vs 10 mm Hg ke arah luar pada ujung arah arteri) *

@ebi& sedikit air ang masuk kembali ke kapiler daripada ang

aslina tertinggal di u!ung ara& arteri*

'elebi&an cairan diambil %le& sistem lim:atik*


84/187


85/187

,lood "ells(

most

proteins'

Vesi"les large(

lipid-insoluble%proteins&

5iltrationF :luid and

small- lipid.ins%luble

m%lecules (,ater-

amin% acids- BaCl- gluc%se-

urea)

)i..usion

lipid-soluble

mole"ules

%/2( 0/2( lipids&


86/187


87/187

,ekanan 6arah


88/187

Tekanan dara& merupakan ukuran kekuatan angmuncul %le& dara& pada dinding arteri*

G C%nt% 120/


89/187

,lood pressure is measured b# to !alues3

Systoli# pressure 4 during !entri"ular "ontra"tions

!iastoli# pressure 4 beteen !entri"ular "ontra"tions

1easuring blood pressure


90/187

The "u.. is in.lated to stop blood .lo in the arm



91/187

Fig. 42.12

Pressure is released .rom the "u.. until blood .lo is

just audible belo the "u.. blood passes through the

"u.. onl# at highest pressure %s#stoli" pressure&



92/187

Further pressure is released .rom the "u.. until blood

.lo is "ontinuous and no longer audible %diastoli"

pressure&

Circuitr and pressure


93/187

a* Sstemic a* Pulm%nar

nimal pressure (kPa) pressure (kPa)

Tele%st :is& *H .

@ung:is& *5 2*<

mp&ibian 7*7 *2

$eptile 5*5 *5

ammal 15*5 2*5

ird 21*0 2*4

Pulm%nar pressures

are l%, and c%nstantAig&

pressure

circuit

in birdsand mammals6

Separate pulm%nar and sstemic circuits all%, terrestrial anim

t% &a"e &ig&.pressure circulat%r sstems and still breat&e air

8

Adr%static pressure


94/187

H7

Adr%static pressurera"it als% a::ects bl%%d pressure (esp* in big "essels)

%rks against bl%%d returning :r%m legs t% &eart

S%luti%nK

Dne,a "al"es in "eins

cti%n %: leg muscles pus&es bl%%d back up


95/187

ra"it e::ects bl%%d pressure

L meters

3ira""es 9ear support hose2 very thik$ tough blood vessels in legs:

Pressure is

l%,er up &ereBlood

pressure is

very high

at heart to

send bloodup to brain

(;/


96/187

Val"es in neck bl%%d "essels pre"ent back:l%,

Sst%lic pressure decreases ,&en gira::es drink

l%%d :l%, in &umans at rest


97/187

H4

Tissue ; bl%%d :l%,

@ungs 100

rain 17

Aeart 7

@i"er and gut 24

'idnes 20

Skeletal muscle 21

Skin 5

%ne H

Circuits arein parallel

Pulm%narCircuit

SstemicCircuit

Circuits

are in

series

T&%ug&t Muesti%n#

A%, mig&t eercise c&ange t&is distributi%nK

Sistem =im"atik


98/187

Sistem =im"atik


99/187

Sistem =im"atik


100/187

ater and plasma are :%rced :r%m t&e capillariesint% intracellular spaces*

T&is interstitial :luid transp%rts materials bet,een

cells*

%st %: t&is :luid is c%llected in t&e capillaries %: a

sec%ndar circulat%r sstem- t&e lmp&atic sstem* 3luid in t&is sstem is kn%,n as lmp&*


101/187

@mp& :l%,s :r%m small lmp& capillaries int%lmp& "essels t&at are similar t% "eins in &a"ing

"al"es t&at pre"ent back:l%,*

@mp& "essels c%nnect t% lmp& n%des- lmp&%rgans- %r t% t&e cardi%"ascular sstem at t&e

t&%racic duct and rig&t lmp&atic duct*


102/187

@mp& n%des are small irregularl s&aped masses

t&r%ug& ,&ic& lmp& "essels :l%,* Clusters %: n%des %ccur in t&e armpits- gr%in- and

neck*

Cells %: t&e immune system line c&annels t&r%ug&t&e n%des and attack bacteria and "iruses tra"elingin t&e lmp&*

