SISTEM SARAF(NERVOUS SYSTEM)

DR. HJ. ABDUL RASHID HJ. SAID.CONSULTANT PSYCHIATRISTHOSPITAL TUANKU FAUZIAH

CONTENTS Anatomi Sistem Saraf

Sistem Saraf Pusat (CNS)(otak dan saraf tunjang)

Sistem Saraf Periferi (PNS)# sensori (afferent)# motor (efferent)

@ somatic motor nervous system@ autonomic * simpatetik

* parasimpatetik

Coronal Section

Sagital section

FUNGSI SISTEM SARAF Input sensori Integrasi Homeostasis Mental activity conciousness, memory,

thinking etc. Control of muscles, organs and glands

Functions of Nervous System Gathers information - sensory

Transmits the information - sensory

Processes the information - integrative

Sends information - motor function

Neuron Basic functional unit of the Nervous System

Cell Body Single Axon Dendrites

Multiple Sclerosis

CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

NEURON - multipolar- bipolar- unipolar

NEUROGLIA - Astrocytes- Ependymal cells- Microglia- Oligodendrocytes- Schwann cells

Types of Neuron (Function) Sensory neurons - Afferent

Motor neurons - Efferent

Interneuron - Connect sensory and motor neuron and carry impulses between them.

Cells of the nervous system

Astrocytes

Microglia

Organization of the Nervous Tissue Gray matter (cortex) groups of neuron cell

bodies and their dendrites. Clusters of gray matter located deeper in the brain are called nuclei.

In the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a cluster of neuron cell bodies ganglion (a swelling or knot).

Bundles of paralled axons with their myelinesheaths are whitish in colour white matter

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL AND NEURAL PATHWAY

Action potential Resting membrane potential Impulse Stimulus Polarization Depolarization Repolarization

The nerve impulses. Italian scientist Luigi Galvani found that

nerve tissue display electrical activity nerve impulse a flow of electrical charges along the cell membranes of a neuron.

Electrical activity is due to movement of ions ( potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+) across the cell membrane.

The nerve impulses. The movement of these ions is affected by

their ability to pass through the cell membrane (Sodium and Potassium Pump)

The electrical charge different between inside and outside cell POTENTIAL.

RESTING POTENTIAL

RESTING POTENTIAL As a result of resting potential the neuron is

said to be POLARIZED.

A STIMULUS is a change in the environment that may be insufficient/sufficient strength to initiate an impulse. (ALL or NONE LAW)

The ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse is known as -EXCITABILITY

THE MOVING IMPULSE

REPOLARIZATION

NERVE CONDUCTION MYELIN SHEATH.

WITHOUT MYELIN SHEATH

One way conduction/propagation

ALL or NONE Law.

The Synapse

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS SYNAPTIC CLEFT

BRAIN WAVES Brain waves summation of the electrical

activity of the brain. Measured by Electroencephalogram

(EEG) 4 basic waves alpha

- beta- theta- delta

EEG graph of Epilepsy

Diseases Related to Lack of Neurotransmitter

Dopamine - Parkinson Disease

Acetylcholine Dementia (Nyanyuk)

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) -Epilepsy

Meninges 3 lapisan utama

i. Dura mater ii. Arachnoid mater iii. Pia mater

MENINGITIS INFEKSI SELAPUT LAPISAN OTAK KETIGA-TIGA LAPISAN TERLIBAT JIKA TISU OTAK TERLIBAT -

MENINGOENCEPHALITIS

Peralatan yang digunakan Plain radiography (sinaran x)

Computerised Tomography Scan (CT Scan).

Magnetic Resonance Imaging. (MRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET).

CRANIAL NERVES

Disease of Cranial Nerve Bells Palsy 7th Nerve Palsy.

Commonly due to viral infection.

CEREBELLUM

Fungsi Cerebellum Involved in balance and muscle

coordination. To compare the intended action with what

is occurring and modify the action to eliminate the difference.

If damaged muscles tone decreases and fine motor movements become very clumpsy.

THE SPINAL CORD

SPINAL CORD A communication link between the brain

and peripheral nervous system. 42 45 cm. 31 spinal nerves that emerge from the

spinal cord. AXONS BUNDLED TOGETHER NERVE Each spinal nerve consists dorsal root and

ventral root

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS).

All the nervous system outside the spinal cord and brain.

Can be divided into 2 division:-1. Sensory division2. Motor Division

a. Somaticb. Autonomic

The Somatic Nervous System Regulates activities that are under

concious control movement of skeletal muscles.

Many nerves within this system are part of reflexes and can act automatically eg. Knee reflex

The Spinal Reflex Patella Reflex

Autonomic Nervous System Regulates activities that are automatic or

involuntary. Not under concious control. Striking a balance or maintaining

homeostasis of the body. Further divided into 2 sympathetic

(activates) and parasympathetic (retards).