Sistem PendukungKeputusanM. Ali Fauzi

Decision Support System

M. Ali Fauzi

Decision Support Systems Concepts, Methodologies, and Technologies: An Overview

DSS Example :Opening Vignette

Opening Vignette

“Decision Support System for Health Care”

Opening Vignette

Projected Vacancy Rate versus Desired Vacancy Rate

Opening Vignette

"What-if" scenario with 6 additional RN recruiters

Opening Vignette

Demanded Hours versus Total Actual Hours versus Total Actual Hours with New Hires

DSS Configuration

DSS Conf.

Many configurations exist; based on

~ management-decision situation ~ specific technologies used for support

DSS Conf.

DSS have three basic components

~ Data~ Model~ User Interface~ (optional) Knowledge

DSS Conf.

DSS Description

DSS Desc.

An early definition of DSSA system intended to support managerial decision makers in semistructured and unstructured decision situations

An early definition of DSSmeant to be adjuncts to decision makers (extendingtheir capabilities but not replacing their judgment)

DSS Desc.

An early definition of DSSaimed at decisions that required judgment or at decisions that could not be completely supported by algorithms

DSS Desc.

An early definition of DSSwould be computer based; operate interactively; and would have graphical output capabilities…

DSS Desc.

DSS is an approach (or methodology) for supportingdecision making

DSS Desc.

uses an interactive, flexible, adaptable computer-based information system (CBIS)

DSS Desc.

developed (by end user) for supporting the solution to a specific nonstructuredmanagement problem

DSS Desc.

uses data, model and knowledge along with a friendly (often graphical; Web-based) user interface

DSS Desc.

incorporate the decision maker's own insights

DSS Desc.

supports all phases of decision making

DSS Desc.

can be used by a single user or by many people

DSS Desc.

New Term :Business Intelligent

Evolution of DSS into Business IntelligenceUse of DSS moved from specialist to managers, and then whomever, whenever, wherever

Business Intelligence

Evolution of DSS into Business IntelligenceEnabling tools like OLAP, data warehousing, data mining, intelligent systems, delivered via Web technology have collectively led to the term “business intelligence” (BI) and “business analytics”

Business Intelligence

BI is an umbrella term that combines architectures, tools, databases, analytical tools, applications, and methodologies

Business Intelligence

Like DSS, BI a content-free expression, so it means different things to differentpeople

Business Intelligence

BI's major objective is to enable easy access to data (and models) to provide business managers with the ability to conduct analysis

Business Intelligence

BI helps transform data, to information (and knowledge), to decisions and finally to action

Business Intelligence

The term BI was coined by the Gartner Group in the mid-1990s

Business Intelligence

A BI system has four major components

~ Data warehouse~ Business analytics~ Business performance management (BPM)~ User interface

BI Components

BI Components

The data warehouse is a large repository of well-organized historical data

BI Components

business analytics, a collection of tools for manipulating, mining, and analyzing the data in the data warehouseallow transformation of data into information and knowledge

BI Components

business performance management (BPM) allows monitoring, measuring, and comparing key performance indicators

BI Components

a user interface (e.g., dashboard) allows access and easy manipulation of other BI components

BI Components

MicroStrategy, Corp. distinguishes five styles of BI and offers tools for each

Business Intelligence

1. report delivery and alerting2. enterprise reporting (using dashboards and scorecards)3. cube analysis (also known as slice-and-dice analysis)4. ad-hoc queries5. statistics and data mining

BI Styles

DSS – BI Relationship

First, their architectures are very similar because BI evolved from DSS

DSS-BI Relationship

Second, DSS directly support specific decision making, while BI provides accurate and timely information, and indirectly support decision making

DSS-BI Relationship

Third, BI has an executive and strategy orientation, especially in its BPM and dashboard components, while DSS, in contrast, is oriented toward analysts

DSS-BI Relationship

Fourth, most BI systems are constructed with commercially available tools and components, while DSS is often built from scratch

DSS-BI Relationship

Fifth, DSS methodologies and even some tools were developed mostly in the academic world, while BI methodologies and tools were developed mostly by software companies

DSS-BI Relationship

Sixth, many of the tools that BI uses are also considered DSS tools (e.g., data mining and predictive analysis are core tools in both)

DSS-BI Relationship

A DSS is typically built to support the solution of a certain problem (or to evaluate a specific opportunity). This is a key difference between DSS and BI applications

DSS-BI Relationship

BI systems monitor situations and identify problems and/or opportunities, using variety of analytic methods

DSS-BI Key Diff.