T&e @mp&atic Sstem


103/187

3ig* 7*5

separate sstem %:

"essels- t&e lmp&atic

sstem- returns ecess

tissue :luid t% t&e bl%%d*

@mp&atic ducts drain

int% t&e "en%us sstem

near t&e &eart*


104/187


105/187


106/187

Main #hannels o" =ymphatis

Ma!or =ymphati %essels o" the ,runk


107/187

Ma!or =ymphati %essels o" the ,runk


108/187

@mp& c%ntains:at and pr%teins


109/187

:at and pr%teins

being returned t% t&e

"en%us sstem

@acteals. lmp&atic

"essels draining t&e

digesti"e tract

::erent Vessels

E::erent Vessels

,onsils


110/187

,onsils

S l


111/187

Spleen

,hymus 3land


112/187

,hymus 3land


113/187

C%rte


114/187

edulla


115/187

5untion o" the =ymphati System


116/187

5untion o" the =ymphati System

G +e:ense against &arm:ul %rganisms and c&emicals

G 2 tpes %: de:ense

B%nspeci:ic

Speci:ic

G Speci:ic de:ense ? immunit

Aum%ral immunit in"%l"es cells t&at bec%me plasma cells ,&ic&

pr%duce antib%dies t&at bind ,it& speci:ic antigens*

Cell.mediated immunit in"%l"es T cells t&at directl destr% :%reign

cells

6erivation and 6istribution o"

= h t


117/187

=ymphoytes

6arah


118/187

6arah

3uncti%ns


119/187

3uncti%ns

dult G St%re $Cs

G Pr%duce lmp&%ctes

G St%re ir%n

G +estr% ,%rn %ut $Cs

3etus G Pr%duce $Cs

>hat is plasma?


120/187

Plasma is a stra-"olored li5uid that "ontains

dissol!ed proteins( salts( minerals( and hormones


121/187

7emopoiesis


122/187

Aem%p%iesis %utline


123/187


124/187


125/187


126/187

lasma

Pl i t& li id t : t& bl d


127/187

Plasma is t&e liMuid c%mp%nent %: t&e bl%%d*

Plasma is ab%ut L0 ; %: a "%lume %: bl%%dF cells and:ragments are 70;*

Plasma &as H0; ,ater and 10; diss%l"ed materials

including# pr%teins- gluc%se- i%ns- &%rm%nes- and gases*

It acts as a bu::er- maintaining pA near 4*7*

Plasma c%ntains nutrients- ,astes- salts- pr%teins- etc*

Pr%teins in t&e bl%%d aid in transp%rt %: large m%leculessuc& as c&%lester%l*


128/187

$ d l d C ll


129/187

$ed l%%d Cells

$ed bl%%d cells- als% kn%,n as ert&r%ctes- are :lattened-d%ubl c%nca"e cells ab%ut 4 =m in diameter t&at carr%gen ass%ciated in t&e cellNs &em%gl%bin*

ature &uman ert&r%ctes lack a nucleus*

T&e are small- 7 t% L milli%n cells per cubic millimeter %: bl%%d- and &a"e 200 milli%n &em%gl%bin m%lecules per cell*

Aumans &a"e a t%tal %: 25 trilli%n (ab%ut 1/ %: all t&e cellsin t&e b%d)*

$ed bl%%d cells are c%ntinu%usl manu:actured in redmarr%, %: l%ng b%nes- ribs- skull- and "ertebrae*

@i:e.span %: an ert&r%cte is %nl 120 das-

:t &i & t& d t d i t& li d

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossE.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossE.html


130/187

a:ter ,&ic& t&e are destr%ed in t&e li"er and

spleen* Ir%n :r%m &em%gl%bin is rec%"ered and reused

b red marr%,*

T&e li"er degrades t&e &eme units and secretest&em as pigment in t&e bile- resp%nsible :%r t&e

c%l%r %: :eces*

Eac& sec%nd 2 milli%n red bl%%d cells are pr%duced t% replace t&%se taken %ut %:

circulati%n*

>hat is blood?$ed blood #ells % er thro# tes


131/187

$ed blood #ells % erythro#ytes

These are the most numerous "ells in the blood

Their dimpled shape gi!es them e6tra sur.a"e area

The# are pa"ked .ull o. the

pigment hemoglobin

>hat is blood?&emoglobin


132/187

&emoglobin

Four subunit pol#peptide "hains

7a"h subunit

pol#peptide "hain has

an iron-ri"h hemegroup

7a"h heme group "an

re!ersibl# bind one /2 mole"ule

>hat is blood?&emoglobin


133/187

&emoglobin

0arries 8 9+ timesmore /2 than

dissol!es in the

plasma

Also "arries 0/2( but

ith mu"h less a..init#

than .or /2

>hat is blood?$ed blood #ells % erythro#ytes


134/187

$ed blood #ells % erythro#ytes

Produ"ed in the bone marroLi!e 8 :2+ da#s

)ead and damaged "ells are

remo!ed .rom "ir"ulation b#the li!er and spleen

&ite l%%d Cells


135/187

&ite bl%%d cells- als% kn%,n as leuk%ctes- are larger t&anert&r%ctes- &a"e a nucleus- and lack &em%gl%bin*

T&e :uncti%n in t&e cellular immune resp%nse*

&ite bl%%d cells (leuk%ctes) are less t&an 1; %: t&e bl%%dNs "%lume*

T&e are made :r%m stem cells in b%ne marr%,*

T&ere are :i"e tpes %: leuk%ctes- imp%rtant c%mp%nents %:t&e immune sstem

&ite bl%%d cells can sMuee>e t&r%ug& p%res in t&ecapillaries and :ig&t in:ecti%us diseases in interstitial areas

3i"e tpes %: Cs


136/187

3i"e tpes %: Cs

Beutr%p&ils

acr%p&ages

@mp&%ctes E%sin%p&ils

as%p&ils

>hat is blood?'hite blood #ells ( types o) leuko#ytes


137/187

'hite blood #ells ( types o) leuko#ytes

Produ"ed b# the bone marro

0olle"ti!e .un"tion is to .ight in.e"tion

Fig. 42.1*


138/187

Beutr%p&ils


139/187

Beutr%p&ils

T&e m%st abundant %: t&e Cs*

Beutr%p&ils sMuee>e t&r%ug& t&e capillar ,alls and int%

in:ected tissue ,&ere t&e kill t&e in"aders (e*g*- bacteria) and t&en engul: t&e remnants b p&ag%ct%sis*

T&is is a ne"er.ending task- e"en in &ealt& pe%ple# Dur

t&r%at- nasal passages- and c%l%n &arb%r "ast numbers %:

bacteria* %st %: t&ese are c%mmensals- and d% us n%&arm* ut t&at is because neutr%p&ils keep t&em in c&eck


140/187

acr%p&ages


141/187

acr%p&ages

acr%p&ages are large- p&ag%ctic cells t&atengul:

1* :%reign material (antigens) t&at enter t&e b%d

dead and

2* ding cells %: t&e b%d*

T&e release ,&ite bl%%d cell gr%,t& :act%rs-

causing a p%pulati%n increase :%r ,&ite bl%%d

cells*


142/187

@mp&%ctes


143/187

@mp&%ctes

T&ere are se"eral kinds %: lmp&%ctes (alt&%ug& t&e all l%%kalike under t&e micr%sc%pe)- eac& ,it& di::erent :uncti%ns t%

per:%rm * T&e m%st c%mm%n tpes %: lmp&%ctes are

B lymphoytes (O cellsO)* T&ese are resp%nsible :%r making

antib%dies*

, lymphoytes (OT cellsO)* T&ere are se"eral subsets %: t&ese#

G in"lammatory , ells t&at recruit macr%p&ages and neutr%p&ils t% t&e site %:

in:ecti%n %r %t&er tissue damage

G ytoto@i , lymphoytes (CT@s) t&at kill "irus.in:ected and- per&aps- tum%r

cells

G helper , ells t&at en&ance t&e pr%ducti%n %: antib%dies b cells


144/187


145/187

E%sin%p&ils


146/187

T&e number %: e%sin%p&ils in t&e bl%%d is n%rmall

Muite l%, (0G750/=l)*

A%,e"er- t&eir numbers increase s&arpl in certaindiseases- especiall in:ecti%ns b parasitic ,%rms*