In BI, The user generally must identify whether a particular situation warrants attention

DSS-BI Key Diff.

Reporting/data warehouse plays a major role in BI

DSS-BI Key Diff.

DSS often has its own database and models

DSS-BI Key Diff.

DSS Characteristics and Capabilities

BI Characteristics and Capabilities

DSS are generally built to solve a specific problem and include their own database(s)

DSS-BI relationship

BI applications focus on reporting and identifying problems by scanning data stored in data warehouses

DSS-BI relationship

Both systems generally include analytical tools (BI called business analytics systems)

DSS-BI relationship

Although some may run locally as a spreadsheet, both DSS and BI uses Web

DSS-BI relationship

Although some people equate DSS with BI, these systems are not, at present, the same

DSS-BI relationship

some people believe that DSS is a part of BI—one of its analytical tools

DSS-BI relationship

others think that BI is a special case of DSS that deals mostly with reporting, communication, and collaboration (a form of data-oriented DSS)

DSS-BI relationship

BI is a result of a continuous revolution and, as such, DSS is one of BI's original elements

DSS-BI relationship

DSS : Capabilities and classification

DSS Capabilities

Business analytics implies the use of models and data to improve an organization's performance and/or competitive posture

DSS Capabilities

Web analytics implies using business analytics on real-time Web information to assist in decision making; often related to e-Commerce

DSS Capabilities

Predictive analytics describes the business analytics method of forecasting problems and opportunities rather than simply reporting them as they occur

DSS Capabilities

Two major types (Alter):Model-oriented DSSData-oriented DSS

DSS Classifications

Data-driven DSS are a form of support system that focuses on the provision of internal (and sometimes external) data to aid decision making

Data Oriented DSS

Data driven DSS or data oriented DSS allows for processing of data that is stored in a database or data warehouse.

Data Oriented DSS

The information is categorized chronologically, weekly sales, monthly costs, etc., and the DSS is used to answer specific queries, e.g., showing trend lines in sales, growth, costs etc.

Data Oriented DSS

Model-driven DSS incorporate the ability to manipulate datato generate statistical and financial reports, as well as simulation models, to aid decision-makers.

Model Oriented DSS

Model driven DSS allows for processing of information using quantitative models. For example, predicting future costs, tax planning are typically done using model driven DSS.

Model Oriented DSS

~ Communication ~ Data driven~ Document driven~ Knowledge driven~ Model driven DSS

Other Classification

~ Institutional and ad-hoc DSS(Donovan and Madnick)~ Personal, group, and organizational support(Hackathorn and Keen)

Other Classification

~ Individual support system vs group support system (GSS)~ Custom-made systems vs ready-made systems

Other Classification

Holsapple and Whinston's Classification~ The text-oriented DSS~ The database-oriented DSS. ~ The spreadsheet-oriented DSS~ The solver-oriented DSS~ The rule-oriented DSS (include most knowledge-driven DSS, data mining, management, and ES applications)~ The compound DSS

Other Classification

Alter's Output Classification

Other Classification

Orientation Category Type of Operation

Data File drawer systems Access data items

Data analysis systems Ad hoc analysis of data files

Data or

models

Analysis information

systems

Ad hoc analysis involving

multiple databases and small

models

Models Accounting models Standard calculations that

estimate future results on the

basis of accounting definitions

Optimization models Calculating an optimal solution to

a combinatorial problem