E%sin%p&ils are ct%t%ic- releasing t&e c%ntents %:

t&eir granules %n t&e in"ader*


147/187

as%p&ils


148/187

T&e number %: bas%p&ils als% increases during in:ecti%n*

as%p&ils lea"e t&e bl%%d and accumulate at t&e site %:in:ecti%n %r %t&er in:lammati%n*

T&ere t&e disc&arge t&e c%ntents %: t&eir granules- releasing a"ariet %: mediat%rs suc& as#

1* &istamine

2* ser%t%nin

* pr%staglandins and leuk%trienes

,&ic& increase t&e bl%%d :l%, t% t&e area and in %t&er ,asadd t% t&e in:lammat%r pr%cess* T&e mediat%rs released b

bas%p&ils als% pla an imp%rtant part in s%me allergicresp%nses suc& as

&a :e"er and

an anap&lactic resp%nse t% insect stings*


149/187

Platelets


150/187

Platelets

Platelets result :r%m cell :ragmentati%n and are

in"%l"ed ,it& cl%tting*

Platelets are cell :ragments t&at bud %::

megakar%ctes in b%ne marr%,*

T&e carr c&emicals essential t% bl%%d cl%tting*

Platelets sur"i"e :%r 10 das be:%re being rem%"ed

b t&e li"er and spleen* T&ere are 150-000 t% 00-000 platelets in eac&

milliliter %: bl%%d*

Platelets stick and ad&ere t% tears in bl%%d"esselsF t&e als% release cl%tting :act%rs*


151/187

g

&em%p&iliacNs bl%%d cann%t cl%t* Pr%"idingc%rrect pr%teins (cl%tting :act%rs) &as been ac%mm%n met&%d %: treating &em%p&iliacs* It&as als% led t% AIV transmissi%n due t% t&e use

%: trans:usi%ns and use %: c%ntaminated bl%%d pr%ducts*

bl%%d cl%t is a plug o" platelets enmes&ed ina net,%rk %: ins%luble "ibrin m%lecules*


152/187

7uman AB0 Blood 3roups


153/187

$C membranes &a"e glc%pr%tein antigens %n t&eir eternal sur:aces*

T&ese antigens are#

* UniMue t% t&e indi"idual

* $ec%gni>ed as :%reign i: trans:used int% an%t&er indi"idual

* Pr%m%ters %: agglutinati%n and are re:erred t% as agglutin%gens

Presence %r absence %: t&ese antigens is used t% classi: bl%%d gr%ups

*h-Based 7emolyti 6isease o" the e9born


154/187

Aem%ltic disease %: t&e ne,b%rn G $& antib%dies %: a sensiti>ed $&G

m%t&er cr%ss t&e placenta and attack and destr% t&e $Cs %: an $&ab

$&G m%t&er bec%mes sensiti>ed ,&en $& bl%%d (:r%m a pre"i%us

pregnanc %: an $& bab %r a $& trans:usi%n) causes &er b%d t%snt&esis $& antib%dies*

T&e drug $&% can pre"ent t&e $&G m%t&er :r%m bec%ming

Sensiti>ed*

Treatment %: &em%ltic disease %: t&e ne,b%rn in"%l"es pre.birt&

trans:usi%ns and ec&ange trans:usi%ns a:ter birt&


155/187

,he roess o" #lotting

latelets Platelets are fragments of


156/187

megakaryocytes with a lue!

staining %uter regi%n and a purple granular center

T&e d% n%t c%ntain a

nucleus*

T&eir granules c%ntain

ser%t%nin- Ca2- en>mes-+P- and platelet.deri"ed

gr%,t& :act%r (P+3)

latelets+Platelets :uncti%n in t&e


157/187

cl%tting mec&anism b

:%rming a temp%rar plug

t&at &elps seal breaks in

bl%%d "essels*

T&e als% pla a ke r%le in

bl%%d :%rmati%n %: :ibrin

:r%m :ibrin%gen*

Platelets n%t in"%l"ed in

cl%tting are kept inacti"e b

BD and pr%staglandin I2


158/187


159/187


160/187

0lot Formation - 1i"rograph


161/187

+namics %: l%%d Circulati%n


162/187

21.1L2

Interrelati%ns&ips bet,een

G Pressure

G 3l%,

G $esistance

G C%ntr%l mec&anisms t&at regulate bl%%d

pressure

G l%%d :l%, t&r%ug& "essels

@aminar and Turbulent 3l%,

@ i :l


163/187

21.1L

@aminar :l%,

G Streamlined

G Duterm%st laer

m%"ing sl%,est and

center m%"ing :astest

Turbulent :l%,

G Interrupted

G $ate %: :l%, eceeds

critical "el%cit

G 3luid passes a

c%nstricti%n- s&arp

turn- r%ug& sur:ace

l%%d Pressure


164/187

21.1L7

easure %: :%rce eerted b bl%%d against

t&e ,all

l%%d m%"es t&r%ug& "essels because %: bl%%d pressure

easured b listening :%r '%r%tk%:: s%unds

pr%duced b turbulent :l%, in arteries as pressure released :r%m bl%%d pressure cu::

l%%d Pressure easurement


165/187

21.1L5

l%%d 3l%,- P%iseuilles @a,

and Visc%sit


166/187

21.1LL

l%%d :l%,

G m%unt %: bl%%d

m%"ing t&r%ug& a

"essel in a gi"en time peri%d

G +irectl pr%p%rti%nal

t% pressure di::erences-

in"ersel pr%p%rti%nalt% resistance

P%iseuilles @a, G 3l%, decreases ,&en

resistance increases

G 3l%, resistance

decreases ,&en "esseldiameter increases

Visc%sit G easure %: resistance

%: liMuid t% :l%,

G s "isc%sit increases- pressure reMuired t%:l%, increases

Critical Cl%sing Pressure-@aplaces @a, and C%mpliance


167/187

21.1L4

Critical cl%sing pressure G Pressure at ,&ic& a bl%%d

"essel c%llapses and bl%%d

:l%, st%ps

@aplaces @a,

G 3%rce acting %n bl%%d

"essel ,all is pr%p%rti%nalt% diameter %: t&e "essel

times bl%%d pressure

Vascular c%mpliance G Tendenc :%r bl%%d

"essel "%lume t%

increase as bl%%d

pressure increases G %re easil t&e "essel

,all stretc&es- t&e

greater its c%mpliance

G Ven%us sstem &as alarge c%mpliance and

acts as a bl%%d

reser"%ir

P&si%l%g %: SstemicCirculati%n


168/187

21.1L<

+etermined b G nat%m %: circulat%r sstem

G +namics %: bl%%d :l%,

G $egulat%r mec&anisms t&at c%ntr%l &eart and bl%%d "essels

l%%d "%lume

G %st in t&e "eins

G Smaller "%lumes in arteries and capillaries

Pulse Pressure


169/187

21.1LH

+i::erence bet,een sst%lic and diast%lic pressures

Increases ,&en str%ke "%lume increases %r "ascularc%mpliance decreases

Pulse pressure can be used t% take a pulse t% determine&eart rate and r&t&micit

Capillar Ec&ange andInterstitial 3luid V%lume $egulati%n


170/187

21.140

g

l%%d pressure- capillar permeabilit- and

%sm%sis a::ect m%"ement %: :luid :r%m

capillaries net m%"ement %: :luid %ccurs :r%m bl%%d

int% tissues* 3luid gained b tissues is

rem%"ed b lmp&atic sstem*

Vein C&aracteristics andE::ect %: ra"it %n l%%d


171/187

21.141

PressureVein C&aracteristics

Ven%us return t% &eart

increases due t%increase in bl%%d

"%lume- "en%us t%ne-

and arteri%le dilati%n

E::ect %: ra"it

In a standing p%siti%n-

&dr%static pressurecaused b gra"it

increases bl%%d

pressure bel%, t&e

&eart and decreases pressure ab%"e t&e

&eart

C%ntr%l %: l%%d 3l%, b Tissues


172/187

21.142

@%cal c%ntr%l

G In m%st tissues- bl%%d :l%, is pr%p%rti%nal t%

metab%lic needs %: tissues

Ber"%us Sstem

G $esp%nsible :%r r%uting bl%%d :l%, and

maintaining bl%%d pressure

A%rm%nal C%ntr%l

G Smpat&etic acti%n p%tentials stimulate

epinep&rine and n%repinep&rine

@%cal C%ntr%l %: l%%d 3l%, b Tissues


173/187

21.14

l%%d :l%, can increase 4.< times as a result %: "as%dilati%n %:metarteri%les and precapillar sp&incters in resp%nse t%increased rate %: metab%lism G Vas%dilat%r substances pr%duced as metab%lism increases

G Vas%m%ti%n is peri%dic c%ntracti%n and relaati%n %: precapillarsp&incters


174/187

S&%rt.Term $egulati%n %: l%%d Pressure


175/187

21.145

ar%recept%r re:lees G C&ange perip&eral resistance- &eart rate- and str%ke

"%lume in resp%nse t% c&anges in bl%%d pressure

C&em%recept%r re:lees G Sens%r recept%rs sensiti"e t% %gen- carb%n di%ide-and pA le"els %: bl%%d

Central ner"%us sstem isc&emic resp%nse G $esults :r%m &ig& carb%n di%ide %r l%, pA le"els in

medulla and increases perip&eral resistance

ar%recept%r $e:le C%ntr%l


176/187

21.14L

ar%recept%r E::ects


177/187

21.144

C&em%recept%r $e:le C%ntr%l


178/187

21.14<

E::ects %: pA and ases


179/187

21.14H

#ardiovasular diseases

)isorders o. the heart and blood !essels


180/187

)isorders o. the heart and blood !essels

Leading "auses o. death in the ;SA %8 : million

people ea"h #r&

&ypertension %high blood pressure&( o.ten "aused b#"onstri"tion o. the arteries and arterioles( "an strain

the heart


181/187

laues are t&ickened

arter and arteri%le

,allsF sm%%t& muscle

in:iltrated b lipids

(especiall l%,.densit

lip%pr%teins- @+@s- t&e

Qbad c&%lester%lsR)

,ardioas#ular diseases


182/187

Atheroslerosis is t&ec%nditi%n in ,&ic&

plaMues impair

circulati%n

Arterioslerosis is a

m%re ad"anced

c%nditi%n in ,&ic&

plaMues bec%me&ardened b calcium

dep%sits



183/187

PlaMues are %:ten sites

%: cl%tting ,it&in

"esselsF thrombus (cl%t

:%rmed :%und at t&e

site %: bl%ckage) %r

embolus (cl%t

transp%rted ,it&in t&e

bl%%d t% its site %: bl%ckage)


$estricted bl%%d :l%, ,it&in t&e oronary arteries (,&ic&


184/187

$estricted bl%%d :l%, ,it&in t&e oronary arteries (,&ic&

deli"er bl%%d t% &eart tissues) ma cause c&est pains(angina)


l%ckage :r%m a thrombus %r embolus %: c%r%nar arteries


185/187

l%ckage :r%m a thrombus %r embolus %: c%r%nar arteries

is %ne cause %: heart attak

A similar blo"kage in the brain is a "ause o. stroke


E i l : t di t d b ti : ki d


186/187

Eercise- l%,.:at diet- and abstinence :r%m sm%king and

alc%&%l abuse all pr%m%te a &ealt& &eart

liran dara&

Si t i k l i k i t


187/187

Sistem sirkulasi merupakan sistem

berelan!utan ang tertutup dengan

bagian.bagian ang memiliki tekanan

dara& tinggi dan renda&

sistem sirkulasi - pert 2 - ind - edited.ppt

Documents